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Álvarez JM, Arrieta Zuccalli MB, Arturi T, Bianchi GL. Combined electrocoagulation and electrooxidation treatment system for real effluents from the fishing industry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14906. [PMID: 37025915 PMCID: PMC10070158 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishing industries are characterized by high water consumption and a considerable content of organic matter and salt in their wastewater. In this work, a combined electrochemical process was studied at laboratory scale for the treatment of real wastewater from the processing of mackerel from an industrial facility located in the province of Buenos Aires that discharges to the sewer, which the plant is currently using and does not produce an effluent in discharge conditions. Taking advantage of the high conductivity of these effluents, in the electrocoagulation stage with aluminum anodes, it was possible to remove the coarsest fraction of suspended matter, achieving a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal of about 60%, at pH 7.5, showing a higher efficiency over the conventional treatment. Despite this superiority, the necessary removal was still not achieved; therefore, the wastewater treated by electrocoagulation was then subjected to electrooxidation, using a graphite anode and a titanium cathode, and with a first-order oxidation kinetics, achieving a final COD value lower than the discharge limit, after 7.5 min of processing at pH 6, obtaining an efficient treatment for removal of high concentrations dissolved organic matter and colloidal/suspended particles in this kind of effluent. All treatments were performed in batches. The removal of pollutants in the wastewater was verified by means of spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques; at the same time, these techniques, together with SEM-EDX analysis, proved the superiority of electrocoagulation over chemical coagulation. This study laid the groundwork for the design of modifications to the plant to achieve discharge parameters in accordance with current legislation.
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Mehdaoui R, Agren S, El Haskouri J, Beyou E, Lahcini M, Baouab MHV. An optimized sono-heterogeneous Fenton degradation of olive-oil mill wastewater organic matter by new magnetic glutarlaldehyde-crosslinked developed cellulose. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:20450-20468. [PMID: 36258114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study highlights the olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment characteristics through a sono-heterogeneous Fenton process using new designed [GTA-(PDA-g-DAC) @Fe3O4] and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), magnetic properties measurements, and point of zero charge (pH pzc) analysis. A preliminary removal study showed significant degradation efficiency (75%) occurred combining the magnetic synthesized catalyst [GTA-(PDA-g-DAC)@Fe3O4] ([catalyst] = 2 g/L) with US /H2O2 and maintaining 500WL-1 ultrasonic power (US). The values obtained by US only were (13%), H2O2/US (18%), US/Fe3O4 (28%), and US /Fe3O4/H2O2(35%). The catalytic findings have shown that [GTA-(PDA-g-DAC)@Fe3O4] exhibited good properties for OMW compound's degradation. The sonocatalytic process coupling and extra oxidant addition resulted in the degradation substantial levels. For instance, the concomitant effect of degradation optimized parameters; H2O2 10 mM, [GTA-(PDA-g-DAC) @Fe3O4] nanocomposites 2.5 g/L, at pH 3, and T 35 °C for 70 min resulted in an almost complete mineralization of aqueous OMW solution followed by a significant decolorization. Oxidation results exhibited efficient degradation rates in total phenolic compounds (TPC), total amino compounds (TAC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) oxidation rate were 89.88, 92.75, and 95.66 respectively following the optimized sono-heterogeneous catalytic Fenton process. The prepared magnetic catalyst exhibited a good stability during repeated cycles. The gathered findings gave the evidence that sono-heterogeneous catalytic Fenton process is a promising treatment technology for OMW effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mehdaoui
- Research Unit Materials and Organic Synthesis (UR17ES31), Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of the Environment, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Agren
- Research Unit Materials and Organic Synthesis (UR17ES31), Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of the Environment, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencias de Los Materiales de la Universitad de Valencia, Calle Catedratico José Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jamal El Haskouri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Instituto de Ciencias de Los Materiales de la Universitad de Valencia, Calle Catedratico José Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Beyou
- Department of Material's Engineering, Université Lyon 1, UMR CNRS5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mohammed Lahcini
- Laboratory of organometallic and macromolecular chemistry-composites Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Avenue Abdelhakim Elkhattabi, BP549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
- Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hassen V Baouab
