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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Lee I, Kojima K, Suzuki N, Tsugawa W, Yamada M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Sode K. Microgravity environment grown crystal structure information based engineering of direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1334. [PMID: 36473944 PMCID: PMC9727119 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric flavin adenine dinucleotide dependent glucose dehydrogenase is a promising enzyme for direct electron transfer (DET) principle-based glucose sensors within continuous glucose monitoring systems. We elucidate the structure of the subunit interface of this enzyme by preparing heterotrimer complex protein crystals grown under a space microgravity environment. Based on the proposed structure, we introduce inter-subunit disulfide bonds between the small and electron transfer subunits (5 pairs), as well as the catalytic and the electron transfer subunits (9 pairs). Without compromising the enzyme's catalytic efficiency, a mutant enzyme harboring Pro205Cys in the catalytic subunit, Asp383Cys and Tyr349Cys in the electron transfer subunit, and Lys155Cys in the small subunit, is determined to be the most stable of the variants. The developed engineered enzyme demonstrate a higher catalytic activity and DET ability than the wild type. This mutant retains its full activity below 70 °C as well as after incubation at 75 °C for 15 min - much higher temperatures than the current gold standard enzyme, glucose oxidase, is capable of withstanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- grid.258331.e0000 0000 8662 309XDepartment of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan
| | - Inyoung Lee
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Nanoha Suzuki
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamada
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916JEM Utilization Center Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8505 Japan
| | - Koji Inaka
- grid.459744.fMaruwa Foods and Biosciences, 170-1 Tsutsui-cho, Yamato Koriyama-shi, Nara 639-1123 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- grid.459486.2Confocal Science Inc., Musashino Bldg, 5-14-15 Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0081 Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC27599 USA
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Unusual Cytochrome c552 from Thioalkalivibrio paradoxus: Solution NMR Structure and Interaction with Thiocyanate Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179969. [PMID: 36077365 PMCID: PMC9456337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search of a putative physiological electron acceptor for thiocyanate dehydrogenase (TcDH) newly discovered in the thiocyanate-oxidizing bacteria Thioalkalivibrio paradoxus revealed an unusually large, single-heme cytochrome c (CytC552), which was co-purified with TcDH from the periplasm. Recombinant CytC552, produced in Escherichia coli as a mature protein without a signal peptide, has spectral properties similar to the endogenous protein and serves as an in vitro electron acceptor in the TcDH-catalyzed reaction. The CytC552 structure determined by NMR spectroscopy reveals significant differences compared to those of the typical class I bacterial cytochromes c: a high solvent accessible surface area for the heme group and so-called “intrinsically disordered” nature of the histidine-rich N- and C-terminal regions. Comparison of the signal splitting in the heteronuclear NMR spectra of oxidized, reduced, and TcDH-bound CytC552 reveals the heme axial methionine fluxionality. The TcDH binding site on the CytC552 surface was mapped using NMR chemical shift perturbations. Putative TcDH-CytC552 complexes were reconstructed by the information-driven docking approach and used for the analysis of effective electron transfer pathways. The best pathway includes the electron hopping through His528 and Tyr164 of TcDH, and His83 of CytC552 to the heme group in accordance with pH-dependence of TcDH activity with CytC552.
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Hu L, Wang X, Chen C, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen J, Hrynshpan D, Savitskaya T. NosZ gene cloning, reduction performance and structure of Pseudomonas citronellolis WXP-4 nitrous oxide reductase. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2549-2557. [PMID: 35425296 PMCID: PMC8979117 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) is the only known enzyme that can reduce the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to harmless nitrogen at the final step of bacterial denitrification. To alleviate the N2O emission, emerging approaches aim at microbiome biotechnology. In this study, the genome sequence of facultative anaerobic bacteria Pseudomonas citronellolis WXP-4, which efficiently degrades N2O, was obtained by de novo sequencing for the first time, and then, four key reductase structure coding genes related to complete denitrification were identified. The single structural encoding gene nosZ with a length of 1914 bp from strain WXP-4 was cloned in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the N2OR protein (76 kDa) was relatively highly efficiently expressed under the optimal inducing conditions of 1.0 mM IPTG, 5 h, and 30 °C. Denitrification experiment results confirmed that recombinant E. coli had strong denitrification ability and reduced 10 mg L−1 of N2O to N2 within 15 h under the optimal conditions of pH 7.0 and 40 °C, its corresponding N2O reduction rate was almost 2.3 times that of Alcaligenes denitrificans strain TB, but only 80% of that of wild strain WXP-4, meaning that nos gene cluster auxiliary gene deletion decreased the activity of N2OR. The 3D structure of N2OR predicted on the basis of sequence homology found that electron transfer center CuA had only five amino acid ligands, and the S2 of the catalytically active center CuZ only bound one CuI atom. The unique 3D structure was different from previous reports and may be closely related to the strong N2O reduction ability of strain WXP-4 and recombinant E. coli. The findings show a potential application of recombinant E. coli in alleviating the greenhouse effect and provide a new perspective for researching the relationship between structure and function of N2OR. Nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) is the only known enzyme that can reduce the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to harmless nitrogen at the final step of bacterial denitrification. The recombinant E. coli and wild strain WXP-4 demonstrate strong N2O reduction ability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Cong Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Dzmitry Hrynshpan
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
| | - Tatsiana Savitskaya
- Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
