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An S, Anwar K, Ashraf M, Han KY, Djalilian AR. Chlorine-Induced Toxicity on Murine Cornea: Exploring the Potential Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Cells 2024; 13:458. [PMID: 38474422 PMCID: PMC10930774 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) exposure poses a significant risk to ocular health, with the cornea being particularly susceptible to its corrosive effects. Antioxidants, known for their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate oxidative stress, were explored as potential therapeutic agents to counteract chlorine-induced damage. In vitro experiments using human corneal epithelial cells showed decreased cell viability by chlorine-induced ROS production, which was reversed by antioxidant incubation. The mitochondrial membrane potential decreased due to both low and high doses of Cl2 exposure; however, it was recovered through antioxidants. The wound scratch assay showed that antioxidants mitigated impaired wound healing after Cl2 exposure. In vivo and ex vivo, after Cl2 exposure, increased corneal fluorescein staining indicates damaged corneal epithelial and stromal layers of mice cornea. Likewise, Cl2 exposure in human ex vivo corneas led to corneal injury characterized by epithelial fluorescein staining and epithelial erosion. However, antioxidants protected Cl2-induced damage. These results highlight the effects of Cl2 on corneal cells using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models while also underscoring the potential of antioxidants, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, resveratrol, and melatonin, as protective agents against acute chlorine toxicity-induced corneal injury. Further investigation is needed to confirm the antioxidants' capacity to alleviate oxidative stress and enhance the corneal healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon An
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (K.-Y.H.)
- Clinical Stem Cell Laboratory, UI Blood & Marrow Transplant Program, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Khandaker Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (K.-Y.H.)
| | - Mohammadjavad Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (K.-Y.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (K.-Y.H.)
| | - Ali R. Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (K.-Y.H.)
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2
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Qi R, Mundy E, Amsden BG. Visible light degradable micelles for intraocular corticosteroid delivery. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2099-2113. [PMID: 38288582 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02793g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Visible light responsive micellar drug delivery formulations are of notable interest for the treatment of ocular diseases, as their successful development would enable controlled drug release at the back of the eye, improving efficacy and reducing side-effects when compared to existing approaches. In this work, an aliphatic polycarbonate-based visible light responsive micelle formulation based on mPEG-b-poly(5-hydroxy-trimethylene carbonate) (PHTMC) was prepared wherein the pendant hydroxyl groups of the PHTMC repeating units were protected by blue light-labile [7-(diethylamino)coumarin-4-yl]methyl (DEACM). The photo-labile DEACM provided a photo-triggered release profile, as, upon the removal of these protecting groups by photo-irradiation, the micelles underwent structural disruption, leading to the release of the payload. The removal of DEACM also deprotected the pendant hydroxyl groups of PHTMC, leading to PHTMC backbone degradation via intramolecular cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Emily Mundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Brian G Amsden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada, K7L 3N6.
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3
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Pinelli R, Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Berti C, Bumah VV, Busceti CL, Puglisi-Allegra S, Lazzeri G, Frati A, Fornai F. Autophagy Activation Promoted by Pulses of Light and Phytochemicals Counteracting Oxidative Stress during Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1183. [PMID: 37371913 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal role of autophagy during age-related macular degeneration (AMD) lies in the clearance of a number of reactive oxidative species that generate dysfunctional mitochondria. In fact, reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the retina generate misfolded proteins, alter lipids and sugars composition, disrupt DNA integrity, damage cell organelles and produce retinal inclusions while causing AMD. This explains why autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), mostly at the macular level, is essential in AMD and even in baseline conditions to provide a powerful and fast replacement of oxidized molecules and ROS-damaged mitochondria. When autophagy is impaired within RPE, the deleterious effects of ROS, which are produced in excess also during baseline conditions, are no longer counteracted, and retinal degeneration may occur. Within RPE, autophagy can be induced by various stimuli, such as light and naturally occurring phytochemicals. Light and phytochemicals, in turn, may synergize to enhance autophagy. This may explain the beneficial effects of light pulses combined with phytochemicals both in improving retinal structure and visual acuity. The ability of light to activate some phytochemicals may further extend such a synergism during retinal degeneration. In this way, photosensitive natural compounds may produce light-dependent beneficial antioxidant effects in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pinelli
- SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | - Caterina Berti
- SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Violet Vakunseth Bumah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee, Martin, TN 38237, USA
| | - Carla Letizia Busceti
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | | | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
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4
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Rauchman SH, Locke B, Albert J, De Leon J, Peltier MR, Reiss AB. Toxic External Exposure Leading to Ocular Surface Injury. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7020032. [PMID: 37092465 PMCID: PMC10123707 DOI: 10.3390/vision7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, protected only by a thin tear film, and may therefore be damaged by contact with ambient particulate matter, liquids, aerosols, or vapors. In the workplace or home, the eye is subject to accidental or incidental exposure to cleaning products and pesticides. Organic matter may enter the eye and cause infection. Ocular surface damage can trigger a range of symptoms such as itch, discharge, hyperemia, photophobia, blurred vision, and foreign body sensation. Toxin exposure can be assessed clinically in multiple ways, including via measurement of tear production, slit-lamp examination, corneal staining, and conjunctival staining. At the cellular level, environmental toxins can cause oxidative damage, apoptosis of corneal and conjunctival cells, cell senescence, and impaired motility. Outcomes range from transient and reversible with complete healing to severe and sight-compromising structural changes. Classically, evaluation of tolerance and safety was carried out using live animal testing; however, new in vitro and computer-based, in silico modes are superseding the gold standard Draize test. This review examines how environmental features such as pollutants, temperature, and seasonality affect the ocular surface. Chemical burns to the eye are considered, and approaches to protect the ocular surface are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Locke
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Jacqueline Albert
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Morgan R. Peltier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ 07753, USA
| | - Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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Hashmi MA, Malik A, Arsalan A, Khan MA, Younus H. Elucidation of kinetic and structural properties of eye lens ζ-crystallin: an in vitro and in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1178-1192. [PMID: 34927573 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2017351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabian Camelus dromedarius contains significant concentration of eye lens ζ-crystallin. This enzyme is also present in other life forms including humans, however in lower catalytic amounts. The recombinant camel ζ-crystallin was expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain and purified using HisTrap column. The Km of the enzyme for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) substrate and NADPH cofactor was determined to be 11.66 and 50.93 µM, respectively. The Vmax for 9,10-PQ and NADPH was obtained as 23.19 and 19.98 μM min-1, respectively. The optimum activity of the purified enzyme was found to be at pH 6.0 and at 55 °C. Different physico-chemical parameters were analysed including instability index (II), aliphatic index (AI) and the GRAVY index to establish proper characterization. The sequence of the recombinant ζ-crystallin was subjected to homology modelling using SWISS-MODEL webserver followed by validation of the modelled target structure. The evaluation of the modelled ζ-crystallin was performed by several parameters including Ramachandran plot, Z-score values followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The cumulative analysis of the physico-chemical, quantitative, qualitative and the essential dynamics of simulation of ζ-crystallin and its complexes with 9,10-PQ and NADPH helped in verifying the acceptable quality and stability of the ζ-crystallin structure.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Amiruddin Hashmi
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Arsalan
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Masood Alam Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Younus
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Duncan MA, Welch D, Shuryak I, Brenner DJ. Ocular and Facial Far-UVC Doses from Ceiling-Mounted 222 nm Far-UVC Fixtures. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:160-167. [PMID: 35818780 PMCID: PMC10087841 DOI: 10.1111/php.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Far-UVC radiation, defined in this paper as ultraviolet (UV) radiation with wavelengths from 200 to 235 nm, is a promising tool to help prevent the spread of disease. The unique advantage of far-UVC technology over traditional UV germicidal irradiation lies in the potential for direct application of far-UVC into occupied spaces since antimicrobial doses of far-UVC are significantly below the recommended daily safe exposure limits. This study used a ceiling-mounted far-UVC fixture emitting at 222 nm to directly irradiate an indoor space and then evaluated the doses received upon a manikin. Radiation-sensitive film was affixed to the head, nose, lip and eyes of the manikin, and the 8-h equivalent exposure dose was determined. Variables examined included manikin height (sitting or standing position), manikin offset from directly below the fixture, tilt of the manikin, the addition of glasses, the addition of hair and different anatomical feature sizes. Importantly, at the manikin position with the highest dose to eyes, the average eye dose was only 5.8% of the maximum directly measured dose. These results provide the first experimental analysis of possible exposure doses a human would experience from an indoor far-UVC installation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Duncan
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Zhang C, Xu L, Endo M, Kahyo T, Kikushima K, Horikawa M, Murakami M, Waliullah A, Hasan M, Sakamoto T, Takahashi Y, Aramaki S, Ozawa T, Setou M. Blue light alters cellular lipidome—Light-induced lipidomic changes can be modulated by optogenetically engineered cPLA2α. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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8
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Jou JH, Chen JH, Lin JT, Cheng MH. An easy-to-apply method for determining permissible exposure limit of retina to light. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10927. [PMID: 36276735 PMCID: PMC9578988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Long exposure to intensive artificial light imposes threats to the retina. It is crucial to know the permissible exposure time to prevent photoretinitis. One complicated quantification method is available, which, however, also requires instrumentally measured spectrum and illuminance. We present herein an easy-to-apply formula and a ready-to-use table derived therefrom to determine the permissible exposure limit for any given desk lamp at any viewing distance. One only needs to acquire its color temperature and luminous flux labeled on the product. The method can be used to assist the general public in quickly assessing the potential hazardous status of their desk lamps, if any, and guide the field experts in designing human-eye-friendly lighting.