- Research Unit Materials and Organic Synthesis (UR17ES31), Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of the Environment, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Loffredo CM, Dennehy M, Alvarez M. Fe-Mn/ZrO2 catalysts: Sulfate-based-advanced oxidation process for the degradation of olive oil industry model pollutants. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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Huertas-alonso AJ, Gonzalez-serrano DJ, Hadidi M, Salgado-ramos M, Orellana-palacios JC, Sánchez-verdú MP, Xia Q, Simirgiotis MJ, Barba FJ, Dar BN, Moreno A. Table Olive Wastewater as a Potential Source of Biophenols for Valorization: A Mini Review. Fermentation 2022; 8:215. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The table olive industry generates high amounts of wastewater annually during the alkaline treatment, fermentation, and washing steps of olives. High conductivity and salt content, as well as the high organic and biophenol contents of these waters, is a worldwide problem, especially in the Mediterranean region, which is the major table olive producing area. There is a wide variety of bioactives found in wastewater derived from table olive processing. The main compounds of table olive wastewater, such as those derived from phenolic, hydrocarbon, and sugar fractions, can be recovered and reused. In this review, the table olive manufacturing processes and the volumes and composition of wastewater generated from the different methods of table olive processing are discussed. In addition, biophenols of table olive water and their biological activities are also introduced. The high concentrations of valuable biophenols, such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, show promising potential for valorizing table olive wastewater; however, more research is needed in this area.
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Anaraki MT, Lysak DH, Downey K, Kock FVC, You X, Majumdar RD, Barison A, Lião LM, Ferreira AG, Decker V, Goerling B, Spraul M, Godejohann M, Helm PA, Kleywegt S, Jobst K, Soong R, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. NMR spectroscopy of wastewater: A review, case study, and future potential. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2021; 126-127:121-180. [PMID: 34852923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is arguably the most powerful tool for the study of molecular structures and interactions, and is increasingly being applied to environmental research, such as the study of wastewater. With over 97% of the planet's water being saltwater, and two thirds of freshwater being frozen in the ice caps and glaciers, there is a significant need to maintain and reuse the remaining 1%, which is a precious resource, critical to the sustainability of most life on Earth. Sanitation and reutilization of wastewater is an important method of water conservation, especially in arid regions, making the understanding of wastewater itself, and of its treatment processes, a highly relevant area of environmental research. Here, the benefits, challenges and subtleties of using NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of wastewater are considered. First, the techniques available to overcome the specific challenges arising from the nature of wastewater (which is a complex and dilute matrix), including an examination of sample preparation and NMR techniques (such as solvent suppression), in both the solid and solution states, are discussed. Then, the arsenal of available NMR techniques for both structure elucidation (e.g., heteronuclear, multidimensional NMR, homonuclear scalar coupling-based experiments) and the study of intermolecular interactions (e.g., diffusion, nuclear Overhauser and saturation transfer-based techniques) in wastewater are examined. Examples of wastewater NMR studies from the literature are reviewed and potential areas for future research are identified. Organized by nucleus, this review includes the common heteronuclei (13C, 15N, 19F, 31P, 29Si) as well as other environmentally relevant nuclei and metals such as 27Al, 51V, 207Pb and 113Cd, among others. Further, the potential of additional NMR methods such as comprehensive multiphase NMR, NMR microscopy and hyphenated techniques (for example, LC-SPE-NMR-MS) for advancing the current understanding of wastewater are discussed. In addition, a case study that combines natural abundance (i.e. non-concentrated), targeted and non-targeted NMR to characterize wastewater, along with in vivo based NMR to understand its toxicity, is included. The study demonstrates that, when applied comprehensively, NMR can provide unique insights into not just the structure, but also potential impacts, of wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Finally, low-field NMR, which holds considerable future potential for on-site wastewater monitoring, is briefly discussed. In summary, NMR spectroscopy is one of the most versatile tools in modern science, with abilities to study all phases (gases, liquids, gels and solids), chemical structures, interactions, interfaces, toxicity and much more. The authors hope this review will inspire more scientists to embrace NMR, given its huge potential for both wastewater analysis in particular and environmental research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabatabaei Anaraki
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Flávio Vinicius Crizóstomo Kock
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-SP (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Xiang You
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Rudraksha D Majumdar
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andersson Barison
- NMR Center, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19081, 81530-900 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- NMR Center, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Venita Decker
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Spraul
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada.