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Qin Z, Yu S, Chen J, Zhou J. Dehydrogenases of acetic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107863. [PMID: 34793881 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of bacteria that can oxidize many substrates such as alcohols and sugar alcohols and play important roles in industrial biotechnology. A majority of industrial processes that involve AAB are related to their dehydrogenases, including PQQ/FAD-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenases and NAD(P)+-dependent cytoplasmic dehydrogenases. These cofactor-dependent dehydrogenases must effectively regenerate their cofactors in order to function continuously. For PQQ, FAD and NAD(P)+ alike, regeneration is directly or indirectly related to the electron transport chain (ETC) of AAB, which plays an important role in energy generation for aerobic cell growth. Furthermore, in changeable natural habitats, ETC components of AAB can be regulated so that the bacteria survive in different environments. Herein, the progressive cascade in an application of AAB, including key dehydrogenases involved in the application, regeneration of dehydrogenase cofactors, ETC coupling with cofactor regeneration and ETC regulation, is systematically reviewed and discussed. As they have great application value, a deep understanding of the mechanisms through which AAB function will not only promote their utilization and development but also provide a reference for engineering of other industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Chan SI, Chuankhayan P, Reddy Nareddy PK, Tsai IK, Tsai YF, Chen KHC, Yu SSF, Chen CJ. Mechanism of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone-Dependent Hydride Transfer Chemistry from Spectroscopic and High-Resolution X-ray Structural Studies of the Methanol Dehydrogenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3359-3372. [PMID: 33629832 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The active site of methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) contains a rare disulfide bridge between adjacent cysteine residues. As a vicinal disulfide, the structure is highly strained, suggesting it might work together with the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) prosthetic group and the Ca2+ ion in the catalytic turnover during methanol (CH3OH) oxidation. We purify MDH from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) with the disulfide bridge broken into two thiols. Spectroscopic and high-resolution X-ray crystallographic studies of this form of MDH indicate that the disulfide bridge is redox active. We observe an internal redox process within the holo-MDH that produces a disulfide radical anion concomitant with a companion PQQ radical, as evidenced by an optical absorption at 408 nm and a magnetically dipolar-coupled biradical in the EPR spectrum. These observations are corroborated by electron-density changes between the two cysteine sulfurs of the disulfide bridge as well as between the bound Ca2+ ion and the O5-C5 bond of the PQQ in the high-resolution X-ray structure. On the basis of these findings, we propose a mechanism for the controlled redistribution of the two electrons during hydride transfer from the CH3OH in the alcohol oxidation without formation of the reduced PQQ ethenediol, a biradical mechanism that allows for possible recovery of the hydride for transfer to an external NAD+ oxidant in the regeneration of the PQQ cofactor for multiple catalytic turnovers. In support of this mechanism, a steady-state level of the disulfide radical anion is observed during turnover of the MDH in the presence of CH3OH and NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunney I Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Phimonphan Chuankhayan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | | | - I-Kuen Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin H-C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Steve S-F Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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6
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Sarmiento-Pavía PD, Sosa-Torres ME. Bioinorganic insights of the PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:177-203. [PMID: 33606117 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the several alcohol dehydrogenases, PQQ-dependent enzymes are mainly found in the α, β, and γ-proteobacteria. These proteins are classified into three main groups. Type I ADHs are localized in the periplasm and contain one Ca2+-PQQ moiety, being the methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) the most representative. In recent years, several lanthanide-dependent MDHs have been discovered exploding the understanding of the natural role of lanthanide ions. Type II ADHs are localized in the periplasm and possess one Ca2+-PQQ moiety and one heme c group. Finally, type III ADHs are complexes of two or three subunits localized in the cytoplasmic membrane and possess one Ca2+-PQQ moiety and four heme c groups, and in one of these proteins, an additional [2Fe-2S] cluster has been discovered recently. From the bioinorganic point of view, PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases have been revived recently mainly due to the discovery of the lanthanide-dependent enzymes. Here, we review the three types of PQQ-dependent ADHs with special focus on their structural features and electron transfer processes. The PQQ-Alcohol dehydrogenases are classified into three main groups. Type I and type II ADHs are located in the periplasm, while type III ADHs are in the cytoplasmic membrane. ADH-I have a Ca-PQQ or a Ln-PQQ, ADH-II a Ca-PQQ and one heme-c and ADH-III a Ca-PQQ and four hemes-c. This review focuses on their structural features and electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro D Sarmiento-Pavía
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha E Sosa-Torres
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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7
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Kanao T, Hase N, Nakayama H, Yoshida K, Nishiura K, Kosaka M, Kamimura K, Hirano Y, Tamada T. Reaction mechanism of tetrathionate hydrolysis based on the crystal structure of tetrathionate hydrolase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Protein Sci 2021; 30:328-338. [PMID: 33103311 PMCID: PMC7784748 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tetrathionate hydrolase (4THase) plays an important role in dissimilatory sulfur oxidation in the acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The structure of recombinant 4THase from A. ferrooxidans (Af-Tth) was determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.95 Å. Af-Tth is a homodimer, and its monomer structure exhibits an eight-bladed β-propeller motif. Two insertion loops participate in dimerization, and one loop forms a cavity with the β-propeller region. We observed unexplained electron densities in this cavity of the substrate-soaked structure. The anomalous difference map generated using diffraction data collected at a wavelength of 1.9 Å indicated the presence of polymerized sulfur atoms. Asp325, a highly conserved residue among 4THases, was located near the polymerized sulfur atoms. 4THase activity was completely abolished in the site-specific Af-Tth D325N variant, suggesting that Asp325 plays a crucial role in the first step of tetrathionate hydrolysis. Considering that the Af-Tth reaction occurs only under acidic pH, Asp325 acts as an acid for the tetrathionate hydrolysis reaction. The polymerized sulfur atoms in the active site cavity may represent the intermediate product in the subsequent step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Kanao
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Naruki Hase
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Hisayuki Nakayama
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Kyoya Yoshida
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Kazumi Nishiura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Megumi Kosaka
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Advanced Science Research CenterOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Kazuo Kamimura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Agricultural and Life Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Yu Hirano
- Institute for Quantum Life ScienceNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyTokaiJapan
| | - Taro Tamada
- Institute for Quantum Life ScienceNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyTokaiJapan
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8
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Rozeboom HJ, Yu S, Mikkelsen R, Nikolaev I, Mulder HJ, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from P
seudogluconobacter saccharoketogenes
. A versatile dehydrogenase oxidizing alcohols and carbohydrates. Protein Sci 2015; 24:2044-54. [DOI: 10.1002/pro.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriëtte J. Rozeboom
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shukun Yu