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9
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Sarvari R, Keyhanvar P, Agbolaghi S, Roshangar L, Bahremani E, Keyhanvar N, Haghdoost M, Keshel SH, Taghikhani A, Firouzi N, Valizadeh A, Hamedi E, Nouri M. A comprehensive review on methods for promotion of mechanical features and biodegradation rate in amniotic membrane scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:32. [PMID: 35267104 PMCID: PMC8913518 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amniotic membrane (AM) is a biological tissue that surrounds the fetus in the mother's womb. It has pluripotent cells, immune modulators, collagen, cytokines with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect, matrix proteins, and growth factors. In spite of the biological characteristics, some results have been released in preventing the adhesion on traumatized surfaces. Application of the AM as a scaffold is limited due to its low biomechanical resistance and rapid biodegradation. Therefore, for using the AM during surgery, its modification by different methods such as cross-linking of the membrane collagen is necessary, because the cross-linking is an effective way to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the biological materials. In addition, their cross-linking is likely an efficient way to increase the tensile properties of the material, so that they can be easily handled or sutured. In this regard, various methods related to cross-linking of the AM subsuming the composite materials, physical cross-linking, and chemical cross-linking with the glutraldehyde, carbodiimide, genipin, aluminum sulfate, etc. are reviewed along with its advantages and disadvantages in the current work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raana Sarvari
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society Network (CKTSN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran.
- ARTAN1100 Startup Accelerator, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Samira Agbolaghi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. BOX: 5375171379, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Bahremani
- Alavi Ophthalmological Treatment and Educational Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Keyhanvar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Gene Yakhteh Keyhan (Genik) Company (Ltd), Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Haghdoost
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Medical Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Taghikhani
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzi
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, P.O.BOX:51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Amir Valizadeh
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Hamedi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Comparative Efficiency of Lutein and Astaxanthin in the Protection of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells In Vitro from Blue-Violet Light Photo-Oxidative Damage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the protective and antioxidant properties of lutein and astaxanthin on human primary corneal epithelial cells (HCE-F). To this purpose, HCE-F cells were irradiated with a blue-violet light lamp (415–420 nm) at different energies (20 to 80 J/cm2). Lutein and astaxanthin (50 to 250 μM) were added to HCE-F right before blue-violet light irradiation at 50 J/cm2. Viability was evaluated by the CKK-8 assay while the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the H2DCF-DA assay. Results have shown that the viability of HCE-F cells decreased at light energies from 20 J/cm2 to 80 J/cm2, while ROS production increased at 50 and 80 J/cm2. The presence of lutein or astaxanthin protected the cells from phototoxicity, with lutein slightly more efficient than astaxanthin also on the blunting of ROS, prevention of apoptotic cell death and modulation of the Nrf-2 pathway. The association of lutein and astaxanthin did not give a significant advantage over the use of lutein alone. Taken together, these results suggest that the association of lutein and astaxanthin might be useful to protect cells of the ocular surface from short (lutein) and longer (astaxanthin) wavelengths, as these are the most damaging radiations hitting the eye from many different LED screens and solar light.
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11
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Grover S, Sharma M. Sleep, Pain, and Neurodegeneration: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:765321. [PMID: 35585838 PMCID: PMC9108392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.765321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to determine whether the genetic liability to sleep and pain-related traits have a causal effect on risk of neurodegeneration in individuals of predominantly European ancestry. We selected five neurodegenerative disorders, namely, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Sleep duration (SD), short sleep (SS), long sleep (LS), chronotype (CHR), morning person (MP), insomnia (INS), and multisite chronic pain (MCP) were considered as exposures. We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) using an inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method to compute causal effect estimates using latest available GWAS data sets. The MP phenotype was observed as the strongest risk factor for genetic liability to AMD (ORIVW = 1.192; 95% CI 1.078, 1.318, P = 0.0007). We observed suggestive evidence of risky effects of CHR on AMD (P = 0.0034), SS on AD (P = 0.0044), and INS on ALS (P = 0.0123). However, we failed to observe any role of pain. The results were robust on sensitivity analyses. Our study highlighted the role of MP as a risk factor for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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13
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Correlation of Sunlight Exposure and Different Morphological Types of Age-Related Cataract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8748463. [PMID: 34805407 PMCID: PMC8604584 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8748463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The previous lab and clinical studies of the correlation between the ultraviolet B and age-related cataract (ARC) did not reach in the universal agreement, especially in different morphological types of ARC. It is important to systemically summarize those previous data of epidemiological studies, which might penetrate the relevance between three morphological types of ARC, cortical, nuclear, and posterior capsular (PSC), with sunlight exposure. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Embase, and Cochrane were searched online. Data were extracted and recalculated, and quality check was performed by hand. Review Manager was used to perform the fixed effects meta-analysis on ARC and its morphological types. The highest exposed dose group was defined as the exposed group, and the lowest dose group as the control group as possible. Results Finally, the number of analyzed studies was 31: 20 for ARC and twelve, eleven, and nine for the morphological types cortical, nuclear, and PSC, respectively. The pooled OR for ARC was 1.15 (range 1.00~43.78, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.21). The cortical cataract revealed a slightly higher risk, and pooled OR was 1.03 (range 0.67~2.91, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.03). But the pooled OR for nuclear and PSC were 1.00 (range 0.50~5.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.00) and 0.99 (range 0.57~1.87, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.01), respectively. Conclusions The systemic analysis of epidemiological articles reported till now reveals a significantly increased risk of ARC for those exposed with more sunlight, especially the morphological type of cortical cataract.
