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Davuluri KS, Singh AK, Singh AV, Chaudhary P, Raman SK, Kushwaha S, Singh SV, Chauhan DS. Atorvastatin Potentially Reduces Mycobacterial Severity through Its Action on Lipoarabinomannan and Drug Permeability in Granulomas. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0319722. [PMID: 36719189 PMCID: PMC10100658 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03197-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of preclinical research has shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can modify host lipids in various ways. To boost its intramacrophage survival, M. tuberculosis causes host lipids to build up, resulting in the development of lipid-laden foam cells. M. tuberculosis binds to and enters the macrophage via the cell membrane cholesterol. Aggregation of cholesterol in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis and an increase in vascularity at the granuloma site reduce the permeability of rifampicin and isoniazid concentrations. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of statins on drug penetration. Here, we used atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, to observe its effect on the bacterial burden by increasing the drug concentration at the infection site. We looked into how atorvastatin could be used in conjunction with first-line drugs to promote drug permeation. In this study, we detected an accumulation of drugs at the peripheral sites of the lungs and impaired drug distribution to the diseased sites. The efficacy of antituberculosis drugs, with atorvastatin as an adjunct, on the viability of M. tuberculosis cells was demonstrated. A nontoxic statin dosage established phenotypic and normal granuloma vasculature and showed an additive effect with rifampicin and isoniazid. Our data show that statins help to reduce the tuberculosis bacterial burden. Our findings reveal that the bacterial load is connected with impaired drug permeability resulting from lipid accumulation in the bacterial cell wall. Statin therapy combined with antituberculosis medications have the potential to improve treatment in tuberculosis patients. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis binds to and enters the macrophage via the cell membrane cholesterol. M. tuberculosis limits phagosomal maturation and activation without engaging in phagocytosis. Aggregation of cholesterol in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis and an increase in the vascularity at the granuloma site reduce the permeability of rifampicin and isoniazid concentrations. However, very few studies have assessed the effect of statins on drug penetration, which can be increased through a reduction in cholesterol and vascularity. Herein, we used atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, to observe its effect on bacterial burden through increasing the drug concentration at the infection site. Our main research goal is to diminish mycobacterial dissemination and attenuate bacterial growth by increasing drug permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Sai Davuluri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Ajay Vir Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Pooja Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shweta Kushwaha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | | | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, ICMR, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
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Wernly B, Pernow J, Kelm M, Jung C. The role of arginase in the microcirculation in cardiovascular disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 74:79-92. [PMID: 31743994 DOI: 10.3233/ch-199237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the microcirculation, the exchange of nutrients, water, gas, hormones, and waste takes place, and it is divided into the three main sections arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Disturbances in the microcirculation can be measured using surrogate parameters or be visualized either indirectly or directly.Arginase is a manganese metalloenzyme hydrolyzing L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. It is located in different cell types, including vascular cells, but also in circulating cells such as red blood cells. A variety of pro-inflammatory factors, as well as interleukins, stimulate increased arginase expression. An increase in arginase activity consequently leads to a consumption of L-arginine needed for nitric oxide (NO) production by endothelial NO synthase. A vast body of evidence convincingly showed that increased arginase activity is associated with endothelial dysfunction in larger vessels of the vascular tree. Of note, arginase also influences the microcirculation. Arginase inhibition leads to an increase in the bioavailability of NO and reduces superoxide levels, resulting in improved endothelial function. Arginase inhibition might, therefore, be a potent treatment strategy in cardiovascular medicine. Recently, red blood cells emerged as an influential player in the development from increased arginase activity to endothelial dysfunction. As red blood cells directly interact with the microcirculation in gas exchange, this could constitute a potential link between arginase activity, endothelial dysfunction and microcirculatory disturbances.The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings revealing the role of arginase in regulating vascular function with particular emphasis on the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wernly
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Peppas S, Piovani D, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Bonovas S. Statins and inflammatory bowel disease: Where do we stand? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 75:10-14. [PMID: 32151491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the western world that is rapidly expanding in newly industrialized countries. Novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent and improve the treatment of this costly and disabling disease. Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Besides their lipid-lowering effects, statins may exert complex immunomodulatory properties and multiple pleiotropic effects including the inhibition of T-cell activation, antigen-presenting function and leukocyte infiltration of target organs which might render statins as beneficial agents for inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the experimental findings on the topic, and critically appraise the epidemiological evidence regarding the value of statins as a potential strategy for preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease. Several experimental studies have shown that statins reduce inflammation in animal models of colitis; however, clinical studies investigating their disease-modifying and preventive potential in IBD have demonstrated some limitations and conflicting results. The available epidemiological evidence is not yet sufficient to support the use of statin for preventing or treating inflammatory bowel disease. Additional high-quality research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Peppas
