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Díaz O, González E, Vera L, Fernández LJ, Díaz-Marrero AR, Fernández JJ. Recirculating packed-bed biofilm photobioreactor combined with membrane ultrafiltration as advanced wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27309-2. [PMID: 37140860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Packed-bed biofilm photobioreactor combined with ultrafiltration membrane was investigated for intensifying the process for secondary wastewater effluent treatment. Cylindrical glass carriers were used as supporting material for the microalgal-bacterial biofilm, which developed from indigenous microbial consortium. Glass carriers allowed adequate growth of the biofilm with limited suspended biomass. Stable operation was achieved after a start-up period of 1000 h, where supernatant biopolymer clusters were minimized and complete nitrification was observed. After that time, biomass productivity was 54 ± 18 mg·L-1·day-1. Green microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus and several strains of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria and fungi were identified. Combined process exhibited COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates of 56 ± 5%, 12 ± 2% and 20 ± 6%, respectively. Membrane fouling was mainly caused by biofilm formation, which was not effectively mitigated by air-scouring aided backwashing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Enrique González
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Luisa Vera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana R Díaz-Marrero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA)-CSIC, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
| | - José J Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (IUBO AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Spain
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Huang KX, Vadiveloo A, Zhou JL, Yang L, Chen DZ, Gao F. Integrated culture and harvest systems for improved microalgal biomass production and wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol 2023; 376:128941. [PMID: 36948428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cultivation in wastewater has received much attention as an environmentally sustainable approach. However, commercial application of this technique is challenging due to the low biomass output and high harvesting costs. Recently, integrated culture and harvest systems including microalgae biofilm, membrane photobioreactor, microalgae-fungi co-culture, microalgae-activated sludge co-culture, and microalgae auto-flocculation have been explored for efficiently coupling microalgal biomass production with wastewater purification. In such systems, the cultivation of microalgae and the separation of algal cells from wastewater are performed in the same reactor, enabling microalgae grown in the cultivation system to reach higher concentration, thus greatly improving the efficiency of biomass production and wastewater purification. Additionally, the design of such innovative systems also allows for microalgae cells to be harvested more efficiently. This review summarizes the mechanisms, characteristics, applications, and development trends of the various integrated systems and discusses their potential for broad applications, which worth further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xuan Huang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Ashiwin Vadiveloo
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Jin-Long Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering & Environment, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Environmental Pollution Control, Zhoushan 316000, China.
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Kiki C, Qiu Y, Wang Q, Ifon BE, Qin D, Chabi K, Yu CP, Zhu YG, Sun Q. Induced aging, structural change, and adsorption behavior modifications of microplastics by microalgae. Environ Int 2022; 166:107382. [PMID: 35803076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microalgal biofouling on microplastic (MP) may differ from bacterial biofouling. In this study, the influence of microalgae on MP surface alteration, structural change, and adsorption of organic micropollutants was evaluated. Virgin polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA) were each immersed in algal photobioreactor and river freshwater for 30 days to simulate algal and river microbe biofouling respectively. Consequently, their physicochemical changes and adsorption potential of a mixture of six bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPS, BPE, BPB, BPF, BPAF) and two parabens (propyl-paraben, benzyl-paraben) were investigated. Owing to the algal bioactive compounds, major microalgae-induced biofouling and more MP aging than the river microbe aging were observed through fractures, pits, cracks, and algal attachments. Intrusion of algal organic matter and scission of polymeric functional groups were revealed during microalgal immersion and the potential MP aging pathways were proposed. Algal biofouling considerably altered the intrinsic properties of the MPs, consequently the adsorption capacity of PE and PVC was enhanced by 3.04-6.72 and 2.14-8.72 times, respectively. Adsorption process onto algal-aged MPs was pH-dependent, endothermic, non-spontaneous, and favored by hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the amide group in PA structure was conducive to organic micropollutant adsorption, which was likely reduced by algal aging and the erosion of the N-H stretching. Moreover, higher adsorption capacities of organic micropollutants were shown by the algal-biofilm PE and PVC than virgin and river microbial biofilm MPs. This study discloses that, biofouling and aging of MPs by microalgae through their bioactive components would engender more incidences on MP properties, organic micropollutants adsorption with associated environmental and health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kiki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China; National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP: 526, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Ying Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Binessi Edouard Ifon