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences; Brabrand, Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Igor Nikolaev
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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9
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Patel H, Lucas X, Bendik I, Günther S, Merfort I. Target Fishing by Cross-Docking to Explain Polypharmacological Effects. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1209-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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A novel pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent 2-keto-D-glucose dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aureofaciens. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1322-9. [PMID: 25645559 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02376-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding an enzyme similar to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent sugar dehydrogenase from filamentous fungi, which belongs to new auxiliary activities (AA) family 12 in the CAZy database, was cloned from Pseudomonas aureofaciens. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme showed only low homology to previously characterized PQQ-dependent enzymes, and multiple-sequence alignment analysis showed that the enzyme lacks one of the three conserved arginine residues that function as PQQ-binding residues in known PQQ-dependent enzymes. The recombinant enzyme was heterologously expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system for further characterization. The UV-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum of the oxidized form of the holoenzyme, prepared by incubating the apoenzyme with PQQ and CaCl2, revealed a broad peak at approximately 350 nm, indicating that the enzyme binds PQQ. With the addition of 2-keto-d-glucose (2KG) to the holoenzyme solution, a sharp peak appeared at 331 nm, attributed to the reduction of PQQ bound to the enzyme, whereas no effect was observed upon 2KG addition to authentic PQQ. Enzymatic assay showed that the recombinant enzyme specifically reacted with 2KG in the presence of an appropriate electron acceptor, such as 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol, when PQQ and CaCl2 were added. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) analysis of reaction products revealed 2-keto-d-gluconic acid (2KGA) as the main product, clearly indicating that the recombinant enzyme oxidizes the C-1 position of 2KG. Therefore, the enzyme was identified as a PQQ-dependent 2KG dehydrogenase (Pa2KGDH). Considering the high substrate specificity, the physiological function of Pa2KGDH may be for production of 2KGA.
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Naveed M, Ahmed I, Khalid N, Mumtaz AS. Bioinformatics based structural characterization of glucose dehydrogenase (gdh) gene and growth promoting activity of Leclercia sp. QAU-66. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:603-11. [PMID: 25242947 PMCID: PMC4166288 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.1. 5.2) is the member of quinoproteins group that use the redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinoine, calcium ions and glucose as substrate for its activity. In present study, Leclercia sp. QAU-66, isolated from rhizosphere of Vigna mungo, was characterized for phosphate solubilization and the role of GDH in plant growth promotion of Phaseolus vulgaris. The strain QAU-66 had ability to solubilize phosphorus and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) promoted the shoot and root lengths of Phaseolus vulgaris. The structural determination of GDH protein was carried out using bioinformatics tools like Pfam, InterProScan, I-TASSER and COFACTOR. These tools predicted the structural based functional homology of pyrroloquinoline quinone domains in GDH. GDH of Leclercia sp. QAU-66 is one of the main factor that involved in plant growth promotion and provides a solid background for further research in plant growth promoting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Plant Genomics Lab Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Plant Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- National Institute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan National Institute for Genomics & Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Khalid
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abdul Samad Mumtaz
- Plant Genomics Lab Department of Plant Sciences Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Plant Genomics Lab, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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12
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Keltjens JT, Pol A, Reimann J, Op den Camp HJM. PQQ-dependent methanol dehydrogenases: rare-earth elements make a difference. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6163-83. [PMID: 24816778 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) catalyzes the first step in methanol use by methylotrophic bacteria and the second step in methane conversion by methanotrophs. Gram-negative bacteria possess an MDH with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as its catalytic center. This MDH belongs to the broad class of eight-bladed β propeller quinoproteins, which comprise a range of other alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. A well-investigated MDH is the heterotetrameric MxaFI-MDH, which is composed of two large catalytic subunits (MxaF) and two small subunits (MxaI). MxaFI-MDHs bind calcium as a cofactor that assists PQQ in catalysis. Genomic analyses indicated the existence of another MDH distantly related to the MxaFI-MDHs. Recently, several of these so-called XoxF-MDHs have been isolated. XoxF-MDHs described thus far are homodimeric proteins lacking the small subunit and possess a rare-earth element (REE) instead of calcium. The presence of such REE may confer XoxF-MDHs a superior catalytic efficiency. Moreover, XoxF-MDHs are able to oxidize methanol to formate, rather than to formaldehyde as MxaFI-MDHs do. While structures of MxaFI- and XoxF-MDH are conserved, also regarding the binding of PQQ, the accommodation of a REE requires the presence of a specific aspartate residue near the catalytic site. XoxF-MDHs containing such REE-binding motif are abundantly present in genomes of methylotrophic and methanotrophic microorganisms and also in organisms that hitherto are not known for such lifestyle. Moreover, sequence analyses suggest that XoxF-MDHs represent only a small part of putative REE-containing quinoproteins, together covering an unexploited potential of metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Keltjens
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Gvozdev AR, Tukhvatullin IA, Gvozdev RI. Quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:843-56. [PMID: 22860906 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers quinone-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases and FAD-dependent alcohol oxidases, enzymes that are present in numerous methylotrophic eu- and prokaryotes and significantly differ in their primary and quaternary structure. The cofactors of the enzymes are bound to the protein polypeptide chain through ionic and hydrophobic interactions. Microorganisms containing these enzymes are described. Methods for purification of the enzymes, their physicochemical properties, and spatial structures are considered. The supposed mechanism of action and practical application of these enzymes as well as their producers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gvozdev
- Biosensor AN Ltd., pr. Akademika Semenova 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
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14