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14
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Du E, Pu G, He S, Qin F, Wang Y, Wang G, Song Z, Zhang J, Tao Y. Cytoprotective Effects of Water Soluble Dihydropyrimidinthione Derivative Against UV-B Induced Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Photodamage. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732833. [PMID: 34744716 PMCID: PMC8570246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive UV-B exposure is well known to be a risk factor for corneal phototoxicity including direct DNA damage and disturbances in the antioxidant balance. Here, we showed a successful synthesis of a water-soluble and biocompatible small molecule DHPM 1 with dihydropyrimidinthione skeleton, which could effectively protect human corneal epithelial (HCE-2) cells from UV-B damage. In separate experiments, DHPM 1 absorbed UV-B rays and exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS induced by UV-B radiation, thereby reducing the levels of DNA fragmentation. Additionally, UV-B exposure increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 at protein levels, while pretreatment with DHPM 1 significantly reversed these changes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a study based on dihydropyrimidinthione derivatives to develop a promising eye drops, which may well find extensive applications in UV-B caused corneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Du
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guojuan Pu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyu He
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Qin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yange Wang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongming Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University School of Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,Lab of Visual Cell Differentiation and Modulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Tuieng RJ, Cartmell SH, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ. The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:3041. [PMID: 34831262 PMCID: PMC8616186 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation can impact human health and well-being as a consequence of, for example, the side effects of radiotherapy (therapeutic X-ray exposure) and accelerated skin ageing (chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation: UVR). Whilst attention has focused primarily on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cells and cellular components, radiation-induced damage to long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has the potential to profoundly affect tissue structure, composition and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the biological effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation on the ECM of breast stroma and skin dermis, respectively. Although there is some experimental evidence for radiation-induced damage to ECM proteins, compared with the well-characterised impact of radiation exposure on cell biology, the structural, functional, and ultimately clinical consequences of ECM irradiation remain poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Tuieng
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Cliona C. Kirwan
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Gazzolo D, Picone S, Gaiero A, Bellettato M, Montrone G, Riccobene F, Lista G, Pellegrini G. Early Pediatric Benefit of Lutein for Maturing Eyes and Brain-An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:3239. [PMID: 34579116 PMCID: PMC8468336 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid preferentially accumulated in the eye and the brain in early life and throughout the life span. Lutein accumulation in areas of high metabolism and oxidative stress such as the eye and the brain suggest a unique role of this ingredient during the development and maturation of these organs of common embryological origin. Lutein is naturally provided to the developing baby via the cord blood, breast milk and then infant diet. The presence of this carotenoid depends on fruit and vegetable intakes and its bioavailability is higher in breastmilk. This paper aims to review the anatomical development of the eye and the brain, explore the presence and selective deposition of lutein in these organs during pregnancy and infancy and, based on its functional characteristics, present the latest available research on the beneficial role of lutein in the pediatric population. The potential effects of lutein in ameliorating conditions associated with increase oxidative stress such as in prematurity will be also addressed. Since consumption of lutein rich foods falls short of government guidelines and in most region of the world infant formulas lack this bioactive, dietary recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women and their child can help to bridge the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University G. d’Annunzio, 65100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simonetta Picone
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alberto Gaiero
- Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, asl2 Ospedale San Paolo Savona, 17100 Savona, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bellettato
- Department of Women and Child’s Health, San Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Montrone
- S.S.V.D “NIDO E STEN” Ospedali Riuniti Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | | | - Gianluca Lista
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, ASST-FBF-Sacco, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Guido Pellegrini
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Presidio Ospedaliero “Città di Sesto San Giovanni, Sesto san Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy;
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17
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Çalışkan B, Öztürk Kesebir A, Demir Y, Akyol Salman İ. The effect of brimonidine and proparacaine on metabolic enzymes: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:281-288. [PMID: 33438819 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is to upregulate the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The PPP consists of two functional branches, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconaste dehydrogenase (6PGD). Glutathione reductase (GR) has a significant role in catalyzing an oxidized glutathione form into a reduced form. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of brimonidine and proparacaine on the activity of 6PGD, G6PD, and GR enzymes purified from human erythrocytes. Brimonidine displayed considerable inhibition profile against G6PD with IC50 value and KI constant of 29.93 ± 3.56 and 48.46 ± 0.66 μM, respectively. On the other hand, proparacaine had no inhibitory effect against G6PD. KI values were found to be 66.06 ± 0.78 and 811.50 ± 11.13 μM for brimonidine and proparacaine, respectively, for 6PGD. KI values were found to be 144.10 ± 2.01 and 1,654.00 ± 26.29 μM for brimonidine and proparacaine, respectively, for GR. Herein, also in silico molecular docking studies were performed between drugs and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Çalışkan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Öztürk Kesebir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Nihat Delibalta Göle Vocational High School, Ardahan University, Ardahan, Turkey
| | - İlknur Akyol Salman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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18
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Álvarez-Barrios A, Álvarez L, García M, Artime E, Pereiro R, González-Iglesias H. Antioxidant Defenses in the Human Eye: A Focus on Metallothioneins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 33440661 PMCID: PMC7826537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human eye, the highly specialized organ of vision, is greatly influenced by oxidants of endogenous and exogenous origin. Oxidative stress affects all structures of the human eye with special emphasis on the ocular surface, the lens, the retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, which are considered natural barriers of antioxidant protection, contributing to the onset and/or progression of eye diseases. These ocular structures contain a complex antioxidant defense system slightly different along the eye depending on cell tissue. In addition to widely studied enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, peroxiredoxins and selenoproteins, inter alia, metallothioneins (MTs) are considered antioxidant proteins of growing interest with further cell-mediated functions. This family of cysteine rich and low molecular mass proteins captures and neutralizes free radicals in a redox-dependent mechanism involving zinc binding and release. The state of the art of MTs, including the isoforms classification, the main functions described to date, the Zn-MT redox cycle as antioxidant defense system, and the antioxidant activity of Zn-MTs in the ocular surface, lens, retina and its retinal pigment epithelium, dependent on the number of occupied zinc-binding sites, will be comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Álvarez-Barrios
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo), 33012 Oviedo, Spain; (A.Á.-B.); (L.Á.); (M.G.); (E.A.); (R.P.)