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Dan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kassim Chabi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Tong CY, Derek CJC. Membrane surface roughness promotes rapid initial cell adhesion and long term micro algal biofilm stability. Environ Res 2022; 206:112602. [PMID: 34968430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In biofilm membrane photobioreactors development, conscientious works revolving around the effect of external environment factors on microalgal biofilm growth were assessed but more comparative research about the role of carrier surfaces properties such as surface roughness is necessary. Thus, commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with two different molecular-weight-cut-offs (1 kDa and 30 kDa) were selected as the main representatives of surface roughness in a 20 days long-term biofilm cultivation experiment under dynamic flow condition for the biofilm evolvement of three benthic diatoms (Amphora coffeaeformis, Cylindrotheca fusiformis and Navicula incerta). Results depicted that rougher 30 kDa PES enable higher cell attachment degree for C. fusiformis (25.85 ± 2.75 × 109 cells m-2), followed by A. coffeaeformis (11.86 ± 2.76 × 109 cells m-2) and N. incerta (10.10 ± 0.65 × 109 cells m-2). Bounded extracellular polymeric substances (bEPS) gathered were relatively higher than soluble EPS (sEPS) while bEPS accumulated at least 10% higher on smooth 1 kDa PES than rough 30 kDa PES for the purpose of enhancing the biofilm disruption resistivity under liquid flow. Moreover, cell adhesion mechanism was proposed via computational fluid dynamics in parallel with EPS analysis. Copious amount of asperities and stagnant zones present on rough 30 kDa surfaces accelerated biofilm development and the consistency of the results have a great valence for interpretation of microalgal biofilm lifestyle on porous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - C J C Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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Leong YK, Huang CY, Chang JS. Pollution prevention and waste phycoremediation by algal-based wastewater treatment technologies: The applications of high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) and algal turf scrubber (ATS). J Environ Manage 2021; 296:113193. [PMID: 34237671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the escalating human population growth and rapid urbanization, the tremendous amount of urban and industrial waste released leads to a series of critical issues such as health issues, climate change, water crisis, and pollution problems. With the advantages of a favorable carbon life cycle, high photosynthetic efficiencies, and being adaptive to harsh environments, algae have attracted attention as an excellent agent for pollution prevention and waste phycoremediation. Following the concept of circular economy and biorefinery for sustainable production and waste minimization, this review discusses the role of four different algal-based wastewater treatment technologies, including high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs), HRAP-absorption column (HRAP-AC), hybrid algal biofilm-enhanced raceway pond (HABERP) and algal turf scrubber (ATS) in waste management and resource recovery. In addition to the nutrient removal mechanisms and operation parameters, recent advances and developments have been discussed for each technology, including (1) Innovative operation strategies and treatment of emerging contaminants (ECs) employing HRAPs, (2) Biogas upgrading utilizing HRAP-AC system and approaches of O2 minimization in biomethane, (3) Operation of different HABERP systems, (4) Life-cycle and cost analysis of HRAPs-based wastewater treatment system, and (5) Value-upgrading for harvested algal biomass and life-cycle cost analysis of ATS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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6
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Karimi Z, Laughinghouse HD 4th, Davis VA, Blersch DM. Substrate properties as controlling parameters in attached algal cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1823-35. [PMID: 33564919 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in attached algae cultivation systems because they could provide a more cost- and energy-efficient alternative to planktonic (suspended algae) cultivation systems for many applications. However, attached growth systems have been far less studied than planktonic systems and have largely emphasized algae strains of most interest for biofuels. New algal biorefinery pathways have assessed the commercial potentials of algal biomass beyond biofuel production and placed more emphasis on value-added products from that biomass. Therefore, algal strain selection criteria and biomass cultivation methods need to be updated to include additional strains for improved efficiency. One possible way of improving attached cultivation systems is through engineering substrate surface characteristics to boost algal adhesion and enable strain selective algal colonization and growth. This review explores the effect of substrate chemical and topographical characteristics on the cultivation of attached algae. It also highlights the importance of considering algal community structure and attachment mechanisms in investigating attached algae systems using the example of filamentous algae found in algal turf scrubber (ATS™) systems. KEY POINTS : • Attached algal cultivation is a promising alternative to planktonic cultivation. • Performance increase results from tuning surface qualities of attachment substrates. • Attachment adaptation of periphytic algae has innate potential for cultivation.