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Arif MI, Samin G, van Leeuwen JGE, Oppentocht J, Janssen DB. Novel dehalogenase mechanism for 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol utilization in Pseudomonas putida strain MC4. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6128-36. [PMID: 22752160 PMCID: PMC3416625 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00760-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pseudomonas putida strain (MC4) that can utilize 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (DCP) and several aliphatic haloacids and haloalcohols as sole carbon and energy source for growth was isolated from contaminated soil. Degradation of DCP was found to start with oxidation and concomitant dehalogenation catalyzed by a 72-kDa monomeric protein (DppA) that was isolated from cell lysate. The dppA gene was cloned from a cosmid library and appeared to encode a protein equipped with a signal peptide and that possessed high similarity to quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), particularly ADH IIB and ADH IIG from Pseudomonas putida HK. This novel dehalogenating dehydrogenase has a broad substrate range, encompassing a number of nonhalogenated alcohols and haloalcohols. With DCP, DppA exhibited a k(cat) of 17 s(-1). (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicated that DCP oxidation by DppA in the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) and potassium ferricyanide [K(3)Fe(CN)(6)] yielded 2-chloroacrolein, which was oxidized to 2-chloroacrylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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15
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Stampolidis P, Kaderbhai NN, Kaderbhai MA. Presence and role of a second disulphide bond in recombinant lupanine hydroxylase using site-directed mutagenesis with 143Cys→Ser and 124,143Cys→Ser mutations in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 334:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Stampolidis
- Department of Molecular Biology; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Martinsried; Germany
| | - Naheed N. Kaderbhai
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences; Aberystwyth University; Aberystwyth; UK
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16
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Chen CKM, Chan NL, Wang AHJ. The many blades of the β-propeller proteins: conserved but versatile. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:553-61. [PMID: 21924917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The β-propeller is a highly symmetrical structure with 4-10 repeats of a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet motif. Although β-propeller proteins with different blade numbers all adopt disc-like shapes, they are involved in a diverse set of functions, and defects in this family of proteins have been associated with human diseases. However, it has remained ambiguous how variations in blade number could alter the function of β-propellers. In addition to the regularly arranged β-propeller topology, a recently discovered β-pinwheel propeller has been found. Here, we review the structural and functional diversity of β-propeller proteins, including β-pinwheels, as well as recent advances in the typical and atypical propeller structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cammy K-M Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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17
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Dell'acqua S, Moura I, Moura JJG, Pauleta SR. The electron transfer complex between nitrous oxide reductase and its electron donors. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1241-54. [PMID: 21739254 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying redox partners and the interaction surfaces is crucial for fully understanding electron flow in a respiratory chain. In this study, we focused on the interaction of nitrous oxide reductase (N(2)OR), which catalyzes the final step in bacterial denitrification, with its physiological electron donor, either a c-type cytochrome or a type 1 copper protein. The comparison between the interaction of N(2)OR from three different microorganisms, Pseudomonas nautica, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Achromobacter cycloclastes, with their physiological electron donors was performed through the analysis of the primary sequence alignment, electrostatic surface, and molecular docking simulations, using the bimolecular complex generation with global evaluation and ranking algorithm. The docking results were analyzed taking into account the experimental data, since the interaction is suggested to have either a hydrophobic nature, in the case of P. nautica N(2)OR, or an electrostatic nature, in the case of P. denitrificans N(2)OR and A. cycloclastes N(2)OR. A set of well-conserved residues on the N(2)OR surface were identified as being part of the electron transfer pathway from the redox partner to N(2)OR (Ala495, Asp519, Val524, His566 and Leu568 numbered according to the P. nautica N(2)OR sequence). Moreover, we built a model for Wolinella succinogenes N(2)OR, an enzyme that has an additional c-type-heme-containing domain. The structures of the N(2)OR domain and the c-type-heme-containing domain were modeled and the full-length structure was obtained by molecular docking simulation of these two domains. The orientation of the c-type-heme-containing domain relative to the N(2)OR domain is similar to that found in the other electron transfer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dell'acqua
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Química, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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18
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Protze J, Müller F, Lauber K, Naß B, Mentele R, Lottspeich F, Kletzin A. An Extracellular Tetrathionate Hydrolase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Acidianus Ambivalens with an Activity Optimum at pH 1. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:68. [PMID: 21747790 PMCID: PMC3128947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermoacidophilic and chemolithotrophic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens is routinely grown with sulfur and CO(2)-enriched air. We had described a membrane-bound, tetrathionate (TT) forming thiosulfate:quinone oxidoreductase. Here we describe the first TT hydrolase (TTH) from Archaea. RESULTS A. ambivalens cells grown aerobically with TT as sole sulfur source showed doubling times of 9 h and final cell densities of up to 8 × 10(8)/ml. TTH activity (≈0.28 U/mg protein) was found in cell-free extracts of TT-grown but not of sulfur-grown cells. Differential fractionation of freshly harvested cells involving a pH shock showed that about 92% of the TTH activity was located in the pseudo-periplasmic fraction associated with the surface layer, while 7.3% and 0.3% were present in the soluble and membrane fractions, respectively. The enzyme was enriched 54-fold from the cytoplasmic fraction and 2.1-fold from the pseudo-periplasmic fraction. The molecular mass of the single subunit was 54 kDa. The optimal activity was at or above 95°C at pH 1. Neither PQQ nor divalent cations had a significant effect on activity. The gene (tth1) was identified following N-terminal sequencing of the protein. Northern hybridization showed that tth1 was transcribed in TT-grown cells in contrast to a second paralogous tth2 gene. The deduced amino acid sequences showed similarity to the TTH from Acidithiobacillus and other proteins from the PQQ dehydrogenase superfamily. It displayed a β-propeller structure when being modeled, however, important residues from the PQQ-binding site were absent. CONCLUSION The soluble, extracellular, and acidophilic TTH identified in TT-grown A. ambivalens cells is essential for TT metabolism during growth but not for the downstream processing of the TQO reaction products in S°-grown cells. The liberation of TTH by pH shock from otherwise intact cells strongly supports the pseudo-periplasm hypothesis of the S-layer of Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Protze