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Kuang C, Xu Y, Xie G, Pan Z, Zheng L, Lai W, Ling J, Talawar M, Zhou X. Preparation of CeO 2-doped carbon nanotubes cathode and its mechanism for advanced treatment of pig farm wastewater. Chemosphere 2021; 262:128215. [PMID: 33182126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effluent from conventional treatment process (including anaerobic digestion and anoxic-oxic treatment) for pig farm wastewater was difficult to treat due to its low ratio of biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand (BOD5/CODCr) (<0.1). In the present study, electro-Fenton (EF) was used to improve the biodegradability of the mentioned effluent and the properties of self-prepared CeO2-doped multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) electrodes were also studied. An excellent H2O2 production (165 mg L-1) was recorded, after an 80-min electrolysis, when the mass ratio of MWCNTs, CeO2 and pore-forming agent (NH4HCO3) was 6:1:1. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that addition of NH4HCO3 and the doping of CeO2 could increase the superficial area of the electrode as well as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electro-catalytic performance. The BOD5/CODCr of the wastewater from the first stage AO process increased from 0.08 to 0.45 and CODCr reduced 71.5% after an 80-min electrolysis, with 0.3 mM Fe2+ solution. The non-biodegradable chemical pollutants from the first stage AO process were degraded by EF. The non-biodegradable pollutants identified by LC-MS/MS in the effluent from AO process including aminopyrine, oxadixyl and 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid could be degraded by EF process, with the removal rates of 81.86%, 34.39% and 7.13% in 80 min, and oxytetracycline with the removal rate of 100% in 20 min. Therefore, electro-Fenton with the new CeO2-doped MWCNTs cathode electrode will be a promising supplement for advanced treatment of pig farm wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Kuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China.
| | - Guangyan Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Zhanchang Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Weikang Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Jiayin Ling
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Manjunatha Talawar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
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Martínez-cruz A, Fernandes A, Ciríaco L, Pacheco MJ, Carvalho F, Afonso A, Madeira L, Luz S, Lopes A. Electrochemical Oxidation of Effluents from Food Processing Industries: A Short Review and a Case-Study. Water 2020; 12:3546. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A short review on the treatment of effluents from food processing industries by electrochemical oxidation (EO) was performed. Olive mill wastewater (OMW) and boron-doped diamond (BDD) are the most reported effluent and anode material, respectively. The addition of NaCl or Na2SO4 as supporting electrolytes is common in these studies, and their influence on the EO performance depends, among other things, on the anode material, since the electrolyte oxidation mechanism is different when active and non-active anode materials are utilized. A case-study on the application of a pilot plant, working in batch mode with recirculation, equipped with a BDD anode, to treat 4 L of OMW, slaughterhouse (SW) and winery (WW) wastewaters, with initial chemical oxygen demands (COD) of 20.5, 3.6 and 0.26 g L−1, respectively, is presented and discussed. In 16 h assays, 94% COD removal was achieved for OMW, and for SW and WW the Portuguese COD legal discharge limit of 150 mg L−1 was accomplished. Process efficiency decreased for lower organic load. NaCl addition increased COD removal in SW and WW, but presented an adverse effect for OMW COD removal, when compared to Na2SO4 addition. Nevertheless, lower specific energy consumptions were attained in chloride medium (48 Wh (g COD)−1).