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012 Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Huang X, Chalmers AN. Review of Wearable and Portable Sensors for Monitoring Personal Solar UV Exposure. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:964-978. [PMID: 33432511 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight is one of the main environmental resources that keeps all the organisms alive on earth. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is essential for vitamin D synthesis in the human body, which is crucial for bone and muscle health. In addition, sun exposure also helps to reduce the risk of some cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However, excessive UV exposure can lead to adverse effects, including some eye diseases, premature aging, sunburn and skin cancers. The solar UV irradiance itself depends on many environmental factors. In fact, the UV index reported in weather forecasts is an estimation under cloudless conditions. Personal UV exposure also depends on one's outdoor activities and habits. Furthermore, the UV intake depends on the skin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for research into monitoring the optimal daily UV exposure for health benefits, without developing potential health risks. To facilitate the monitoring of solar UV intensity and cumulative dose, a variety of UV sensors have been developed in the past few decades and many are commercially available. Examples of sensors being marketed are: portable UV dosimeter, wearable UV radiometer, personal UV monitor, and handheld Solarmeter®. Some of the UV sensors can be worn as personal health monitors, which promote solar exposure protection. The paper provides a comprehensive review of the wearable and portable UV sensors for monitoring personal UV exposure, including a discussion of their unique advantages and limitations. Proposals are also presented for possible future research into reliable and practical UV sensors for personal UV exposure monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew N Chalmers
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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20
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Hamba N, Gerbi A, Tesfaye S. Histopathological effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure on the ocular structures in animal studies –literature review. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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21
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Buch J, Hammond B. Photobiomodulation of the Visual System and Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218020. [PMID: 33126530 PMCID: PMC7662260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans express an expansive and detailed response to wavelength differences within the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. This is most clearly manifest, and most studied, with respect to a relatively small range of electromagnetic radiation that includes the visible wavelengths with abutting ultraviolet and infrared, and mostly with respect to the visual system. Many aspects of our biology, however, respond to wavelength differences over a wide range of the EM spectrum. Further, humans are now exposed to a variety of modern lighting situations that has, effectively, increased our exposure to wavelengths that were once likely minimal (e.g., “blue” light from devices at night). This paper reviews some of those biological effects with a focus on visual function and to a lesser extent, other body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Buch
- Johnson & Johnson Vision, Research & Development, Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-904-443-1707
| | - Billy Hammond
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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22
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Detrimental Effects of UVB on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Its Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1904178. [PMID: 32855763 PMCID: PMC7443017 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1904178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are an essential part of the human eye because they not only mediate and control the transfer of fluids and solutes but also protect the retina against photooxidative damage and renew photoreceptor cells through phagocytosis. However, their function necessitates cumulative exposure to the sun resulting in UV damage, which may lead to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several studies have shown that UVB induces direct DNA damage and oxidative stress in RPE cells by increasing ROS and dysregulating endogenous antioxidants. Activation of different signaling pathways connected to inflammation, cell cycle arrest, and intrinsic apoptosis was reported as well. Besides that, essential functions like phagocytosis, osmoregulation, and water permeability of RPE cells were also affected. Although the melanin within RPE cells can act as a photoprotectant, this photoprotection decreases with age. Nevertheless, the changes in lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) and autophagic activity or application of bioactive compounds from natural products can reverse the detrimental effect of UVB. Additionally, in vivo studies on the whole retina demonstrated that UVB irradiation induces gene and protein level dysregulation, indicating cellular stress and aberrations in the chromosome level. Morphological changes like retinal depigmentation and drusen formation were noted as well which is similar to the etiology of AMD, suggesting the connection of UVB damage with AMD. Therefore, future studies, which include mechanism studies via in vitro or in vivo and other potential bioactive compounds, should be pursued for a better understanding of the involvement of UVB in AMD.
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23
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Optical and structural properties of PMMA/C60 composites with different concentrations of C60 molecules and its possible applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Mantha N, Burra S, Rajagopal K, Sreedhara A. Protein Stability and Photostability under In Vitro Vitreal Conditions – Implications for Long Acting Delivery of Protein Therapeutics for Ocular Disease. Pharm Res 2020; 37:85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Spectral Evaluation of Eyeglass Blocking Efficiency of Ultraviolet/High-energy Visible Blue Light for Ocular Protection. Optom Vis Sci 2020; 96:513-522. [PMID: 31274740 PMCID: PMC6615932 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. SIGNIFICANCE We investigated, for safety and awareness, ultraviolet and high-energy violet light–blocking protection provided by assorted types of eyewear. Ultraviolet and high-energy violet light–filtering efficiency varied and did not correlate with price or advertised claims. Standardization of methods and specifications for lens spectral transmission evaluation is recommended. PURPOSE Studies have linked exposure of high-energy visible blue light to effect and damage on retinal epithelial cells, photoreceptors, and ganglion cells. “Blue light” is more accurately differentiated into “high-energy visible blue-violet light” and “circadian rhythm blue-turquoise light.” This study measured and compared spectral transmission of ultraviolet and high-energy violet light of low-, medium-, and high-priced sunglasses. METHODS Sunglasses and lens blanks were obtained from the University of Texas Medical Branch Optical Shop and vendors. Groups were based on promotional, retail, designer sunglasses, or “blue blocker” lenses. The percent transmittance of ultraviolet/visible spectral scans (800 to 350 nm) was measured using an Agilent Cary 50 spectrophotometer. High-energy violet/blue light was defined as 400 to 450 nm. RESULTS Promotional sunglasses (tinted polycarbonate) blocked 100% ultraviolet and 67 to 99.8% high-energy violet blue light. Retail sunglasses filtered out 95 to 100% ultraviolet A and 67% high-energy violet light. The tested designer sunglasses varied widely in their optical transmissibility with respect to their ultraviolet A and high-energy violet light–blocking properties, with some not blocking ultraviolet A. Clear and colorless Kodak Total Blue provided maximal high-energy violet protection, whereas clear Essilor Crizal Prevencia provided less high-energy violet blocking between 400 and 450 nm. CONCLUSIONS The ultraviolet and high-energy violet (400 to 450 nm) light–filtering efficiency varied between sunglasses and clear lenses and did not correlate with price or advertised claims. Standardization of methods and specifications for lens spectral transmission evaluation is recommended.
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26
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Chen JL, Hung CT, Keller JJ, Lin HC, Wu YJ. Proteomic analysis of retinal pigment epithelium cells after exposure to UVA radiation. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:168. [PMID: 31375076 PMCID: PMC6679551 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of blindness and severe vision loss in developed countries and is responsible for 8.7% of blindness globally. Ultraviolet radiation can induce DNA breakdown, produce reactive oxygen species, and has been implicated as a risk factor for AMD. This study investigated the effects of UVA radiation on Human retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE-19) growth and protein expression. Methods ARPE-19 cells were irradiated with a UVA lamp at different doses (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2) from 10 cm. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Visual inspection was first achieved with inverted light microscopy and then the DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System was used to observe nuclear DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry based-Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining was used to further quantify cellular viability. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed with JC-1 staining. 2D electrophoresis maps of exposed cells were compared to nonexposed cells and gel images analyzed with PDQuest 2-D Analysis Software. Spots with greater than a 1.5-fold difference were selected for LC-MS/MS analysis and some confirmed by western blot. We further investigated whether caspase activation, apoptotic-related mitochondrial proteins, and regulators of ER stress sensors were involved in UVA-induced apoptosis. Results We detected 29 differentially expressed proteins (9 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated) in the exposed cells. Some of these proteins such as CALR, GRP78, NPM, Hsp27, PDI, ATP synthase subunit alpha, PRDX1, and GAPDH are associated with anti-proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and oxidative-stress protection. We also detected altered protein expression levels among caspases (caspase 3 and 9) and in the mitochondrial (cytosolic cytochrome C, AIF, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bad, and p-Bad) and ER stress-related (p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) apoptotic pathways. Conclusions UVA irradiation suppressed the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner, caused quantitative loses in transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and induced both early and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Liang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Jordan Keller
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Master's Program, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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27
