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Garieri T, Allen DG, Gao W, Liao B. A review of emerging membrane-based microalgal-bacterial processes for wastewater treatment: Process configurations, biological and membrane performance, and perspectives. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:172141. [PMID: 38580119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Microalgal-bacterial (MB) consortia create an excellent eco-system for simultaneous COD/BOD and nutrients (N and P) removals in a single step with significant reduction in or complete elimination of aeration and carbonation in the biological wastewater treatment processes. The integration of membrane separation technology with the MB processes has created a new paradigm for research and development. This paper focuses on a comprehensive and critical literature review of recent advances in these emerging processes. Novel membrane process configurations and process conditions affecting the biological performance of these novel systems have been systematically reviewed and discussed. Membrane fouling issues and control of MB biofilm formation and thickness associated with these emerging suspended growth or immobilized biofilm processes are addressed and discussed. The research gaps, challenges, outlooks of these emerging processes are identified and discussed in-depth. The findings from the literature suggest that the membrane-based MB processes are advanced biotechnologies with a significant reduction in energy consumption and process simplification and high process efficiency that are not achievable with current technologies in wastewater treatment. There are endless opportunities for research and development of these novel and emerging membrane-based MB processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teralyn Garieri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - D Grant Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Wa Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Baoqiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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2
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Yu H, Ko D, Lee C. Continuous cultivation of mixed-culture microalgae using anaerobic digestion effluent in photobioreactors with different strategies for adjusting nitrogen loading rate. Bioresour Technol 2023; 387:129650. [PMID: 37558101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined continuous mixed-culture microalgae cultivation for nutrient removal from anaerobic digestion (AD) effluents in photobioreactors, while altering the NH4+-N loading rate (NLR) by adjusting either the hydraulic retention time (HRT) (reactor set RH) or the influent NH4+-N concentration (reactor set RS). Both RH and RS demonstrated efficient nutrient removal and microalgae cultivation at NLRs of 4-10 mg NH4+-N/L∙d, reaching peak performance at 10 mg NH4+-N/L∙d. Within this range, RH obtained greater biomass yield and productivity, while RS maintained higher microalgal concentrations. The cultivated biomasses obtained from RH and RS had good settleability and suitable fatty acid compositions as a biodiesel feedstock, although their organic composition varied considerably with NLR and HRT. Parachlorella overwhelmingly dominated the reactors' microalgal communities throughout the experiment, co-existing with various microalgae-associated bacteria. Changes in NLR significantly influenced the bacterial community structures, underscoring its critical role in determining reactor performance and microalgal-bacterial community behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjung Yu
- Department of Urban & Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Ko
- Department of Urban & Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- Department of Urban & Environmental Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Díaz O, González E, Vera L, Fernández LJ, Díaz-Marrero AR, Fernández JJ. Recirculating packed-bed biofilm photobioreactor combined with membrane ultrafiltration as advanced wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27309-2. [PMID: 37140860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Packed-bed biofilm photobioreactor combined with ultrafiltration membrane was investigated for intensifying the process for secondary wastewater effluent treatment. Cylindrical glass carriers were used as supporting material for the microalgal-bacterial biofilm, which developed from indigenous microbial consortium. Glass carriers allowed adequate growth of the biofilm with limited suspended biomass. Stable operation was achieved after a start-up period of 1000 h, where supernatant biopolymer clusters were minimized and complete nitrification was observed. After that time, biomass productivity was 54 ± 18 mg·L-1·day-1. Green microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus and several strains of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria and fungi were identified. Combined process exhibited COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates of 56 ± 5%, 12 ± 2% and 20 ± 6%, respectively. Membrane fouling was mainly caused by biofilm formation, which was not effectively mitigated by air-scouring aided backwashing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Enrique González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Luisa Vera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA)-CSIC, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José J Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
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4
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Abbew AW, Qiu S, Amadu AA, Qasim MZ, Chen Z, Wu Z, Wang L, Ge S. Insights into the multi-targeted effects of free nitrous acid on the microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana in wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2022; 347:126389. [PMID: 34822980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal-bacterial consortium process (MBCP) proposed as an alternative to the activated sludge process contains free nitrous acid (FNA). FNA antimicrobial influences on nitrifiers have been demonstrated. However, its influence on microalgae is largely unknown, limiting the system stability of MBCP. This study revealed the multi-targeted responses of a model wastewater microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana, to FNA exposure through physiological and transcriptomic analyses. Results showed a concentration-dependent FNA-influence as both microalgal growth and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, rETR, Y(II), NPQ) inversely correlated with FNA doses. Increased ROS, MDA content (5.0-fold), SOD (2.7-fold), and LDH (12.0-fold) activities in the treatments revealed FNA-induced oxidative pressure. Moreover, RNA-sequencing results revealed significantly downregulated genes related to photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Comparatively, peroxisome, chlorophyll, and carotenoid genes were upregulated. These findings elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of FNA on microalgae and contribute towards the prospective practical application of the MBCP system for sustainable wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Wahab Abbew