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Sciubba F, Chronopoulou L, Pizzichini D, Lionetti V, Fontana C, Aromolo R, Socciarelli S, Gambelli L, Bartolacci B, Finotti E, Benedetti A, Miccheli A, Neri U, Palocci C, Bellincampi D. Olive Mill Wastes: A Source of Bioactive Molecules for Plant Growth and Protection against Pathogens. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:E450. [PMID: 33291288 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Olive oil is the most common vegetable oil used for human nutrition, and its production represents a major economic sector in Mediterranean countries. The milling industry generates large amounts of liquid and solid residues, whose disposal is complicated and costly due to their polluting properties. However, olive mill waste (OMW) may also be seen as a source of valuable biomolecules including plant nutrients, anthocyanins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds. This review describes recent advances and multidisciplinary approaches in the identification and isolation of valuable natural OMW-derived bioactive molecules. Such natural compounds may be potentially used in numerous sustainable applications in agriculture such as fertilizers, biostimulants, and biopesticides in alternative to synthetic substances that have a negative impact on the environment and are harmful to human health. Abstract Olive oil production generates high amounts of liquid and solid wastes. For a long time, such complex matrices were considered only as an environmental issue, due to their polluting properties. On the other hand, olive mill wastes (OMWs) exert a positive effect on plant growth when applied to soil due to the high content of organic matter and mineral nutrients. Moreover, OMWs also exhibit antimicrobial activity and protective properties against plant pathogens possibly due to the presence of bioactive molecules including phenols and polysaccharides. This review covers the recent advances made in the identification, isolation, and characterization of OMW-derived bioactive molecules able to influence important plant processes such as plant growth and defend against pathogens. Such studies are relevant from different points of view. First, basic research in plant biology may benefit from the isolation and characterization of new biomolecules to be potentially applied in crop growth and protection against diseases. Moreover, the valorization of waste materials is necessary for the development of a circular economy, which is foreseen to drive the future development of a more sustainable agriculture.
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Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Berzio S, Wichern M, Lübken M. Packed-bed biofilm reactor for semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater: performances and COD mass balance analysis. Environ Technol 2020; 41:2657-2669. [PMID: 30724702 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1578830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the treatability of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) using an anaerobic fixed bed biofilm reactor packed with granular activated carbon (GAC) and inoculated with non-acclimated biomass was performed in a semi-continuous mode under mesophilic conditions. Three organic loading rates (OLR) varied from 0.94 to 2.81 g COD/(L d) were applied. The results of batch adsorption tests on GAC and the experimental data from PBBR-GAC operation were used to set up a COD mass balance in order to investigate the effect of adsorption on the COD removal during the three anaerobic treatment steps. Despite the slight accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during the second and the third steps, between 735 and 1135 mg COD/L (as acetic acid), a stable environment for methanogens was maintained for a period of 104 days. During the three steps, degradation levels were up to 80% of COD and 85% of phenolic compounds. An averaged specific biogas production of 1.77 LN/d and a methane (CH4) concentration of about 60%, corresponding to a CH4 yield of 0.31 L CH4produced/g CODdepleted, were reached at an OLR of 2.81 g COD/(L d). The results show that the COD mass balance was not closed during the first two steps, while in the third step, it could be around 96%. This finding suggests that the adsorption of organic substances on activated carbon occur just during the two first steps, while at 2.81 g COD/(L d) OLR no adsorption is occurring and the introduced COD becomes completely available for CH4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Enaime
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Baçaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelrani Yaacoubi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Unity of Methodology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Stephan Berzio
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Wichern
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manfred Lübken
- Institute of Urban Water Management and Environmental Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Görmez F, Görmez Ö, Yabalak E, Gözmen B. Application of the central composite design to mineralization of olive mill wastewater by the electro/FeII/persulfate oxidation method. SN Appl Sci 2020; 2. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-1986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Arabi M, Elias A, Kamel Z, Ait younes Y, Mansouri B, Toumert I. Characterization of olive mill wastewater and gamma irradiation effects on some parameters of its composition. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ltaïef AH, D'angelo A, Ammar S, Gadri A, Galia A, Scialdone O. Electrochemical treatment of aqueous solutions of catechol by various electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: Effect of the process and of operating parameters. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017; 796:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Flores N, Sirés I, Rodríguez RM, Centellas F, Cabot PL, Garrido JA, Brillas E. Removal of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid from aqueous medium by electrochemical oxidation with a BDD anode: Mineralization, kinetics and oxidation products. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ioannou-Ttofa L, Michael-Kordatou I, Fattas SC, Eusebio A, Ribeiro B, Rusan M, Amer ARB, Zuraiqi S, Waismand M, Linder C, Wiesman Z, Gilron J, Fatta-Kassinos D. Treatment efficiency and economic feasibility of biological oxidation, membrane filtration and separation processes, and advanced oxidation for the purification and valorization of olive mill wastewater. Water Res 2017; 114:1-13. [PMID: 28214720 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a major waste stream resulting from numerous operations that occur during the production stages of olive oil. The resulting effluent contains various organic and inorganic contaminants and its environmental impact can be notable. The present work aims at investigating the efficiency of (i) jet-loop reactor with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane system (Jacto.MBR), (ii) solar photo-Fenton oxidation after coagulation/flocculation pre-treatment and (iii) integrated membrane filtration processes (i.e. UF/nanofiltration (NF)) used for the treatment of OMW. According to the results, the efficiency of the biological treatment was high, equal to 90% COD and 80% total phenolic compounds (TPh) removal. A COD removal higher than 94% was achieved by applying the solar photo-Fenton oxidation process as post-treatment of coagulation/flocculation of OMW, while the phenolic fraction was completely eliminated. The combined UF/NF process resulted in very high conductivity and COD removal, up to 90% and 95%, respectively, while TPh were concentrated in the NF concentrate stream (i.e. 93% concentration). Quite important is the fact that the NF concentrate, a valuable and polyphenol rich stream, can be further valorized in various industries (e.g. food, pharmaceutical, etc.). The above treatment processes were found also to be able to reduce the initial OMW phytotoxicity at greenhouse experiments; with the effluent stream of solar photo-Fenton process to be the least phytotoxic compared to the other treated effluents. A SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) analysis was performed, in order to determine both the strengths of each technology, as well as the possible obstacles that need to overcome for achieving the desired levels of treatment. Finally, an economic evaluation of the tested technologies was performed in an effort to measure the applicability and viability of these systems at real scale; highlighting that the cost cannot be regarded as a 'cut off criterion', since the most cost-effective option in not always the optimum one.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ioannou-Ttofa
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Michael-Kordatou
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S C Fattas
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Eusebio
- Bioenergy Unit, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - B Ribeiro
- Bioenergy Unit, National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Rusan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - A R B Amer
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - S Zuraiqi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - M Waismand
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Departments of Biotechnology, Energy and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - C Linder
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Departments of Biotechnology, Energy and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Z Wiesman
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Departments of Biotechnology, Energy and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - J Gilron
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Departments of Biotechnology, Energy and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - D Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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15
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Flores N, Cabot PL, Centellas F, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Brillas E, Sirés I. 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidation in sulfate and real olive oil mill wastewater by electrochemical advanced processes with a boron-doped diamond anode. J Hazard Mater 2017; 321:566-575. [PMID: 27694020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a ubiquitous component of olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW), has been studied by anodic oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (AO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). Experiments were performed in either a 0.050M Na2SO4 solution or a real OOMW at pH 3.0, using a cell with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and an air-diffusion cathode for H2O2 generation. Hydroxyl radicals formed at the BDD surface from water oxidation in all processes and/or in the bulk from Fenton's reaction between added Fe2+ and generated H2O2 in EF and PEF were the main oxidants. In both matrices, the oxidation ability of the processes increased in the order AO-H2O2<EF<PEF. The superiority of PEF was due to the photolytic action of UVA radiation on photosensitive by-products, as deduced from the quick removal of Fe(III)-oxalate complexes. The effect of current density and organic content on the performance of all treatments was examined. 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid decay obeyed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The PEF treatment of 1.03mM 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in 0.050M Na2SO4 allowed 98% mineralization at 360min even at low current density, whereas 80% mineralization and a significant enhancement of biodegradability were achieved with the real OOMW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Flores
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Lluís Cabot
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Centellas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Garrido