- Gastroenterology Department, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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4
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Aldalaen S, El-Gogary RI, Nasr M. Fabrication of rosuvastatin-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: a promising modality for treating hepatic cancer delineated by apoptotic and cell cycle arrest assessment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:55-62. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1515221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saed Aldalaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
| | - Riham I. El-Gogary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Mu'tah, Jordan
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Hiroi Y, Noma K, Kim HH, Sladojevic N, Tabit CE, Li Y, Soydan G, Salomone S, Moskowitz MA, Liao JK. Neuroprotection Mediated by Upregulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rho-Associated, Coiled-Coil-Containing Kinase 2 Deficient Mice. Circ J 2018; 82:1195-1204. [PMID: 29353861 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-associated kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) are important regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Because the phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor-1A1 (eEF1A1) by ROCK2 is critical for eNOS expression, we hypothesized that this molecular pathway may play a critical role in neuroprotection following focal cerebral ischemia.Methods and Results:Adult male wild-type (WT) and mutant ROCK2 and eNOS-/-mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and cerebral infarct size, neurological deficit and absolute cerebral blood flow were measured. In addition, aortic endothelium-dependent response to acetylcholine, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and sodium nitroprusside were assessed ex vivo. Endothelial cells from mouse brain or heart were used to measure eNOS and eEF1A activity, as well as NO production and eNOS mRNA half-life. In global hemizygous ROCK2+/-and endothelial-specific EC-ROCK2-/-mice, eNOS mRNA stability and eNOS expression were increased, which correlated with enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation and neuroprotection following focal cerebral ischemia. Indeed, when ROCK2+/-mice were place on an eNOS-/-background, the neuroprotective effects observed in ROCK2+/-mice were abolished. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the phosphorylation of eEF1A1 by ROCK2 is physiologically important for eNOS expression and NO-mediated neuroprotection, and suggest that targeting endothelial ROCK2 and eEF1A may have therapeutic benefits in ischemic stroke and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Hiroi
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kensuke Noma
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Hyung-Hwan Kim
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Nikola Sladojevic
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
| | - Corey E Tabit
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
| | - Yuxin Li
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Guray Soydan
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Department of Radiology, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - James K Liao
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago
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Sainio A, Järveläinen H. Extracellular Matrix Macromolecules as Potential Targets of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 81:209-240. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Safwat S, Ishak RA, Hathout RM, Mortada ND. Statins anticancer targeted delivery systems: re-purposing an old molecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:613-624. [PMID: 28271498 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exploring the use of statins as anticancer agents and exploiting different drug delivery systems in targeting these molecules to cancerous sites. Literature review was performed to investigate the use of statins in cancer treatment in one hand, and the different pharmaceutical approaches to deliver and target these drugs to their site of action. KEY FINDINGS Statins were used for decades as antihypercholestrolemic drugs but recently have been proven potential for broad anticancer activities. The incorporation of statins in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems not only augmented the cytotoxicity of statins but also overcame the resistance of cancerous cells against the traditional chemotherapeutic agents. Statins-loaded nanoparticles could be easily tampered to target the cancerous cells and consequently minimal drug amount could be utilized. SUMMARY This review reconnoitered the different endeavors to incorporate statins in various nanoparticles and summarized the successful effects in targeting cancerous cells and reducing their proliferation without the side effects of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Safwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Safwat S, Ishak RAH, Hathout RM, Mortada ND. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with simvastatin: effect of PEG/glycerides on characterization, stability, cellular uptake efficiency and in vitro cytotoxicity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1112-1125. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1293681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Safwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A. H. Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassiah, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Micallef D, Micallef S, Schembri-Wismayer P, Calleja-Agius J. Novel applications of COX-2 inhibitors, metformin, and statins for the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2016; 17:214-223. [PMID: 27990091 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2016.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that commonly prescribed drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), metformin, and statins, may have beneficial roles in the primary chemoprevention of breast cancer. Therefore, these drugs could potentially be used in addition to the hormonal drugs currently used for this purpose (namely, selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors) due to their alternative mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Micallef
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
| | - Sarah Micallef