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Rodrigues de Assis L, Calijuri ML, Assemany PP, Silva TA, Teixeira JS. Innovative hybrid system for wastewater treatment: High-rate algal ponds for effluent treatment and biofilm reactor for biomass production and harvesting. J Environ Manage 2020; 274:111183. [PMID: 32784083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of algal biomass still faces challenges associated with the harvesting stages. To address this issue, we propose an innovative hybrid system, in which a biofilm reactor (BR) operates as an algal biomass production and harvesting unit connected to a high-rate algal pond (HRAP), a wastewater treatment unit. BR did not interfered with the biomass chemical composition (protein = 32%, carbohydrates = 11% and total lipids = 18%), with the wastewater treatment (removals efficiency: chemical oxygen demand = 59%, ammonia nitrogen = 78%, total phosphorus = 16% and Escherichia coli = 1 log unit), and did not alter the sedimentation characteristics of the biomass (sludge volume index = 29 mg/L and humidity content = 92%) in the secondary settling tank of the hybrid system. On the other hand, the results showed that this technology achieved a biomass production about 2.6x greater than the conventional system without a BR, and the efficiency of harvesting of the hybrid system was 61%, against 22% obtained with the conventional system. In addition, the BR promoted an increase in the density (~1011 org/m2) and diversity of microalgae in the hybrid system. Chlorella vulgaris was the most abundant species (>60%) from the 4th week of operation until the end of the experiment. Hence, results confirm that the integration of BR into a wastewater treatment plant optimised the production and harvesting of biomass of the hybrid system, making it a promising technology. The importance of economic and environmental analysis studies of BR is highlighted in order to enable its implementation on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Rodrigues de Assis
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Department of Water Resources and Sanitation, Federal University of Lavras (Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA), Campus Universitário, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Abrantes Silva
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jamily Santos Teixeira
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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Yu Z, Pei H, Li Y, Yang Z, Xie Z, Hou Q, Nie C. Inclined algal biofilm photobioreactor (IABPBR) for cost-effective cultivation of lipid-rich microalgae and treatment of seawater-diluted anaerobically digested effluent from kitchen waste with the aid of phytohormones. Bioresour Technol 2020; 315:123761. [PMID: 32652437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous study has demonstrated that freshwater can be replaced with seawater for dilution of feed to algal production and wastewater treatment, but high harvest cost in suspended-growth systems is still a troublesome limitation for large-scale production. Therefore, a novel inclined algal biofilm photobioreactor (IABPBR) was constructed for algal bioproduct production and treatment of seawater-diluted anaerobically digested effluent (SA) in this study. Fluffy polyester was selected as the best carrier for the algal biofilm among ten discarded materials. With the help of phytohormones, the viability of SDEC-18 was clearly enhanced and an algal biomass productivity of 5.66 g/m2/d was achieved. The SDEC-18 biofilm provided removal capacities of 0.65, 0.25 and 3.31 g/m2/d for TN, TP and COD. Phytohormones clearly enhanced the lipid biosynthesis, with an extraordinary lipid productivity of 3.98 g/m2/d being achieved. Moreover, an automatic harvesting system was designed for the efficient harvesting process during large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Yizhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Qingjie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Changliang Nie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan 250061, China
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Cheung SL, Allen DG, Short SM. Specific quantification of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris in mixed-species algal biofilms. Bioresour Technol 2020; 295:122251. [PMID: 31630002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two TaqMan® qPCR assays were developed to specifically quantify the absolute abundance of Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris in mixed-species algal biofilms by targeting the psbA gene. Standard curves were developed with amplification efficiencies of 92.4% and 96.6% for S. obliquus and C. vulgaris, respectively, and an R2 value of 0.99 for both. Calibration curves for estimating absolute cell abundances resulted in slopes of 0.98 and 1.11 for C. vulgaris and S. obliquus, respectively, and an R2 value of 0.95 for both. The assays were applied to cultivated mixed-species biofilms and approximately 107 cells of each algal species were quantified when 107 cells were added into biofilms. The developed qPCR assays were concluded to be specific and accurate for the quantification of S. obliquus and C. vulgaris in mixed-species biofilms. This will contribute to the control and optimization of algal cultivation systems for the production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Cheung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto M5S 3E5, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Grant Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto M5S 3E5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven M Short