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa María Rodríguez
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Chakchouk I, Elloumi N, Belaid C, Mseddi S, Chaari L, Kallel M. A COMBINED ELECTROCOAGULATION-ELECTROOXIDATION TREATMENT FOR DAIRY WASTEWATER. Braz J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Fajardo AS, Seca HF, Martins RC, Corceiro VN, Freitas IF, Quinta-Ferreira ME, Quinta-Ferreira RM. Electrochemical oxidation of phenolic wastewaters using a batch-stirred reactor with NaCl electrolyte and Ti/RuO 2 anodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maza-Márquez P, González-Martínez A, Martínez-Toledo MV, Fenice M, Lasserrot A, González-López J. Biotreatment of industrial olive washing water by synergetic association of microalgal-bacterial consortia in a photobioreactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:527-538. [PMID: 27734312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an effective technology for the olive processing industry to remediate olive washing water. A 14.5-L enclosed tubular photobioreactor was inoculated with a stable microalgal-bacterial consortium obtained by screening strains well adapted to olive washing water. The capacity of an enclosed tubular photobioreactor to remove toxic compounds was evaluated under photosynthesis conditions and without any external supply of oxygen. The results showed that the dominant green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris and the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. and bacteria present in olive washing water (i.e. Pantoea agglomerans and Raoultella terrigena) formed a synergistic association that was resistant to toxic pollutants present in the effluent and during the initial biodegradation process, which resulted in the breakdown of the pollutant. Total phenolic compounds, COD, BOD5, turbidity and colour removals of 90.3 ± 11.4, 80.7 ± 9.7, 97.8 ± 12.7, 82.9 ± 8.4 and 83.3 ± 10.4 %, respectively, were recorded in the photobioreactor at 3 days of hydraulic retention time. Graphical abstract Biotreatment of industrial olive washing water by synergetic association of microalgal-bacterial consortia in a photobioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maza-Márquez
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - A González-Martínez
- Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076, Espoo, Aalto, Finland
| | - M V Martínez-Toledo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Fenice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo Universita s.n.c, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Lasserrot
- Biotmicrogen S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - J González-López
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Elkacmi R, Kamil N, Bennajah M, Kitane S. Extraction of Oleic Acid from Moroccan Olive Mill Wastewater. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:1397852. [PMID: 26933663 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1397852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of olive oil in Morocco has recently grown considerably for its economic and nutritional importance favored by the country's climate. After the extraction of olive oil by pressing or centrifuging, the obtained liquid contains oil and vegetation water which is subsequently separated by decanting or centrifugation. Despite its treatment throughout the extraction process, this olive mill wastewater, OMW, still contains a very important oily residue, always regarded as a rejection. The separated oil from OMW can not be intended for food because of its high acidity of 3.397% which exceeds the international standard for human consumption defined by the standard of the Codex Alimentarius, proving its poor quality. This work gives value addition to what would normally be regarded as waste by the extraction of oleic acid as a high value product, using the technique of inclusion with urea for the elimination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids through four successive crystallizations at 4°C and 20°C to have a final phase with oleic acid purity of 95.49%, as a biodegradable soap and a high quality glycerin will be produced by the reaction of saponification and transesterification.
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González-gonzález A, Cuadros F. Effect of aerobic pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMWW): An ecoefficient treatment. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2015; 95:339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kanmani P, Kumaresan K, Aravind J. Pretreatment of coconut mill effluent using celite-immobilized hydrolytic enzyme preparation from Staphylococcus pasteuri and its impact on anaerobic digestion. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1249-58. [PMID: 26033963 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological treatment of oil and grease (O&G)-containing industrial effluents has long been a challenging issue. Practically feasible avenues to bring down their O&G load and enhance treatability are desired. In one such endeavour, the partially purified lipase from Staphylococcus pasteuri COM-4A was immobilized on celite carrier and applied for the enzymatic hydrolysis of unsterilized coconut oil mill effluent. In batch hydrolysis experiments, optimum conditions of 1% (w/v) immobilized lipase beads, one in four effluent dilution, and a contact time of 30 h resulted in 46% and 24% increase in volatile fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids and a concomitant 52% and 32% decrease in O&G and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels, respectively. Batch anaerobic biodegradation trials with this prehydrolyzed effluent showed 89%, 91%, and 90% decrease in COD, proteins, and reducing sugars, respectively. These results were validated in a hybrid stirred tank--upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. Average COD and O&G reductions effected by the hybrid reactor were found to be 89% and 88%, whereas that by the control reactor without enzymatic hydrolysis were only 60% and 47%, respectively. A maximum of 0.86 L methane gas was generated by the hybrid reactor per gram of VS added. Hence, this celite-immobilized crude lipase, sourced from a native laboratory isolate, seems to be a workable alternative to commercial enzyme preparations for the management of lipid-rich industrial effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Kanmani