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
| | - Pierre Schembri-Wismayer
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
| | - Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, Malta
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Wong MJ, Kantores C, Ivanovska J, Jain A, Jankov RP. Simvastatin prevents and reverses chronic pulmonary hypertension in newborn rats via pleiotropic inhibition of RhoA signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L985-L999. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00345.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PHT) frequently results in early death. Systemically administered Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors prevent and reverse chronic PHT in neonatal rats, but at the cost of severe adverse effects, including systemic hypotension and growth restriction. Simvastatin has pleiotropic inhibitory effects on isoprenoid intermediates that may limit activity of RhoA, which signals upstream of ROCK. We therefore hypothesized that statin treatment would safely limit pulmonary vascular RhoA activity and prevent and reverse experimental chronic neonatal PHT via downstream inhibitory effects on pathological ROCK activity. Sprague-Dawley rats in normoxia (room air) or moderate normobaric hypoxia (13% O2) received simvastatin (2 mg·kg−1·day−1 ip) or vehicle from postnatal days 1–14 (prevention protocol) or from days 14–21 (rescue protocol). Chronic hypoxia increased RhoA and ROCK activity in lung tissue. Simvastatin reduced lung content of the isoprenoid intermediate farnesyl pyrophosphate and decreased RhoA/ROCK signaling in the hypoxia-exposed lung. Preventive or rescue treatment of chronic hypoxia-exposed animals with simvastatin decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary arterial remodeling. Preventive simvastatin treatment improved weight gain, did not lower systemic blood pressure, and did not cause apparent toxic effects on skeletal muscle, liver or brain. Rescue therapy with simvastatin improved exercise capacity. We conclude that simvastatin limits RhoA/ROCK activity in the chronic hypoxia-exposed lung, thus preventing or ameliorating hemodynamic and structural markers of chronic PHT and improving long-term outcome, without causing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J. Wong
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Crystal Kantores
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julijana Ivanovska
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amish Jain
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert P. Jankov
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Safwat S, Hathout RM, Ishak RA, Mortada ND. Augmented simvastatin cytotoxicity using optimized lipid nanocapsules: a potential for breast cancer treatment. J Liposome Res 2016; 27:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2015.1137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Safwat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A. Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahed D. Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang P, Han F, Li Y, Chen J, Chen T, Zhi Y, Jiang J, Lin C, Chen S, Zhao P. Local delivery of controlled-release simvastatin to improve the biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:465-78. [PMID: 26869789 PMCID: PMC4734794 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s95032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System has recently been widely used as the primary graft of choice in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. But the biological graft-bone healing still remains a problem. Previous studies have shown that simvastatin (SIM) stimulates bone formation. The objective of this study was to investigate whether surface coating with collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere could enhance the surface biocompatibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments to accelerate graft-to-bone healing. The in vitro studies demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cells on the collagen-coated PET scaffolds (COL/PET) and simvastatin/collagen-coated PET scaffolds (SIM/COL/PET) proliferated vigorously. Compared with the PET group and the COL/PET group, SIM could induce bone marrow stromal cells' osteoblastic differentiation, high alkaline phosphatase activity, more mineralization deposition, and more expression of osteoblast-related genes, such as osteocalcin, runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor, in the SIM/COL/PET group. In vivo, rabbits received ACL reconstruction with different scaffolds. Histological analysis demonstrated that graft-bone healing was significantly greater with angiogenesis and osteogenesis in the SIM/COL/PET group than the other groups. In addition, biomechanical testing at the eighth week demonstrated a significant increase in the ultimate failure load and stiffness in the SIM/COL/PET group. The low dose of SIM-sustained release from SIM/COL/PET promoted the graft-bone healing via its effect on both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. This study suggested that collagen containing low-dose SIM microsphere coating on the surface of PET artificial ligaments could be potentially applied for ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Zhi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nanoscience, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Alp Yildirim Fİ, Kaleli Durman D, Aypar E, Ark M, Özdemir O, Uydeş Doğan BS. Atorvastatin acutely reduces the reactivity to spasmogens in rat aorta: implication of the inhibition of geranylgeranylation and MYPT-1 phosphorylation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:96-106. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatoş İlkay Alp Yildirim
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Deniz Kaleli Durman
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Eda Aypar
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; 06330, Etiler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ark
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Gazi University; 06330, Etiler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Osman Özdemir
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Cyprus International University; Lefkoşa North Cyprus Cyprus
| | - Birsel Sönmez Uydeş Doğan
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; 34116, Beyazit, Istanbul Turkey
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14