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Karin Lauber
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Bastian Naß
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Arnulf Kletzin
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
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19
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Li J, Gan JH, Mathews FS, Xia ZX. The enzymatic reaction-induced configuration change of the prosthetic group PQQ of methanol dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:621-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Kim KH, Paetzel M. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli BamB, a lipoprotein component of the β-barrel assembly machinery complex. J Mol Biol 2010; 406:667-78. [PMID: 21168416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In Gram-negative bacteria, the BAM (β-barrel assembly machinery) complex catalyzes the essential process of assembling outer membrane proteins. The BAM complex in Escherichia coli consists of five proteins: one β-barrel membrane protein, BamA, and four lipoproteins, BamB, BamC, BamD, and BamE. Despite their role in outer membrane protein biogenesis, there is currently a lack of functional and structural information on the lipoprotein components of the BAM complex. Here, we report the first crystal structure of BamB, the largest and most functionally characterized lipoprotein component of the BAM complex. The crystal structure shows that BamB has an eight-bladed β-propeller structure, with four β-strands making up each blade. Mapping onto the structure the residues previously shown to be important for BamA interaction reveals that these residues, despite being far apart in the amino acid sequence, are localized to form a continuous solvent-exposed surface on one side of the β-propeller. Found on the same side of the β-propeller is a cluster of residues conserved among BamB homologs. Interestingly, our structural comparison study suggests that other proteins with a BamB-like fold often participate in protein or ligand binding, and that the binding interface on these proteins is located on the surface that is topologically equivalent to where the conserved residues and the residues that are important for BamA interaction are found on BamB. Our structural and bioinformatic analyses, together with previous biochemical data, provide clues to where the BamA and possibly a substrate interaction interface may be located on BamB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly H Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, South Science Building, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Promden W, Vangnai AS, Toyama H, Matsushita K, Pongsawasdi P. Analysis of the promoter activities of the genes encoding three quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases in Pseudomonas putida HK5. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:594-603. [PMID: 19202108 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.021956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of three distinct alcohol oxidation systems, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-I, ADH-IIB and ADH-IIG, in Pseudomonas putida HK5 was investigated under various induction conditions. The promoter activities of the genes involved in alcohol oxidation were determined using a transcriptional lacZ fusion promoter-probe vector. Ethanol was the best inducer for the divergent promoters of qedA and qedC, encoding ADH-I and a cytochrome c, respectively. Primary and secondary C3 and C4 alcohols and butyraldehyde specifically induced the divergent promoters of qbdBA and aldA, encoding ADH-IIB and an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. The qgdA promoter of ADH-IIG responded well to (S)-(+)-1,2-propanediol induction. In addition, the roles of genes encoding the response regulators exaE and agmR, located downstream of qedA, were inferred from the properties of exaE- or agmR-disrupted mutants and gene complementation tests. The gene products of both exaE and agmR were strictly necessary for qedA transcription. The mutation and complementation studies also suggested a role for AgmR, but not ExaE, in the transcriptional regulation of qbdBA (ADH-IIB) and qgdA (AGH-IIG). A hypothetical scheme describing a regulatory network, which directs expression of the three distinct alcohol oxidation systems in P. putida HK5, was derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worrawat Promden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Alisa S Vangnai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hirohide Toyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Matsushita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Piamsook Pongsawasdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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22
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Mennenga B, Kay CWM, Görisch H. Quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the unusual disulfide ring formed by adjacent cysteine residues is essential for efficient electron transfer to cytochrome c 550. Arch Microbiol 2009; 191:361-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-009-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Ellis MJ, Grossmann JG, Eady RR, Hasnain SS. Genomic analysis reveals widespread occurrence of new classes of copper nitrite reductases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:1119-27. [PMID: 17712582 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the structure of a Cu-containing nitrite reductase (NiR) from Hyphomicrobium denitrificans (HdNiR) has been reported, establishing the existence of a new family of Cu-NiR where an additional type 1 Cu (T1Cu) containing cupredoxin domain is located at the N-terminus (Nojiri et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:4315-4320, 2007). HdNiR retains the well-characterised coupled T1Cu-type 2 Cu (T2Cu) core, where the T2Cu catalytic site is also built utilising ligands from neighbouring monomers. We have undertaken a genome analysis and found the wide occurrence of these NiRs, with members clustering in two groups, one showing an amino acid sequence similarity of around 80% with HdNiR, and a second group, including the NiR from the extremophile Acidothermus cellulolyticus, clustering around 50% similarity to HdNiR. This is reminiscent of the difference observed between the blue (Alcaligenes xylosoxidans) and green (Achromobacter cycloclastes and Alcaligenes faecalis) NiRs which have been extensively studied and may indicate that these also form two distinct subclasses of the new family. Genome analysis also showed the presence of Cu-NiRs with a C-terminal extension of 160-190 residues containing a class I cytochrome c domain with a characteristic beta-sheet extension. Currently no structural information exists for any member of this family. Genome analysis suggests the widespread occurrence of these novel NiRs with representatives in the alpha, beta and gamma subclasses of the Proteobacteria and in two species of the fungus Aspergillus. We selected the enzyme from Ralstonia pickettii for comparative modelling and produced a plausible structure highlighting an electron transfer mode in which the cytochrome c haem at the C-terminus can come within 16-A reach of the T1Cu centre of the T1Cu-T2Cu core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ellis
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, Cheshire, UK
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24