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga L5L 1C6, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhang Q, Yu Z, Jin S, Zhu L, Liu C, Zheng H, Zhou T, Liu Y, Ruan R. Lignocellulosic residue as bio-carrier for algal biofilm growth: Effects of carrier physicochemical proprieties and toxicity on algal biomass production and composition. Bioresour Technol 2019; 293:122091. [PMID: 31514119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Five types of lignocellulosic materials were applied as the bio-carriers for low-cost algal biofilm cultivation of three algal strains. The effects of bio-carrier physicochemical properties and toxicity on algal cells growth and attachment were investigated. Rougher and hydrophilic bio-carrier could yield more algal biomass than smoother and hydrophobic bio-carrier. Pine sawdust (diameter: 0.420-0.595 mm) performed the best when cultured Diplosphaera sp. (9.61 g·m-2·day-1) biofilm. Meanwhile, bio-carriers could be leached by the culture medium during cultivation, and their energy conversion proprieties could be improved due to the reduced ash contents and the decreased crystallinities. In addition, Chlorella vulgaris growth tests indicated that pine sawdust (15.45%) leachate promoted cell growth, whereas rick husk (15.48%) and sugarcane bagasse (13.19%) leachate inhibited cell growth. And bio-carriers leachates also modified the chemical compositions (lipid, protein and carbohydrate) of algal cells and increased the corresponding saturated fatty acids methyl ester content (from 48.71 to 55.58-57.08%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, MOE, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Shiping Jin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cuixia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Hongli Zheng
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, MOE, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, MOE, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, MOE, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, MOE, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Center for Biorefining and Dept. of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Paul 55108, USA
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11
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Zhang Q, Liu C, Li Y, Yu Z, Chen Z, Ye T, Wang X, Hu Z, Liu S, Xiao B, Jin S. Cultivation of algal biofilm using different lignocellulosic materials as carriers. Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:115. [PMID: 28484515 PMCID: PMC5418734 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Algal biofilm technology is recently supposed to be a promising method to produce algal biomass as the feedstock for the production of biofuels. However, the carrier materials currently used to form algal biofilm are either difficult to be obtained at a low price or undurable. Commercialization of the biofilm technology for algal biomass production extremely requires new and inexpensive materials as biofilm carriers with high biomass production performances. RESULTS Four types of lignocellulosic materials were investigated to evaluate their performance of acting as carriers for algal cells attachment and the relevant effects on the algal biomass production in this study. The cultivation of algal biofilm was processed in a self-designed flat plate photo-bioreactor. The biofilm production and chemical composition of the harvested biomass were determined. The surface physics properties of the materials were examined through a confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Algal biomass production varied significantly with the variation of the carriers (P < 0.05). All the lignocellulosic materials showed better performances in biofilm production than poly methyl methacrylate, and the application of pine sawdust as the carrier could gain the maximum biofilm productivity of 10.92 g m-2 day-1 after 16-day cultivation. In addition, 20.10-23.20% total lipid, 30.35-36.73% crude proteins, and 20.29-25.93% carbohydrate were achieved from the harvested biomasses. Biomass productivity increased linearly as the increase of surface roughness, and Wenzel's roughness factor of the tested materials, and surface roughness might significantly affect the biomass production through the size of surface morphology and the area of surface (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that lignocellulosic materials can be efficient carriers for low-cost cultivation of algal biofilm and the enhancement of biomass productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Cuixia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007 China
| | - Yubiao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zhigang Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 China
| | - Ting Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zhiquan Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Shiming Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bo Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Shiping Jin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
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12
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Barlow J, Sims RC, Quinn JC. Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment of an attached growth algal biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 2016; 220:360-368. [PMID: 27595701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the sustainability of generating renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass from a rotating algal biofilm reactor. Pilot-scale growth studies and laboratory-scale HTL experiments were used to validate an engineering system model. The engineering system model served as the foundation to evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impact of the system at full scale. Techno-economic results indicate that biomass feedstock costs dominated the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), with a base case of $104.31per gallon. Life-cycle assessment results show a base-case global warming potential (GWP) of 80gCO2-eMJ(-1) and net energy ratio (NER) of 1.65 based on a well-to-product system boundary. Optimization of the system reduces MFSP, GWP and NER to $11.90Gal(-1), -44gCO2-eMJ(-1), and 0.33, respectively. The systems-level impacts of integrating algae cultivation with wastewater treatment were found to significantly reduce environmental impact. Sensitivity analysis showed that algal productivity most significantly affected fuel selling price, emphasizing the importance of optimizing biomass productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Barlow
- Biological Engineering, 4130 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Ronald C Sims
- Biological Engineering, 4130 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jason C Quinn
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, 4130 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4130, USA.