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Knöpfel EB, Vilches C, Camargo SMR, Errasti-Murugarren E, Stäubli A, Mayayo C, Munier FL, Miroshnikova N, Poncet N, Junza A, Bhattacharya SS, Prat E, Berry V, Berger W, Heon E, Moore AT, Yanes Ó, Nunes V, Palacín M, Verrey F, Kloeckener-Gruissem B. Dysfunctional LAT2 Amino Acid Transporter Is Associated With Cataract in Mouse and Humans. Front Physiol 2019; 10:688. [PMID: 31231240 PMCID: PMC6558864 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract, the loss of ocular lens transparency, accounts for ∼50% of worldwide blindness and has been associated with water and solute transport dysfunction across lens cellular barriers. We show that neutral amino acid antiporter LAT2 (Slc7a8) and uniporter TAT1 (Slc16a10) are expressed on mouse ciliary epithelium and LAT2 also in lens epithelium. Correspondingly, deletion of LAT2 induced a dramatic decrease in lens essential amino acid levels that was modulated by TAT1 defect. Interestingly, the absence of LAT2 led to increased incidence of cataract in mice, in particular in older females, and a synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous lack of TAT1. Screening SLC7A8 in patients diagnosed with congenital or age-related cataract yielded one homozygous single nucleotide deletion segregating in a family with congenital cataract. Expressed in HeLa cells, this LAT2 mutation did not support amino acid uptake. Heterozygous LAT2 variants were also found in patients with cataract some of which showed a reduced transport function when expressed in HeLa cells. Whether heterozygous LAT2 variants may contribute to the pathology of cataract needs to be further investigated. Overall, our results suggest that defects of amino acid transporter LAT2 are implicated in cataract formation, a situation that may be aggravated by TAT1 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Boiadjieva Knöpfel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Vilches
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone M. R. Camargo
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrina Stäubli
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Mayayo
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadège Poncet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Junza
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shomi S. Bhattacharya
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Prat
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Section, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanita Berry
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich – ZNZ, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre – CABIMER, Seville, Spain
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Óscar Yanes
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Genes, Disease and Therapy Program, Molecular Genetics Laboratory – IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Section, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Palacín
- U730 and U731, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francois Verrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Kidney.CH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kloeckener-Gruissem
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ocular safety evaluation of blue light scleral cross-linking in vivo in rhesus macaques. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1435-1442. [PMID: 31065848 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety of blue light scleral cross-linking (SXL) by evaluating changes in biological parameters in the retina and choroid in the eyes of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). METHODS Fifteen 3-year-old macaques (30 eyes) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 5). SXL was performed via riboflavin (0.5%) and blue light (460 nm) at the location of the equatorial sclera. Right eyes served as experimental eyes, and left eyes as control eyes. One quadrant of each right eye was irradiated in group A, two quadrants of each right eye and one quadrant of each left eye were irradiated in group B, and two quadrants of each right eye were irradiated in group C. Optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and flash electroretinography (f-ERG) examinations were performed at baseline and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after SXL. Additionally, retinal tissue alterations were detected via transmission electron microscopy at 1 week postoperatively. RESULTS There were no significant differences between experimental eyes and control eyes in retinal thickness, vessel density of retinal superficial capillary plexus, and choroid thickness in any of the groups at any of the time points investigated (p > 0.05). Significant reductions in f-ERG parameters were detected 1 week postoperatively in the experimental eyes of groups A and C (p < 0.05), but they gradually recovered, and there was no significant difference 1 month postoperatively (p > 0.05). Ultrastructural changes were evident in the retinal layers of SXL eyes. In group B, there were no significant differences between the right and left eyes at any of the follow-up time points investigated. CONCLUSIONS Blue light SXL can cause transient retina damage. The f-ERG parameters reductions and retinal ultrastructural changes were found at early stage, even though there were not significant changes in retinal thickness, vessel density of retinal superficial capillary plexus, and choroid thickness after blue light SXL. The long-term intraocular safety of the blue light SXL technique should be investigated further.
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Teixeira A, Novais EA, Badaró E, Lima A, Farah ME, Belfort R. Experimental model to evaluate the benefits of lutein to prevent retinal phototoxicity during pars plana vitrectomy surgery using xenon source light illumination in rabbits. Int J Retina Vitreous 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 31080634 PMCID: PMC6503373 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-019-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the benefits of lutein in preventing retinal phototoxicity generated by xenon light sources during vitreoretinal surgery. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study in pigmented rabbit eyes exposed to different vitreoretinal surgery lighting simulations. Twenty Dutch-belted rabbits were divided into two groups exposed to two different xenon wavelength light sources filters (420 nm and 435 nm). In addition, two subgroups were administered with daily supplemental of 10 mg of Lutein systemically. Electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed before and after surgery to quantify the retinal damage. Results All animals submitted to the experiment presented some degree of phototoxicity independent of wavelength light filter used. Retinal damage was evident as the FA presented areas of hyperfluorescence, and the OCT depicted increased reflective areas of the inner and outer retinal layers, and RPE. ERG showed a diffuse reduction of the a and b waves amplitudes in all animals. Conclusion Use of systemic administration of lutein showed no benefit to avoiding retinal phototoxicity generate to xenon light source using filters of 435 nm and 420 nm when comparing to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Teixeira
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Novais
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Emmerson Badaró
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Acácio Lima
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Michel Eid Farah
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Secretaria Administrativa, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1o andar, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil
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Pigmented contact lenses for managing ocular disorders. Int J Pharm 2018; 555:184-197. [PMID: 30465853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blocking a selected wavelength range from the light spectrum can have multiple benefits. Ultra-violet (UV) radiation is detrimental to the retina, necessitating its blocking through sunglasses and contact lenses. The near-visible light also has enough energy to cause damage but, is typically not blocked by commercial lenses. Filtering light can also be useful to patients with migraines, amblyopia, and color blindness. Here, to achieve blocking, incorporation of pigments extracted from colored agro-products into contact lenses is explored. Pigment extraction from food powders including turmeric, spinach, paprika, and woad powders in ethanol is demonstrated. Lens immersion in pigment concentrated ethanol is done to facilitate swelling, allowing rapid pigment uptake. Pigment incorporation ensures the absence of visible light scattering, lens opacity, and leaching. The characterization of pigmented lenses is done through absorptivity and transmittance measurements. Degradation measurements investigate the stability of the green pigment extract from spinach powder with time. p-HEMA and silicone hydrogels loaded with >400 µg/g turmeric pigment act as class 1 UV blockers retaining >90% visible light transparency and screening >95% of the UVR spectra. Spinach, paprika, and woad powder loaded silicone lenses mitigate >20% visible light transmission from selective wavelengths finding applications in photophobia, amblyopia treatment, and color vision deficiency management.
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Anbaraki A, Ghahramani M, Muranov KO, Kurganov BI, Yousefi R. Structural and functional alteration of human αA-crystallin after exposure to full spectrum solar radiation and preventive role of lens antioxidants. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1120-1130. [PMID: 29964111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chronically exposure of eye lenses to ultra violet and visible light of the solar radiation is an important risk factor for development of the senile cataract diseases. Various photosensitizer molecules including riboflavin (RF) play a significant role in photo-oxidative damages of lens proteins underlying development of opacity in the lenticular tissues. In the current study, RF-mediated photo-oxidation of human αA-crystallin (αA-Cry) was assessed using SDS-PAGE analysis, dynamic light scattering and other spectroscopic assessments. The RF-photosensitized reactions led to non-disulfide covalent cross-linking, oligomerization and significant structural changes in αA-Cry. The photo-damaging of αA-Cry under solar radiation was also accompanied by the reduction in both Trp and Tyr fluorescence intensities which followed by the formation of new photosensitizer chromophores. The solvent exposed hydrophobic patches, secondary structures and chaperone-like activity of αA-Cry were significantly altered after exposure to the solar radiation in the presence of RF. Although glutathione and ascorbate were capable to partially protect the photo-induced structural damages of human αA-Cry, they also disrupted its chaperone function when co-exposed with this protein to the solar radiation. Also, the most promising data were obtained with cysteine which its availability in the lenticular tissues is a rate limiting factor for the biosynthesis of glutathione. Overall our results suggest that glutathione and ascorbate, as the major anti-oxidant compounds within lenticular tissues, demonstrate controversial effect on structure and chaperone-like activity of human αA-Cry. Elucidation of this effect may demand further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrooz Anbaraki
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghahramani