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Hirota-Mamoto R, Nagai R, Tachibana S, Yasuda M, Tani A, Kimbara K, Kawai F. Cloning and expression of the gene for periplasmic poly(vinyl alcohol) dehydrogenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain 113P3, a novel-type quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1941-1949. [PMID: 16804170 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28848-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A gene for periplasmic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) dehydrogenase (PVADH) was cloned, based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified PVADH from Sphingomonas sp. 113P3 and the sequence of the gene for PVADH (pvaA, GenBank accession no. AB190288). The recombinant PVADH tagged with hexahistidine was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant enzyme had the same characteristics as the purified enzyme from Sphingomonas sp. strain 113P. In addition to PVA, the recombinant PVADH could oxidize glycols such as polypropylene glycols and 1,3-butane/cyclohexanediol and 2,4-pentanediol, but neither primary nor secondary alcohols. The amino acid sequence of the recombinant PVADH showed similarity with those of PVADH from Pseudomonas sp. strain VM15C, putative PVADHs from Azoarcus sp. EbN1, and Xanthomonas species (54-25 % identity), and the quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases (QH-ADHs) from Comamonas testosteroni, Ralstonia eutropha and Pseudomonas putida (25-29 % identity). PVADHs from strains 113P3 and VM15C have a conserved superbarrel domain (SD), probable PQQ-binding amino acids in the SD and a haem-binding domain (HBD) (they should be designated QH-PVADHs), but the positions of the amino acid sequences for the HBD and SD are the reverse of those of QH-ADHs. A protein structure of QH-PVADHs is proposed. Results of dot-blot hybridization and RT-PCR indicated that the three genes encoding oxidized PVA hydrolase, PVADH and cytochrome c are expressed constitutively and form an operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hirota-Mamoto
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2180, Japan
| | - Ryoko Nagai
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2180, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Tachibana
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yasuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akio Tani
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Fusako Kawai
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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25
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Kay CWM, Mennenga B, Görisch H, Bittl R. Structure of the Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Radical in Quinoprotein Ethanol Dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:1470-6. [PMID: 16267040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511132200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases use the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) cofactor to catalyze the oxidation of alcohols. The catalytic cycle is thought to involve a hydride transfer from the alcohol to the oxidized PQQ, resulting in the generation of aldehyde and reduced PQQ. Reoxidation of the cofactor by cytochrome proceeds in two sequential steps via the PQQ radical. We have used a combination of electron nuclear double resonance and density functional theory to show that the PQQ radical is not protonated at either O-4 or O-5, a result that is at variance with the general presumption of a singly protonated radical. The quantum mechanical calculations also show that reduced PQQ is unlikely to be protonated at O-5; rather, it is either singly protonated at O-4 or not protonated at either O-4 or O-5, a result that also challenges the common assumption of a reduced PQQ protonated at both O-4 and O-5. The reaction cycle of PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases is revised in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W M Kay
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Bertini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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27
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Toyama H, Chen ZW, Fukumoto M, Adachi O, Matsushita K, Mathews FS. Molecular Cloning and Structural Analysis of Quinohemoprotein Alcohol Dehydrogenase ADH-IIG from Pseudomonas putida HK5. J Mol Biol 2005; 352:91-104. [PMID: 16061256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the alcohols used as growth substrates, Pseudomonas putida HK5 produces two distinct quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases, ADH-IIB and ADH-IIG, both of which contain pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and heme c as the prosthetic groups but show different substrate specificities, especially for diol substrates. Molecular cloning of the gene of ADH-IIB and its crystal structure are already reported. Here, molecular cloning of the gene, qgdA, and solution of the three-dimensional structure of ADH-IIG are reported. The enzyme consists of 718 amino acid residues including a signal sequence of 29 amino acid residues. The PQQ domain is highly homologous to other quinoproteins, especially to quinohemoproteins. The crystal structure of ADH-IIG, determined at 2.2A resolution, shows that the overall structure and the amino acid residues involved in PQQ binding are quite similar to ADH-IIB and to another quinohemoprotein ADH, qhEDH from Comamonas testosteroni. However, the lengths of the linker regions connecting the PQQ and the cytochrome domains are different from each other, leading to a significant difference in orientation of the cytochrome domain with respect to the PQQ domain. Apart from ADH-IIB and qhEDH, ADH-IIG has an extra 12-residue helix within loop 3 in the PQQ domain and an extra 3(10) helix in the C terminus of the cytochrome domain, and both helices appear parallel and linked by a hydrogen bond. The amino acid residues contacting substrate/product in the crystal structures are also different among them. In the crystal structure of ADH-IIG with 1,2-propanediol, one of the hydroxyl groups of the substrate forms a hydrogen bond with O5 of PQQ and OD1 of Asp300, and the other interacts with a water molecule and with NE2 of Trp386, the corresponding residue of which is not found in ADH-IIB and qhEDH, and might be the residue responsible for making ADH-IIG prefer diol substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Toyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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28
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Reddy SY, Bruice TC. Determination of enzyme mechanisms by molecular dynamics: studies on quinoproteins, methanol dehydrogenase, and soluble glucose dehydrogenase. Protein Sci 2005; 13:1965-78. [PMID: 15273299 PMCID: PMC2279812 DOI: 10.1110/ps.04673404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to study the enzymatic mechanisms of quinoproteins, methanol dehydrogenase (MDH), and soluble glucose dehydrogenase (sGDH). The mechanisms of reduction of the orthoquinone cofactor (PQQ) of MDH and sGDH involve concerted base-catalyzed proton abstraction from the hydroxyl moiety of methanol or from the 1-hydroxyl of glucose, and hydride equivalent transfer from the substrate to the quinone carbonyl carbon C5 of PQQ. The products of methanol and glucose oxidation are formaldehyde and glucolactone, respectively. The immediate product of PQQ reduction, PQQH- [-HC5(O-)-C4(=O)-] and PQQH [-HC5(OH)-C4(=O)-] converts to the hydroquinone PQQH2 [-C5(OH)=C4(OH)-]. The main focus is on MD structures of MDH * PQQ * methanol, MDH * PQQH-, MDH * PQQH, sGDH * PQQ * glucose, sGDH * PQQH- (glucolactone, and sGDH * PQQH. The reaction PQQ-->PQQH- occurs with Glu 171-CO2- and His 144-Im as the base species in MDH and sGDH, respectively. The general-base-catalyzed hydroxyl proton abstraction from substrate concerted with hydride transfer to the C5 of PQQ is assisted by hydrogen-bonding to the C5=O by Wat1 and Arg 324 in MDH and by Wat89 and Arg 228 in sGDH. Asp 297-COOH would act as a proton donor for the reaction PQQH(-)-->PQQH, if formed by transfer of the proton from Glu 171-COOH to Asp 297-CO2- in MDH. For PQQH-->PQQH2, migration of H5 to the C4 oxygen may be assisted by a weak base like water (either by crystal water Wat97 or bulk solvent, hydrogen-bonded to Glu 171-CO2- in MDH and by Wat89 in sGDH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalatha Y Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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29