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13
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Zhuang LL, Azimi Y, Yu D, Wang WL, Wu YH, Dao GH, Hu HY. Enhanced attached growth of microalgae Scenedesmus. LX1 through ambient bacterial pre-coating of cotton fiber carriers. Bioresour Technol 2016; 218:643-649. [PMID: 27416514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of bacteria/extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) coated carriers on attached microalgae growth in suspended-solid phase photobioreactor (sspBR) was assessed in this study. The results showed that pre-coating cotton with ambient bacteria and their EPS improved the attached microalgal growth by as much as 230% in terms of attached microalgae density. Additionally, the single cell dry weight, chemical composition and oxygen evolving activity of attached microalgae were significantly affected by the presence of bacteria/EPS coating on the cotton carriers. The protein content of microalgae cells cultivated in the ssPBRs with carriers coated by bacteria and sterilized bacteria were on average 26% and 15% more than uncoated carriers, respectively. Through absorbing and immobilizing nutrients from the bulk medium, the bacteria/EPS coating provided the attached microalgae with nitrogen/phosphorus for protein synthesis, especially during the late stages of batch cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lan Zhuang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaldah Azimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yin-Hu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Dao
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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14
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Iman Shayan S, Agblevor FA, Bertin L, Sims RC. Hydraulic retention time effects on wastewater nutrient removal and bioproduct production via rotating algal biofilm reactor. Bioresour Technol 2016; 211:527-533. [PMID: 27038261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotating algal biofilm reactor (RABR) technology was successfully employed in an effective strategy to couple the removal of wastewater nutrients with accumulation of valuable bioproducts by grown algae. A secondary stage municipal wastewater was fed to the developed system and the effects of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) parameter on both nutrient removal and bioproduct production were evaluated under fed-batch operation mode. Two sets of bench scale RABRs were designed and operated with HRTs of 2 and 6days in order to provide competitive environment for algal growth. The HRT significantly affected nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes along with lipid and starch accumulations by microalgae in harvested biofilms. Domination of nitrogen removal in 2-day HRT with higher lipid accumulation (20% on dried weight basis) and phosphorus removal in 6-day HRT with higher starch production (27% on dried weight basis) was observed by comparing the performances of the RABRs in duplicate runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Iman Shayan
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| | - Foster A Agblevor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Lorenzo Bertin
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ronald C Sims
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
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15
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Gao F, Yang ZH, Li C, Zeng GM, Ma DH, Zhou L. A novel algal biofilm membrane photobioreactor for attached microalgae growth and nutrients removal from secondary effluent. Bioresour Technol 2015; 179:8-12. [PMID: 25514396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel algal biofilm membrane photobioreactor (BMPBR) equipped with solid carriers and submerged membrane module was developed for attached growth of Chlorella vulgaris and secondary effluent treatment. The volumetric microalgae production achieved in BMPBR was 0.072 g L(-1) d(-1), which was 1.44-fold larger than that in suspended growth membrane photobioreactor (MPBR). Furthermore, 72.4% of the total produced algal biomass was immobilized as algal biofilm in BMPBR. Advanced nutrients removal from secondary effluent was achieved both in BMPBR and MPBR, with average reduction of about 85% for PO4(3-)-P in the stable stage. Additionally, BMPBR showed better nitrogen removal performance than MPBR due to its higher algal biomass productivity. Moreover, with the filtration effect of the submerged membrane module in the reactor, suspended microalgae could be completely isolated from the effluent and a low average SS concentration of 0.28 mg L(-1) was achieved in the effluent of BMPBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dan-Hui Ma
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
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16
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Badhe N, Saha S, Biswas R, Nandy T. Role of algal biofilm in improving the performance of free surface, up-flow constructed wetland. Bioresour Technol 2014; 169:596-604. [PMID: 25105266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of algal biofilm in a pilot-scale, free-surface, up-flow constructed wetland (CW), was studied for its effect on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia and phosphate removal during three seasons-autumn, winter and early spring. Effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was also investigated in presence and absence of algal biofilm. Principal Component Analysis was used to identify the independent factors governing the performance of CW. The study showed algal biofilm significantly improved nutrient removal, especially phosphate. Ammonia removal varied with HRT, biofilm and ambient temperature. Increase in biofilm thickness affected ammonia removal efficiency adversely. Algal biofilm-assisted COD removal compensated for reduced macrophyte density during winter. Two-way ANOVA test and the coefficients of dependent factors derived through multiple linear regression model confirmed role of algal biofilm in improving nutrient removal in CW. The study suggests that algal biofilm can be a green solution for bio-augmenting COD and nutrient removal in CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Badhe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020, India
| | - Shaswati Saha
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020, India
| | - Rima Biswas
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020, India.
| | - Tapas Nandy
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020, India
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