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Konstantin O Muranov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin str. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boris I Kurganov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory (PCL), Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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Trang N, Lalonde G, Dubé Y, Bourgault S, Rochette PJ. Short wavelengths filtering properties of sunglasses on the Canadian market: are we protected? Can J Ophthalmol 2018; 53:104-109. [PMID: 29631819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to solar radiation is a risk factor for multiple ocular pathologies. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is involved in ocular diseases, including pterygium, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and cataracts. High-energy visible light (HEV) is associated with age-related macular degeneration. Ocular protection against solar radiation seems essential to protect our eyes against the adverse effects of those harmful rays. Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and the United States are the only regions with mandatory standards for UV transmission for sunglasses. Adherence to Canadian standards by sunglasses manufacturers is not mandatory. In this study, we evaluated the UV and visible transmission of sunglasses in the Canadian market to test their compliance with Canadian standards. METHODS The transmittance of 207 pairs of sunglasses, divided in 3 categories according to their price range, was measured. RESULTS We show that close to 100% of the sunglasses tested respect the Canadian standards. The average HEV transmittance is around 10%, regardless the price range. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that even if following Canadian standards is optional, most sunglasses sold on the Canadian market follow national and international standards. We also found that sunglasses filter around 90% of HEV. With the recent findings on the potential effects of HEV in retinal pathologies, we can ask whether this filtering capacity is sufficient to protect eyes from harmful HEV light. More work needs to be done to determine acceptable HEV light transmission limits to the existing Canadian standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Trang
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Que; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Que; Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Que
| | - Gilles Lalonde
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Que; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Que
| | - Yolande Dubé
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Que; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Que
| | - Serge Bourgault
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Que; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Que
| | - Patrick J Rochette
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Que; Centre universitaire d'ophtalmologie, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, CHU de Québec, Québec, Que; Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Que; Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Madhavan J, Chandrasekharan S, Priya MK, Godavarthi A. Modulatory Effect of Carotenoid Supplement Constituting Lutein and Zeaxanthin (10:1) on Anti-oxidant Enzymes and Macular Pigments Level in Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:268-274. [PMID: 29720843 PMCID: PMC5909327 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_340_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human eye is constantly exposed to different wavelengths and intensities of light. Oxidative stress results in distinct changes to retinal organs and tissues. Macular pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin), present in the central macular region, provide protection from photodamages by absorption of high energy blue light and also by virtue of their anti-oxidant activity. Ocular phototoxicity is thus prevented by our efficient anti-oxidant system, in both young and old. One of the best commercial sources of pure lutein and zeaxanthin is Marigold flowers. Objective: In the present study, oil-soluble dietary carotenoid supplement constituting lutein and zeaxanthin in the ratio of 10:1 was evaluated for its modulatory effect on anti-oxidant enzymes and macular pigments in the serum and macula of the Swiss albino rats. Materials and Methods: Male Swiss albino rats were treated with carotenoid supplement constituting lutein and trans-Zeaxanthin (10:1) at two different doses daily, under standard experimental conditions for 42 days. End of the treatment, serum and macula were collected and used for measurement of lutein and zeaxanthin levels along with anti-oxidant parameters. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical differences were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet's test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The supplement exhibited significant elevation of anti-oxidant enzyme levels in treated animals in dose-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the total anti-oxidant capacity has also been found to show similar increment at the end of the study period. This study revealed significant expression of the two macular pigments investigated. Conclusions: Our study, therefore, provides a strong claim for the anti-oxidant effect of the oil-soluble dietary carotenoid supplement, and thus substantiates its use in the prevention of phototoxic damage to the eye on long-term supplementation. SUMMARY Apart from its ornamental value, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers are well known as an herbal remedy due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. Epidemiological studies have implicated prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiations & blue light and in turn oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the majority of the eye diseases, since childhood. Studies have shown that with age a number of changes occur predisposing the retinal various organs and tissues to oxidative stress. These changes manifest in decreased levels in plasma of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, glutathione, Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), Catalase (CAT), Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS), and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC). Age- and diet-related loss of Lutein and Zeaxanthin enhance phototoxic damage to the eye, and thus supplementation of these carotenoids becomes vital for maintaining optimal eye health In the present study, XanMax® 2002 oil, a supplement constituting lutein and trans-Zeaxanthin, extracted from the flowers of T. erecta, was evaluated for its modulatory effect on anti-oxidant enzymes and macular pigments in the serum and macula of the Swiss albino rats. XanMax® 2002 oil exhibited significant elevation of anti-oxidant enzyme levels in treated animals in dose-dependent manner. Concomitantly, the TAC has also been found to show similar increment at the end of the study period. This study revealed significant expression of the two macular pigments investigated.
Abbreviations used: AMD: Age related Macular Diseases; RPE: Retinal Pigment Epithelium; CAT: Catalase; SOD: Super Oxide Dismutase; TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; p.o.: Per Orally; CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Madhavan
- Katra Phytochem (India) Private Limited, HAL 2 Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - M K Priya
- Katra Phytochem (India) Private Limited, HAL 2 Stage, Indiranagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok Godavarthi
- Radiant Research Services Pvt. Ltd, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Silverman RB. Design and Mechanism of GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators. Treatments for Epilepsies and Addictions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4037-4070. [PMID: 29569907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
When the brain concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) diminishes below a threshold level, the excess neuronal excitation can lead to convulsions. This imbalance in neurotransmission can be corrected by inhibition of the enzyme γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which catalyzes the conversion of GABA to the excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamic acid. It also has been found that raising GABA levels can antagonize the rapid elevation and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, which is responsible for the reward response in addiction. Therefore, the design of new inhibitors of GABA-AT, which increases brain GABA levels, is an important approach to new treatments for epilepsy and addiction. This review summarizes findings over the last 40 or so years of mechanism-based inactivators (unreactive compounds that require the target enzyme to catalyze their conversion to the inactivating species, which inactivate the enzyme prior to their release) of GABA-AT with emphasis on their catalytic mechanisms of inactivation, presented according to organic chemical mechanism, with minimal pharmacology, except where important for activity in epilepsy and addiction. Patents, abstracts, and conference proceedings are not covered in this review. The inactivation mechanisms described here can be applied to the inactivations of a wide variety of unrelated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Center for Developmental Therapeutics , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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Removal of the blue component of light significantly decreases retinal damage after high intensity exposure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194218. [PMID: 29543853 PMCID: PMC5854379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light causes damage to the retina (phototoxicity) and decreases photoreceptor responses to light. The most harmful component of visible light is the blue wavelength (400–500 nm). Different filters have been tested, but so far all of them allow passing a lot of this wavelength (70%). The aim of this work has been to prove that a filter that removes 94% of the blue component may protect the function and morphology of the retina significantly. Three experimental groups were designed. The first group was unexposed to light, the second one was exposed and the third one was exposed and protected by a blue-blocking filter. Light damage was induced in young albino mice (p30) by exposing them to white light of high intensity (5,000 lux) continuously for 7 days. Short wavelength light filters were used for light protection. The blue component was removed (94%) from the light source by our filter. Electroretinographical recordings were performed before and after light damage. Changes in retinal structure were studied using immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL labeling. Also, cells in the outer nuclear layer were counted and compared among the three different groups. Functional visual responses were significantly more conserved in protected animals (with the blue-blocking filter) than in unprotected animals. Also, retinal structure was better kept and photoreceptor survival was greater in protected animals, these differences were significant in central areas of the retina. Still, functional and morphological responses were significantly lower in protected than in unexposed groups. In conclusion, this blue-blocking filter decreases significantly photoreceptor damage after exposure to high intensity light. Actually, our eyes are exposed for a very long time to high levels of blue light (screens, artificial light LED, neons…). The potential damage caused by blue light can be palliated.