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Davidson VL. Electron transfer in quinoproteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:32-40. [PMID: 15234267 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble quinoprotein dehydrogenases oxidize a wide range of sugar, alcohol, amine, and aldehyde substrates. The physiological electron acceptors for these enzymes are not pyridine nucleotides but are other soluble redox proteins. This makes these enzymes and their electron acceptors excellent systems with which to study mechanisms of long-range interprotein electron transfer reactions. The tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ)-dependent methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) transfers electrons to a blue copper protein, amicyanin. It has been possible to alter the rate of electron transfer by using different redox forms of MADH, varying reaction conditions, and performing site-directed mutagenesis on these proteins. From kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of the reaction rates, it was possible to determine whether a change in rate is due a change in Delta G(0), electronic coupling, reorganization energy or kinetic mechanism. Examples of each of these cases are discussed in the context of the known crystal structures of the electron transfer protein complexes. The pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent methanol dehydrogenase transfers electrons to a c-type cytochrome. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of this reaction indicated that this electron transfer reaction was conformationally coupled. Quinohemoproteins possess a quinone cofactor as well as one or more c-type hemes within the same protein. The structures of a PQQ-dependent quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase and a TTQ-dependent quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase are described with respect to their roles in intramolecular and intermolecular protein electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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Anthony C. The quinoprotein dehydrogenases for methanol and glucose. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:2-9. [PMID: 15234264 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises our current understanding of two of the main types of quinoprotein dehydrogenase in which pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is the only prosthetic group. These are the soluble methanol dehydrogenase and the membrane glucose dehydrogenase (mGDH). The membrane GDH has an additional N-terminal domain by which it is tightly anchored to the membrane, and a periplasmic domain whose structure has been modelled on the X-ray structure of the alpha-subunit of MDH which contains PQQ in the active site. This review discusses their structures and mechanisms, concentrating particularly on the pathways for electron transfer from the reduced PQQ, through the protein, to their electron acceptors. In MDH, this is the specific cytochrome c(L), the electron transfer pathway probably involving the unique disulphide ring in the active site. By contrast, mGDH contains a permanently bound ubiquinone, which acts as a single electron carrier, mediating electron transfer through the protein to the membrane ubiquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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Toyama H, Mathews FS, Adachi O, Matsushita K. Quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenases: structure, function, and physiology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 428:10-21. [PMID: 15234265 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quino(hemo)protein alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) that have pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as the prosthetic group are classified into 3 groups, types I, II, and III. Type I ADH is a simple quinoprotein having PQQ as the only prosthetic group, while type II and type III ADHs are quinohemoprotein having heme c as well as PQQ in the catalytic polypeptide. Type II ADH is a soluble periplasmic enzyme and is widely distributed in Proteobacteria such as Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Comamonas, etc. In contrast, type III ADH is a membrane-bound enzyme working on the periplasmic surface solely in acetic acid bacteria. It consists of three subunits that comprise a quinohemoprotein catalytic subunit, a triheme cytochrome c subunit, and a third subunit of unknown function. The catalytic subunits of all the quino(hemo)protein ADHs have a common structural motif, a quinoprotein-specific superbarrel domain, where PQQ is deeply embedded in the center. In addition, in the type II and type III ADHs this subunit contains a unique heme c domain. Various type II ADHs each have a unique substrate specificity, accepting a wide variety of alcohols, as is discussed on the basis of recent X-ray crystallographic analyses. Electron transfer within both type II and III ADHs is discussed in terms of the intramolecular reaction from PQQ to heme c and also from heme to heme, and in terms of the intermolecular reaction with azurin and ubiquinone, respectively. Unique physiological functions of both types of quinohemoprotein ADHs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Toyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Hudáky I, Gáspári Z, Carugo O, Cemazar M, Pongor S, Perczel A. Vicinal disulfide bridge conformers by experimental methods and by ab initio and DFT molecular computations. Proteins 2004; 55:152-68. [PMID: 14997549 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A systematic comparison is made between experimental and computational data gained on vicinal disulfide bridges in proteins and peptides. Structural and stability data of ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the model compound 4,5-ditiaheptano-7-lactam and the model peptide HCO-ox-[Cys-Cys]-NH2 at RHF/3-21G*, B3LYP/6-31+G(d), and B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory are presented. The data on Xxx-Cys-Cys-Yyy type amino acid sequence units retrieved from PDB SELECT, along with data on sequence units that have vicinal disulfide bridge, taken from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, are conformationally characterized. Amino acid backbone conformations, cis-trans isomerism of the amide bond between the two cysteine residues, and ring puckering are studied. Ring puckers are characterized by their relation to the conformers of the parent 4,5-ditiaheptano-7-lactam. Computational precision and accuracy are proved by frequency calculation and solvent model optimization on selected conformers. It is found that the ox-[Cys-Cys] unit is able to accept types I, II, VIa, VIb, and VIII beta-turn structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hudáky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Elias MD, Nakamura S, Migita CT, Miyoshi H, Toyama H, Matsushita K, Adachi O, Yamada M. Occurrence of a bound ubiquinone and its function in Escherichia coli membrane-bound quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3078-83. [PMID: 14612441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-containing quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (mGDH) in Escherichia coli functions by catalyzing glucose oxidation in the periplasm and by transferring electrons directly to ubiquinone (UQ) in the respiratory chain. To clarify the intramolecular electron transfer of mGDH, quantitation and identification of UQ were performed, indicating that purified mGDH contains a tightly bound UQ(8) in its molecule. A significant increase in the EPR signal was observed following glucose addition in mGDH reconstituted with PQQ and Mg(2+), suggesting that bound UQ(8) accepts a single electron from PQQH(2) to generate semiquinone radicals. No such increase in the EPR signal was observed in UQ(8)-free mGDH under the same conditions. Moreover, a UQ(2) reductase assay with a UQ-related inhibitor (C49) revealed different inhibition kinetics between the wild-type mGDH and UQ(8)-free mGDH. From these findings, we propose that the native mGDH bears two ubiquinone-binding sites, one (Q(I)) for bound UQ(8) in its molecule and the other (Q(II)) for UQ(8) in the ubiquinone pool, and that the bound UQ(8) in the Q(I) site acts as a single electron mediator in the intramolecular electron transfer in mGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Elias