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Prostacyclin receptors: Transcriptional regulation and novel signalling mechanisms. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 121:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Chen GP, Zhang XQ, Wu T, Li L, Han J, Du CQ. Alteration of mevalonate pathway in proliferated vascular smooth muscle from diabetic mice: possible role in high-glucose-induced atherogenic process. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:379287. [PMID: 25918730 PMCID: PMC4396976 DOI: 10.1155/2015/379287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of the main features of atherosclerosis induced by high glucose. Mevalonate pathway is an important metabolic pathway that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes. The aim of this study was to define whether the enzyme expression in mevalonate pathway is changed in proliferated VSMCs during atherogenic process in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in BALB/c mice with streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days). Induction of diabetes with STZ was associated with an increase of lesion area and media thickness after 8 and 16 weeks of diabetes. In aorta, there were overexpressions of some enzymes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), farnesyltransferase (FNT), and geranylgeranyltransferase-1 (GGT-1), and unchanged expression of squalene synthase (SQS) and phosphor-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (P-HMGR) in 8 and 16 weeks of diabetes. In vitro, VSMCs were cultured and treated with different glucose concentrations for 48 h. High glucose (22.2 mM) induced VSMC proliferation and upregulation of HMGR, FPPS, GGPPS, FNT, and GGT-1 but did not change the expressions of SQS and P-HMGR. In conclusion, altered expression of several key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway may play a potential pathophysiological role in atherogenic process of diabetes macrovascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- *Guo-Ping Chen:
| | - Xiao-Qin Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Han
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chang-Qing Du
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Alupei MC, Licarete E, Patras L, Banciu M. Liposomal simvastatin inhibits tumor growth via targeting tumor-associated macrophages-mediated oxidative stress. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jia Z, Zhang Y, Chen YH, Dusad A, Yuan H, Ren K, Li F, Fehringer EV, Purdue PE, Goldring SR, Daluiski A, Wang D. Simvastatin prodrug micelles target fracture and improve healing. J Control Release 2014; 200:23-34. [PMID: 25542644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a widely used anti-lipidemic drug, has been identified as a bone anabolic agent. Its poor water solubility and the lack of distribution to the skeleton, however, have limited its application in the treatment of bone metabolic diseases. In this study, an amphiphilic macromolecular prodrug of SIM was designed and synthesized to overcome these limitations. The polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based prodrug can spontaneously self-assemble to form micelles. The use of SIM trimer as the prodrug's hydrophobic segment allows easy encapsulation of additional free SIM. The in vitro studies showed that SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles were internalized by MC3T3 cells via lysosomal trafficking and consistently induced expression of both BMP2 and DKK1 mRNA, suggesting that the prodrug micelle retains the biological functions of SIM. After systemic administration, optical imaging suggests that the micelles would passively target to bone fracture sites associated with hematoma and inflammation. Furthermore, flow cytometry study revealed that SIM/SIM-mPEG micelles had preferred cellular uptake by inflammatory and resident cells within the fracture callus tissue. The treatment study using a mouse osteotomy model validated the micelles' therapeutic efficacy in promoting bone fracture healing as demonstrated by micro-CT and histological analyses. Collectively, these data suggest that the macromolecular prodrug-based micelle formulation of SIM may have great potential for clinical management of impaired fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Jia
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yijia Zhang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yen Hsun Chen
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anand Dusad
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hongjiang Yuan
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ke Ren
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Fei Li
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Edward V Fehringer
- the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dong Wang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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Chang TI, Kang HY, Kim KS, Lee SH, Nam BY, Paeng J, Kim S, Park JT, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Han SH. The effect of statin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109628. [PMID: 25275561 PMCID: PMC4183618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have recently been highlighted for their pleiotropic actions distinct from cholesterol-lowering effects. Despite this interest, it is currently unknown whether statin therapy inhibits peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods In vitro, human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were exposed to 5.6 mM glucose (NG) or 100 mM glucose (HG) with or without simvastatin (1 µM). In vivo, PD catheters were inserted into 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, and saline (C, n = 16) or 4.25% peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) (PD, n = 16) was infused for 4 weeks. Eight rats from each group were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of simvastatin intraperitoneally. Changes in the protein expression of EMT markers such as E-cadherin, α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin in HPMCs and the peritoneum were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical staining. We also explored whether activation of the mevalonate pathway and its downstream small GTPases were involved in dialysis-related peritoneal EMT and could be inhibited by statin treatment. Results Compared to NG cells, E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased, while α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased in HPMCs exposed to HG, and these changes were abrogated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In addition, the cobblestone-like appearance of normal HPMCs was converted into a fibroblast-like morphology after HG treatment, which was reversed by simvastatin. These EMT-like changes were also observed in HPMCs treated with geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (5 µM). HG significantly increased the protein expression of RhoA and Rac1 in the membrane fractions, and these increases were ameliorated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In PD rats, E-cadherin in the peritoneum was significantly decreased, whereas α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to C rats. The thickness