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kuppamuthu Kumaresan
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyaseelan Aravind
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamilnadu, India
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22
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Rastegarfar N, Behrooz R, Bahramifar N. Electrocoagulation treatment of black liquor from soda-AQ pulping of wheat straw. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:45. [PMID: 25637386 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of electrocoagulation treatment was investigated on black liquor from soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping of wheat straw. Removal of phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total solids (TS) from black liquor was investigated at different current densities by using aluminum electrodes at various electrolysis times (10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 min) and pH levels (3, 5, 7, 9, and 10.5). It was observed that at 16 V, electrolysis time of 55 min and current density of 61.8 mA/cm(2) were sufficient for the removal of the pollutants. Energy consumption was evaluated as an important cost-relation parameter. Results showed that the electrocoagulation treatment reduced color intensity from the high initial value of 18,750 to 220 PCU. This was strongly influenced by the pH level of the wastewater. In addition, it was found that the removal efficiency increased with increasing of current density. The maximum efficiencies for removal were 98.8, 81, 80, 92, 61, and 68 % for color, phenol, COD, TSS, TDS, and TS, respectively. The lowest energy consumption values were obtained at neutral pH after 55 min. Electrocoagulation was found to be an effective, simple, and low-cost technique to treat black liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rastegarfar
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
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23
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Michael I, Panagi A, Ioannou LA, Frontistis Z, Fatta-Kassinos D. Utilizing solar energy for the purification of olive mill wastewater using a pilot-scale photocatalytic reactor after coagulation-flocculation. Water Res 2014; 60:28-40. [PMID: 24815102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of a solar-driven advanced oxidation process (solar Fenton) combined with previous coagulation/flocculation, for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) at a pilot scale. Pre-treatment by coagulation/flocculation using FeSO4·7H2O (6.67 g L(-1)) as the coagulant, and an anionic polyelectrolyte (FLOCAN 23, 0.287 g L(-1)) as the flocculant, was performed to remove the solid content of the OMW. The solar Fenton experiments were carried out in a compound parabolic collector pilot plant, in the presence of varying doses of H2O2 and Fe(2+). The optimization of the oxidation process, using reagents at low concentrations ([Fe(2+)] = 0.08 g L(-1); [H2O2] = 1 g L(-1)), led to a high COD removal (87%), while the polyphenolic fraction, which is responsible for the biorecalcitrant and/or toxic properties of OMW, was eliminated. A kinetic study using a modified pseudo first-order kinetic model was performed in order to determine the reaction rate constants. This work evidences also the potential use of the solar Fenton process at the inherent pH of the OMW, yielding only a slightly lower COD removal (81%) compared to that obtained under acidic conditions. Moreover, the results demonstrated the capacity of the applied advanced process to reduce the initial OMW toxicity against the examined plant species (Sorghum saccharatum, Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba), and the water flea Daphnia magna. The OMW treated samples displayed a varying toxicity profile for each type of organism and plant examined in this study, a fact that can potentially be attributed to the varying oxidation products formed during the process applied. Finally, the overall cost of solar Fenton oxidation for the treatment of 50 m(3) of OMW per day was estimated to be 2.11 € m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Michael
- Nireas, International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Panagi
- Nireas, International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - L A Ioannou
- Nireas, International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Z Frontistis
- Nireas, International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas, International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Sundarapandiyan S, Renitha TS, Sridevi J, Chandrasekaran B, Saravanan P, Raju GB. Mechanistic insight into active chlorine species mediated electrochemical degradation of recalcitrant phenolic polymers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of recalcitrant phenolic syntan by electro-oxidation was investigated. The kinetics of mineralization of phenolic syntan was followed both in terms of TOC and COD measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sundarapandiyan
- National Metallurgical Laboratory (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 113, India
| | - T. Shiny Renitha
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 020, India
| | - J. Sridevi
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 020, India
| | - B. Chandrasekaran
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 020, India
| | - P. Saravanan
- Central Leather Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 020, India
| | - G. Bhaskar Raju
- National Metallurgical Laboratory (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
- Chennai 600 113, India
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