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Xia ZX, Dai WW, He YN, White SA, Mathews FS, Davidson VL. X-ray structure of methanol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans and molecular modeling of its interactions with cytochrome c-551i. J Biol Inorg Chem 2003; 8:843-54. [PMID: 14505072 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-003-0485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structure of methanol dehydrogenase (MEDH) from Paracoccus denitrificans (MEDH-PD) was determined at 2.5 A resolution using molecular replacement based on the structure of MEDH from Methylophilus methylotrophus W3A1 (MEDH-WA). The overall structures from the two bacteria are similar to each other except that the former has a longer C-terminal tail in each subunit and shows local differences in several insertion regions. The "X-ray sequence" of the segment alphaGly444-alphaLeu452 was established, including one insertion and seven replacements compared with the reported sequence. The primary electron acceptor of MEDH-PD is cytochrome c-551i (Cyt c551i). Based on the crystal structure of MEDH-PD and of the published structure of Cyt c551i, their interactions were investigated by molecular modeling. As a guide and starting point, the covalently attached cytochrome and PQQ domains of the alcohol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida HK5 (ADH2B) were used. In the modeling, two molecules of Cyt c551i could be accommodated in their interaction with the MEDH heterotetramer in accordance with the two-fold molecular symmetry of the latter. Two models are proposed, in both of which electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions make major contributions to inter-protein binding. One of these models involves salt bridges from alphaArg99 of MEDH to the heme propionic acids of Cyt c551i and the other involves salt bridges from alphaArg426 of MEDH to Glu112 of Cyt c551i. Both involve salt bridges from alphaLys93 of MEDH to Asp75 of Cyt c551i. The size and nature of the cytochrome/quinoprotein heterodimer interfaces and calculations of electronic coupling and electron transfer rates favor one of these models over the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Xiang Xia
- State Key Laboratrory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Toyama H, Fujii T, Aoki N, Matsushita K, Adachi O. Molecular cloning of quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH IIB, from Pseudomonas putida HK5. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003; 67:1397-400. [PMID: 12843671 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning of the gene of quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH IIB) from Pseudomonas putida HK5 was done. The gene (qbdA) was 690 amino acids in length, containing a 22-amino acid signal sequence. Another gene (qbdB) upstream of qbdA, probably in the same transcriptional unit, was found. Further upstream, a gene divergently transcribed against qbdBA had identity with NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Toyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Görisch H. The ethanol oxidation system and its regulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1647:98-102. [PMID: 12686116 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 17933, when growing on ethanol, uses a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent ethanol oxidation system. The genes coding for the ethanol oxidizing enzyme, a quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase (QEDH), cytochrome c(550), which is an essential component of the electron transport chain and accepts the electrons from QEDH, and an NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase form the exaABC gene cluster. Downstream of the exaBC genes the pqqABCDE gene cluster is found, which codes for proteins essential for biosynthesis of the cofactor PQQ. Also essential for growth on ethanol are an acetyl-CoA synthetase encoded by the acsA gene and a malate:quinone oxidoreductase encoded by the mqo gene. The X-ray structure of the soluble QEDH from P. aeruginosa was solved. It is a homodimeric enzyme and, aside from differences in some loops, the folding of QEDH is very similar to the large subunit of the soluble methanol dehydrogenase of methylotrophs, and the PQQ domain of the quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase from Comamonas testosteroni and P. fluorescens. Transcription from the QEDH (exaA) promoter is regulated by a two component system: a histidine sensor kinase (ExaD), which is presumably located in the cytoplasm, and a response regulator (ExaE). The phenotypic characterization and transcription studies with six regulatory mutants indicate that seven different genes in an hierarchical organization may be involved in regulating the transcription of the ethanol oxidation system and components of acetate metabolism in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Görisch
- Fachgebiet Technische Biochemie, Institut für Biotechnologie der Technischen Universität Berlin, Seestrasse 13, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Anthony C, Williams P. The structure and mechanism of methanol dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1647:18-23. [PMID: 12686102 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of recent work on methanol dehydrogenase (MDH), a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-containing enzyme catalysing the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde in methylotrophic bacteria. Although it is the most extensively studied of this class of dehydrogenases, it is only recently that there has been any consensus about its mechanism. This is partly due to recent structural studies on normal and mutant enzymes and partly due to more definitive work on the mechanism of related alcohol and glucose dehydrogenases. This work has also led to conclusions about the subsequent path of electrons and protons during the reoxidation of the reduced quinol form of the prosthetic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Anthony
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton S016 7PX, Hants, Southampton, UK.
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Anantharaman V, Aravind L, Koonin EV. Emergence of diverse biochemical activities in evolutionarily conserved structural scaffolds of proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003; 7:12-20. [PMID: 12547421 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of numerous protein structures that have become available in the past few years, combined with genome comparison, has yielded new insights into the evolution of enzymes and their functions. In addition to the well-known diversification of substrate specificities, enzymes with several widespread catalytic folds, particularly the TIM barrel, the RRM-like domain and the double-stranded beta-helix (cupin) domain, have been extensively explored in 'reaction space', resulting in the evolution of numerous, diverse catalytic activities supported by the same structural scaffold. Common protein folds differ widely in the diversity of catalyzed reactions. The biochemical plasticity of a fold seems to hinge on the presence of a generic, symmetrical substrate-binding pocket as opposed to highly specialized binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Anantharaman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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