of the mesothelial layer in the peritoneum were also significantly greater in PD rats than in C rats (p<0.05). These changes of the peritoneum in PD rats were significantly attenuated by simvastatin. Conclusion This study demonstrated that PD-related EMT was mediated via the mevalonate pathway, and statin treatment inhibited the EMT changes in HG-treated HPMCs and PDF-stimulated PD rats. These findings suggest that statins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preservation of peritoneal membrane integrity in long-term PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ik Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, NHIS Medical Center, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-shi, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Paeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Pharmacological modulation of small GTPases in cardiovascular diseases: from statins to selective inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 62:329-30. [PMID: 24072179 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Abrahamson EE, Foley LM, Dekosky ST, Hitchens TK, Ho C, Kochanek PM, Ikonomovic MD. Cerebral blood flow changes after brain injury in human amyloid-beta knock-in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:826-33. [PMID: 23443172 PMCID: PMC3677107 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased brain concentrations of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) are shared pathologic features of TBI and AD and promising therapeutic targets. We used arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging to examine if CBF changes after TBI are influenced by human Aβ and amenable to simvastatin therapy. CBF was measured 3 days and 3 weeks after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in transgenic human Aβ-expressing APP(NLh/NLh) mice compared to murine Aβ-expressing C57Bl/6J wild types. Compared to uninjured littermates, CBF was reduced in the cortex of the injured hemisphere in both Aβ transgenics and wild types; deficits were more pronounced in the transgenic group, which exhibited injury-induced increased concentrations of human Aβ. In the hemisphere contralateral to CCI, CBF levels were stable in Aβ transgenic mice but increased in wild-type mice, both relative to uninjured littermates. Post-injury treatment of Aβ transgenic mice with simvastatin lowered brain Aβ concentrations, attenuated deficits in CBF ipsilateral to injury, restored hyperemia contralateral to injury, and reduced brain tissue loss. Future studies examining long-term effects of simvastatin therapy on CBF and chronic neurodegenerative changes after TBI are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Storck EM, Wojciak-Stothard B. Rho GTPases in pulmonary vascular dysfunction. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Pernow J, Jung C. Arginase as a potential target in the treatment of cardiovascular disease: reversal of arginine steal? Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:334-43. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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23
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Turner EC, Kinsella BT. Regulation of the human prostacyclin receptor gene by the cholesterol-responsive SREBP1. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2390-404. [PMID: 22969152 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin and its prostacyclin receptor, the I Prostanoid (IP), play essential roles in regulating hemostasis and vascular tone and have been implicated in a range cardio-protective effects but through largely unknown mechanisms. In this study, the influence of cholesterol on human IP [(h)IP] gene expression was investigated in cultured vascular endothelial and platelet-progenitor megakaryocytic cells. Cholesterol depletion increased human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) mRNA, hIP promoter-directed reporter gene expression, and hIP-induced cAMP generation in all cell types. Furthermore, the constitutively active sterol-response element binding protein (SREBP)1a, but not SREBP2, increased hIP mRNA and promoter-directed gene expression, and deletional and mutational analysis uncovered an evolutionary conserved sterol-response element (SRE), adjacent to a known functional Sp1 element, within the core hIP promoter. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed direct cholesterol-regulated binding of SREBP1a to this hIP promoter region in vivo, and immunofluorescence microscopy corroborated that cholesterol depletion significantly increases hIP expression levels. In conclusion, the hIP gene is directly regulated by cholesterol depletion, which occurs through binding of SREBP1a to a functional SRE within its core promoter. Mechanistically, these data establish that cholesterol can regulate hIP expression, which may, at least in part, account for the combined cardio-protective actions of low serum cholesterol through its regulation of IP expression within the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizebeth C Turner
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Briasoulis A, Androulakis E, Charakida M, Tsiamis E, Stefanadis C. Conflicting effects of nitric oxide and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure: potential therapeutic strategies. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 17:65-79. [PMID: 21293971 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-011-9228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is characterized by decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. In addition, the beneficial NO turns to be deleterious when it reacts with superoxide anion, leading to peroxynitrite formation. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have reported increased production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical) both in animals and patients with CHF. Moreover, there are indicative data suggesting mechanisms associated with endothelial dysfunction in states of CHF, mainly attributed to decreased NO bioavailability and enhanced inactivation of the latter. Thus, such molecules appear to be potential targets in patients with CHF. These patients are strong candidates to receive a variety of therapeutic agents, some of which have known antioxidant effects. Classic treatment with statins or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors has been found to be beneficial in restoring NO and improving myocardial function and structure. Other agents such as sildenafil and b-blockers along with novel agents such as NO synthase transcription enhancers have been proved to be also beneficial, but their use for such a purpose is still controversial. Approaches using more-effective antioxidants or targeting myocardial oxidant-producing enzymes and oxidative or nitrosative stress might be promising strategies in the future.