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36
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Breda C, Schwarcz R, Giorgini F. Assessing and Modulating Kynurenine Pathway Dynamics in Huntington's Disease: Focus on Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:397-413. [PMID: 29856028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The link between disturbances in kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism and Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis has been explored for a number of years. Several novel genetic and pharmacological tools have recently been developed to modulate key regulatory steps in the KP such as the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). This insight has offered new options for exploring the mechanistic link between this metabolic pathway and HD, and provided novel opportunities for the development of candidate drug-like compounds. Here, we present an overview of the field, focusing on some novel approaches for interrogating the pathway experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlo Breda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Zhang Z, Uchida Y, Hirano S, Ando D, Kubo Y, Auriola S, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI, Urtti A, Terasaki T, Tachikawa M. Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier Dominantly Expresses Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: Comparative Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics Study of CNS Barriers in Pig. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3729-3738. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seppo Auriola
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Zelentsova EA, Yanshole LV, Fursova AZ, Tsentalovich YP. Optical properties of the human lens constituents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28624737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence properties of the metabolomic (MET), water-soluble and urea-soluble protein fractions from the middle-age, aged, and cataractous human lenses have been measured. At 280nm and 300nm the major lens absorbers are crystallins, which absorb more than 90% of light in the UV-B region (280-315nm). In middle-aged lenses, the absorption at 360nm is mostly provided by UV filters contained in the MET fraction. With aging, and especially with the cataract development, the absorption of MET fraction in UV-A region (315-400nm) decreases due to the drop of the UV filter concentration, while the absorption of protein fractions increases due to the accumulation of post-translational modifications. Consequently, the contribution of the MET fraction into the total lens absorption at 360nm decays from 63% in middle-aged lenses to 25% in aged lenses to 3% in cataractous lenses. The fluorescence yield of the MET fraction from cataractous lenses also significantly increases. Therefore, the protection of the lens tissue against UV radiation in aged and cataractous lenses weakens: the absorption of UV-A light is mostly provided by modified crystallins and non-UV-filter metabolites, which are photochemically more active than the UV filters. The obtained data indicate that the aged and cataractous human lenses are more vulnerable to UV-A light than the middle-aged lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anjella Zh Fursova
- Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital, Nemirovicha-Danchenko 130, Novosibirsk 630087, Russia
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XRCC1 (194) and XPD (751) with Age-related cataract. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:1135-1146. [PMID: 28560653 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related cataract (ARC) is a multifactorial disease and different risk factors, including genetic and environmental, are responsible for the development of its various types. The aim of this study was to find out a correlation, if any, between ARC and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementary-1) [Arg194Trp (rs1799782)] and XPD (xerodermapigmentosa complementation group D) [Lys751Gln (rs13,181]. METHOD The genotype at these two SNPs was analyzed in 260 subjects (125 control and 135 patients) from Southern Punjab population (Pakistan) by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Genotype at both analyzed codons was correlated either individually or in various combinations with the studied epidemiological factors known to be associated with ARC. RESULTS Our results indicated that both SNPs Arg194Trp in XRCC1 (P = 0.967) and Lys751Gln in XPD (P = 0.995) were not associated with ARC whether they were analyzed individually or in combined form (P > 0.05). Analysis of epidemiological factors revealed that age (P < 0.001), cast of subjects (P = 0.001), diabetes (P < 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.001), smoking habit (P = 0.01), drug abuse (P < 0.05), steroid use (P = 0.001) and body weight (P < 0.001) can influence the incidence of ARC in enrolled subjects. After applying Binary logistic regression it was found that the weight (P < 0.01), family history (P = 0.05), drug abuse (P = 0.05), smoking (P < 0.05) and steroid use (P < 0.05) has a significant association with the phenotype of the subjects. All epidemiological factors were also studied in association with various genotypic combinations of both SNPS, diabetes was the only factor that had a significant association (P < 0.001) association with ARC. Hypertension (P = 0.01), body weight (P < 0.05) and cast (P < 0.001) were found associated with ARC when epidemiological factors were individually correlated with ARC. Result of the two proportion test indicated that gender had no influence on the incidence of disease. CONCLUSION It is concluded that studied SNPs in XRCC1 and XPD have no association with the incidence of age related cataract in the analyzed group of subjects.
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Cetinel S, Semenchenko V, Cho JY, Sharaf MG, Damji KF, Unsworth LD, Montemagno C. UV-B induced fibrillization of crystallin protein mixtures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177991. [PMID: 28542382 PMCID: PMC5444657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, mainly oxidative stress and exposure to sunlight, induce the oxidation, cross-linking, cleavage, and deamination of crystallin proteins, resulting in their aggregation and, ultimately, cataract formation. Various denaturants have been used to initiate the aggregation of crystallin proteins in vitro. All of these regimens, however, are obviously far from replicating conditions that exist in vivo that lead to cataract formation. In fact, it is our supposition that only UV-B radiation may mimic the observed in vivo cause of crystallin alteration leading to cataract formation. This means of inducing cataract formation may provide the most appropriate in vitro platform for in-depth study of the fundamental cataractous fibril properties and allow for testing of possible treatment strategies. Herein, we showed that cataractous fibrils can be formed using UV-B radiation from α:β:γ crystallin protein mixtures. Characterization of the properties of formed aggregates confirmed the development of amyloid-like fibrils, which are in cross-β-pattern and possibly in anti-parallel β-sheet arrangement. Furthermore, we were also able to confirm that the presence of the molecular chaperone, α-crystallin, was able to inhibit fibril formation, as observed for ‘naturally’ occurring fibrils. Finally, the time-dependent fibrillation profile was found to be similar to the gradual formation of age-related nuclear cataracts. This data provided evidence for the initiation of fibril formation from physiologically relevant crystallin mixtures using UV-B radiation, and that the formed fibrils had several traits similar to that expected from cataracts developing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Cetinel
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Ingenuity Lab., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valentyna Semenchenko
- National Institute of Nanotechnology (NINT), 11421, Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jae-Young Cho
- National Institute of Nanotechnology (NINT), 11421, Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mehdi Ghaffari Sharaf
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Ingenuity Lab., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim F. Damji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Larry D. Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- National Institute of Nanotechnology (NINT), 11421, Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail: (CM); (LDU)
| | - Carlo Montemagno
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Ingenuity Lab., University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail: (CM); (LDU)
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Mori T, Higashi K, Nakano T, Ando S, Kuwahara A, Suzuki N, Saito K. Novel phototoxicity assay using human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells. Toxicology 2017; 378:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Beasley V, Dowse H. Suppression of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase Produces a Slow Heartbeat Phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 325:651-664. [PMID: 28127944 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary pathway utilizing tryptophan leads initially to kynurenine before branching. Products include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and important pigments in the eye. Products in this pathway have been linked to a number of pathologies. The gene encoding the first step in this pathway, tryptophan 2,3-dioxegenase, is encoded by the gene vermilion, initially discovered in Drosophila. In the fly, v is an important eye color marker, but is found to have multiple pleiotropic effects. We have uncovered significant effects of this mutation on the fly heart. The heart beats more slowly and more rhythmically in both males and females and in strains which we have outcrossed. In addition, the fly heart normally beats irregularly with multiple brief stoppages, and the time structure of these stoppages, as investigated by looking at interbeat intervals, is changed in flies bearing this mutation. Fewer flies bearing the v1 mutation show long hiatuses in beat compared to wild type, however, in some strains of the mutant animals that do, the number of stoppages in much greater and the mean duration is longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Beasley
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Harold Dowse
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
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Visible light-mediated photodegradation of imidazoline drugs in the presence of Riboflavin: Possible undesired effects on imidazoline-based eye drops. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antibacterial Properties of Visible-Light-Responsive Carbon-Containing Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Nanoparticles against Anthrax. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6120237. [PMID: 28335365 PMCID: PMC5302719 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The bactericidal activity of conventional titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst is effective only on irradiation by ultraviolet light, which restricts the applications of TiO2 for use in living environments. Recently, carbon-containing TiO2 nanoparticles [TiO2(C) NP] were found to be a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst (VLRP), which displayed significantly enhanced antibacterial properties under visible light illumination. However, whether TiO2(C) NPs exert antibacterial properties against Bacillus anthracis remains elusive. Here, we evaluated these VLRP NPs in the reduction of anthrax-induced pathogenesis. Bacteria-killing experiments indicated that a significantly higher proportion (40%–60%) of all tested Bacillus species, including B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis, were considerably eliminated by TiO2(C) NPs. Toxin inactivation analysis further suggested that the TiO2(C) NPs efficiently detoxify approximately 90% of tested anthrax lethal toxin, a major virulence factor of anthrax. Notably, macrophage clearance experiments further suggested that, even under suboptimal conditions without considerable bacterial killing, the TiO2(C) NP-mediated photocatalysis still exhibited antibacterial properties through the reduction of bacterial resistance against macrophage killing. Our results collectively suggested that TiO2(C) NP is a conceptually feasible anti-anthrax material, and the relevant technologies described herein may be useful in the development of new strategies against anthrax.