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ayesha Algade Amadu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammed Zeeshan Qasim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengshuai Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijian Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei 200, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Chew KW, Khoo KS, Foo HT, Chia SR, Walvekar R, Lim SS. Algae utilization and its role in the development of green cities. Chemosphere 2021; 268:129322. [PMID: 33359993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid urbanisation happening around the world followed by the massive demand for clean energy resources, green cities play a pivotal role in building a sustainable future for the people. The continuing depletion of natural resources has led to the development of renewable energy with algae as the promising source. The high growth rate of microalgae and their strong bio-fixation ability to convert CO2 into O2 have been gaining attention globally and intensive research has been conducted regarding the microalgae benefits. The focus on potential of microalgae in contributing to the development of green cities is rising. The advantage of microalgae is their ability to gather energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide, followed by transforming the nutrients into biomass and oxygen. This leads to the creation of green cities through algae cultivation as waste and renewable materials can be put to good use. The challenges that arise when using algae and the future prospect in terms of SDGs and economy will also be covered in this review. The future of green cities can be enhanced with the adaptation of algae as the source of renewable plants to create a better outlook of an algae green city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Thung Foo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shir Reen Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Siew Shee Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Jiang Y, Wang H, Zhao C, Huang F, Deng L, Wang W. Establishment of stable microalgal-bacterial consortium in liquid digestate for nutrient removal and biomass accumulation. Bioresour Technol 2018; 268:300-307. [PMID: 30092483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a microalgal-bacterial consortium (MBC) was established in liquid digestate (LD) by optimizing sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operating parameters and microalgae inoculation to address the abovementioned challenges. The bacteria from LD SBR-Activated Sludge System effluent under the optimum conditions of 25 °C, 7.0 g/L MLSS, 5 mg/L DO concentration, and 6 h hydraulic retention time with 0.5 mg/L DW Chlorella sp. BWY-1 could form stable MBCs outdoors in an airlift photoreactor. The stable MBC facilitates the continuous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, promotes the accumulation of biomass and lipids, and contributes to the improvement of the sedimentation. The results from this study provided a new technique for the purification and utilization of LD, more importantly decreasing the environmental threat caused by improperly processed LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Jiang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Caifang Zhao
- Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Fangyu Huang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Liangwei Deng
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wenguo Wang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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7
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Xie B, Gong W, Yu H, Tang X, Yan Z, Luo X, Gan Z, Wang T, Li G, Liang H. Immobilized microalgae for anaerobic digestion effluent treatment in a photobioreactor-ultrafiltration system: Algal harvest and membrane fouling control. Bioresour Technol 2018; 268:139-148. [PMID: 30077170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A photobioreactor (PBR) coupled with ultrafiltration (UF) system was developed with goals of microalgae cultivation, harvest, and membrane fouling control in the anaerobic digestion effluent purification. Firstly, three-sequencing batch PBRs were started-up with suspended Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris, SCV), immobilized C. vulgaris (ICV) and immobilized C. vulgaris with powdered activated carbon (ICV + PAC). The results exhibited high DOC degradation (66.61%-84.35%) and completely nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) removals were attained in PBRs. This indicated bacterial-microalgal consortiums enhanced biodegradation and PAC adsorption accelerated photodegradation. During the microalgae harvest by UF, immobilized microalgae beads protected cells integrity with less debris and intracellular/extracellular organic matters lysis. Moreover, the cake layer in ICV + PAC could even serve as a dynamic layer to entrap the residual pollutants and control membrane fouling. Hence, membrane fouling mitigation and ADE purification were realized during the microalgae harvest process in the ICV + PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weijia Gong
- School of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huarong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaobin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhendong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China.
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Cho HU, Kim YM, Park JM. Enhanced microalgal biomass and lipid production from a consortium of indigenous microalgae and bacteria present in municipal wastewater under gradually mixotrophic culture conditions. Bioresour Technol 2017; 228:290-297. [PMID: 28081527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the influences of gradually mixotrophic culture conditions on microalgal biomass and lipid production by a consortium of indigenous microalgae and bacteria present in raw municipal wastewater. Lab-scale photobioreactors containing the consortium were operated in repeated batch mode. Initial cultivation (phase I) was performed using only the municipal wastewater, then 10% and 25% of the reactor volumes were replaced with the effluent from a sewage sludge fermentation system producing volatile fatty acids (SSFV) at the beginnings of phase II and phase III, respectively. The highest biomass productivity (117.1±2.7mg/L/d) was attained during phase II, but the lipid productivity (17.2±0.2mg/L/d) was attained during phase III. The increase in the effluent from the SSFV influenced microalgal diversity with a preference for Chlorella sp., but bacterial diversity increased significantly during phase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Cho
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Kim
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology, 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77, Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Maza-Márquez P, González-Martínez A, Martínez-Toledo MV, Fenice M, Lasserrot A, González-López J. Biotreatment of industrial olive washing water by synergetic association of microalgal-bacterial consortia in a photobioreactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:527-538. [PMID: 27734312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an effective technology for the olive processing industry to remediate olive washing water. A 14.5-L enclosed tubular photobioreactor was inoculated with a stable microalgal-bacterial consortium obtained by screening strains well adapted to olive washing water. The capacity of an enclosed tubular photobioreactor to remove toxic compounds was evaluated under photosynthesis conditions and without any external supply of oxygen. The results showed that the dominant green microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris and the cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. and bacteria present in olive washing water (i.e. Pantoea agglomerans and Raoultella terrigena) formed a synergistic association that was resistant to toxic pollutants present in the effluent and during the initial biodegradation process, which resulted in the breakdown of the pollutant. Total phenolic compounds, COD, BOD5, turbidity and colour removals of 90.3 ± 11.4, 80.7 ± 9.7, 97.8 ± 12.7, 82.9 ± 8.4 and 83.3 ± 10.4 %, respectively, were recorded in the photobioreactor at 3 days of hydraulic retention time. Graphical abstract Biotreatment of industrial olive washing water by synergetic association of microalgal-bacterial consortia in a photobioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maza-Márquez
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - A González-Martínez
- Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076, Espoo, Aalto, Finland
| | - M V Martínez-Toledo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Fenice
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo Universita s.n.c, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Lasserrot
- Biotmicrogen S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - J González-López
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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