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Yu J, Hua H, Liu Y, Liu Y. Distributions of Direct, Reflected, and Diffuse Irradiance for Ocular UV Exposure at Different Solar Elevation Angles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166729. [PMID: 27846278 PMCID: PMC5112793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze intensities of ocular exposure to direct (Eo,dir), reflected (Eo,refl), and diffuse (Eo,diff) ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at different solar elevation angles (SEAs), a rotating manikin and dual-detector spectrometer were used to monitor the intensity of ocular exposure to UV irradiation (Eo) and ambient UV radiation (UVR) under clear skies in Sanya, China. Eo,dir was derived as the difference between maximum and minimum measured Eo values. Eo,refl was converted from the value measured at a height of 160 cm. Eo,diff was calculated as the minimum measured Eo value minus Eo,refl. Regression curves were fitted to determine distributions of intensities and growth rates at different wavelengths and SEAs. Eo,dir differed from ambient UVR exposure. Linear, quadratic, and linear Eo,dir distributions were obtained in SEA ranges of 14°–30°, 30°–50°, and 50°–90°, respectively, with maximum Eo,dir at 32°–38° SEA. Growth rates of Eo,dir with increasing wavelength were fitted with quadratic functions in all SEA ranges. Distributions and growth rate of Eo,refl values were fitted with quadratic functions. Maximum Eo,diff was achieved at the same SEA for all fitted quadratic functions. Growth rate of Eo,diff with increasing wavelength was fitted with a linear function. Eo,dir distributions were fitted with linear or quadratic functions in different SEA ranges. All Eo,refl and Eo,diff distributions were fitted with quadratic functions. As SEA increased, the Eo,dir portion of Eo increased and then decreased; the Eo,refl portion increased from an initial minimum; and the Eo,diff portion first decreased and then increased. The findings may provide data supporting on construction of a mathematical model of ocular UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Yu
- Ophthalmology Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Hua
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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Calvo-Maroto AM, Perez-Cambrodi RJ, Garcia-Lazaro S, Ferrer-Blasco T, Cerviño A. Ocular autofluorescence in diabetes mellitus. A review. J Diabetes 2016; 8:619-28. [PMID: 27147470 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a considerable impact on healthcare owing to its increased prevalence and high mortality rate. Structural, morphological, and physiological changes in each of the ocular components have been described in detail. Autofluorescence has been described as a good indicator of metabolic activity. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of ocular endogenous fluorophores in the cornea, the crystalline lens, and the retinal pigment epithelium, the effects of diabetes mellitus and therefore the potential of autofluorescence assessment for screening and monitoring changes in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Calvo-Maroto
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Garcia-Lazaro
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ferrer-Blasco
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cerviño
- Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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UVER and UV index at high altitude in Northwestern Argentina. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 163:290-5. [PMID: 27607308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) made during two years at three sites located at altitudes over 1000ma.s.l. in Northwestern Argentina (Salta, San Carlos, and El Rosal) have been used to estimate and analyze the UV Index (UVI) and the cumulative doses at these locations. For the UVER irradiance, data of January (maximum values) and June (minimum values) have been analyzed as representative of the year for all locations. The UVI reaches extreme (>11) values in >20% of the analyzed days in Salta (1190ma.s.l.), while these are reached in San Carlos (1611ma.s.l.) and El Rosal (3355ma.s.l.) in >40% of the analyzed days. Finally, the cumulative doses over an average year have also been studied for each location. The doses received during austral summer and autumn are of the same order, and represent one third of the annual dose, while the doses received during austral winter and spring represent one sixth of the annual dose approximately.
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The ultrastructure of rabbit sclera after scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and blue light of different intensities. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1567-1577. [PMID: 27270346 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the ultrastructural changes of collagen fibrils and cells in the rabbit sclera after scleral crosslinking using riboflavin and blue light of different intensities. Scleral crosslinking is known to increase scleral stiffness and may inhibit the axial elongation of progressive myopic eyes. METHODS The equatorial parts of the sclera of one eye of six adult albino rabbits were treated with topical riboflavin solution (0.5 %) followed by irradiation with blue light (200, 400, 650 mW/cm(2)) for 20 min. After 3 weeks, the ultrastructure of scleral cells and the abundance of small- (10-100 nm) and large-diameter (>100 nm) collagen fibrils in fibril bundles of different scleral layers were examined with electron microscopy. RESULTS In the scleral stroma of control eyes, the thickness of collagen fibrils showed a bimodal distribution. The abundance of small-diameter collagen fibrils decreased from the inner towards the outer sclera, while the amount of large-diameter fibrils and the scleral collagen content did not differ between different stroma layers. Treatment with riboflavin and blue light at 200 mW/cm(2) did not induce ultrastructural changes of cells and collagen fibrils in the scleral stroma. Treatment with blue light of higher intensities induced scleral cell activation in a scleral layer-dependent manner. In addition, outer scleral layers contained phagocytes that engulfed collagen fibrils and erythrocytes. Blue light of the highest intensity induced a reduction of the scleral collagen content, a decreased abundance of large-diameter collagen fibrils, and an increased amount of small-diameter fibrils in the whole scleral stroma. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that in rabbits, scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and blue light of 200 mW/cm(2) for 20 min is relatively safe and does not induce ultrastructural alterations of scleral cells and of the collagen composition of the scleral stroma. Irradiation with blue light of intensities between 200 and 400 mW/cm(2) induces scleral cell activation, which may contribute to scleral scarring and stiffening. Higher intensities cause scleritis.
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LED Light Characteristics for Surgical Shadowless Lamps and Surgical Loupes. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 3:e562. [PMID: 26893987 PMCID: PMC4727714 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Blue light has more energy than longer wavelength light and can penetrate the eye to reach the retina. When surgeons use magnifying loupes under intensive surgical shadowless lamps for better view of the surgical field, the total luminance is about 200 times brighter than that of typical office lighting. In this study, the effects of 2 types of shadowless lamps were compared. Moreover, the effect of various eyeglasses, which support magnifying loupes, on both the light energy and color rendering was considered. Methods: The light intensity and color rendering were measured on 3 variables: light transmittance, light intensity, and color rendering. Results: Under shadowless lamps, the light energy increased with low-magnification loupes and decreased with high-magnification loupes. Filtering eyeglasses reduced the energy, especially in conditions where the low-magnification loupe was used. The best color-rendering index values were obtained with computer eyeglasses under conventional light-emitting diode shadowless lamps and with no glass and with lightly yellow-tinted lenses under less-blue light-emitting diode. Conclusions: Microsurgeons are exposed to strong lighting throughout their career, and proper color rendering must be considered for easier recognition. Light toxicity and loss of color rendering can be reduced with an appropriate combination of shadowless lamps and colored eyeglasses.
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Du Y, Guo D, Wu Q, Shi J, Liu D, Bi H. Protective effects of appropriate Zn2+ levels against UVB radiation-induced damage in human lens epithelial cells in vitro. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 21:213-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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