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Chae YK, Valsecchi ME, Kim J, Bianchi AL, Khemasuwan D, Desai A, Tester W. Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence in Patients Using ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, and/or Statins. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:585-93. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.616252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Does atorvastatin induce aortic smooth muscle cell apoptosis in vivo? Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 54:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chen GP, Li L, Yang Y, Fu M, Yao L, Wu T, Zhang XQ, Hu SJ. Chronic inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1684-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bartolomé F, Muñoz Ú, Esteras N, Alquezar C, Collado A, Bermejo-Pareja F, Martín-Requero Á. Simvastatin overcomes the resistance to serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes from Alzheimer's disease patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4257-68. [PMID: 20614159 PMCID: PMC11115769 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Statins may exert beneficial effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Based on the antineoplastic and apoptotic effects of statins in a number of cell types, we hypothesized that statins may be able to protect neurons by controlling the regulation of cell cycle and/or apoptosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that neurodegeneration involves the cell-cycle activation in postmitotic neurons. Failure of cell-cycle control is not restricted to neurons in AD patients, but occurs in peripheral cells as well. For these reasons, we studied the role of simvastatin (SIM) on cell survival/death in lymphoblasts from AD patients. We report here that SIM induces apoptosis in AD lymphoblasts deprived of serum. SIM interacts with PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways thereby decreasing the serum withdrawal-enhanced levels of the CDK inhibitor p21(Cip1) (p21) and restoring the vulnerability of AD cells to trophic factor deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Úrsula Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Collado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Hospital Doce de Octubre, Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Avda de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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The statins fluvastatin and pravastatin exert anti-flushing effects by improving vasomotor dysfunction through nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms in ovariectomized animals. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 651:234-9. [PMID: 21114974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Statins have pleiotropic vascular protective effects that are independent of their cholesterol-lowering effects. The aim of the present study was to determine if statins have anti-flushing actions in an animal model of forced exercise-induced temperature dysregulation in menopausal hot flushes, and to clarify the critical role of statins in regulating vascular reactivity in the tail arteries of ovariectomized rats. Administration of fluvastatin or pravastatin (3mg/kg/day for 7days, p.o.) significantly ameliorated the flushing of tail skin in ovariectomized mice, and the effect of each statin was comparable with that of estrogen replacement (1mg/kg/week for 3weeks, i.m.). In phenylephrine-pre-contracted rat-tail arteries, ovariectomy inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation, but augmented sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation. These ovariectomy-altered vasodilator responses were restored by fluvastatin treatment as well as by estrogen replacement. Nitrite/nitrate levels in the plasma of ovariectomized animals showed significantly lower values than those in sham-operated animals; this ovariectomy-reduced production of nitric oxide was improved by fluvastatin treatment. These data provide the first experimental evidence that statins such as fluvastatin and pravastatin exert anti-flushing effects by improving vasomotor dysfunction through nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms in ovariectomized animals. Thus, therapeutic methods that target improvement of vasomotor dysfunction could be novel strategies for reducing menopausal hot flushes.
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Effects of Atorvastatin and l-Arginine Treatments on Electrical Field Stimulation-mediated Relaxations in Pulmonary Arterial Rings of Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:498-505. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f4838b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ford RJ, Rush JWE. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation to the AMPK activator AICAR is enhanced in aorta from hypertensive rats and is NO and EDCF dependent. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H64-75. [PMID: 20971768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00597.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) induces vasorelaxation in arteries from healthy animals, but the mechanisms coordinating this effect are unclear and the integrity of this response has not been investigated in dysfunctional arteries of hypertensive animals. Here we investigate the mechanisms of relaxation to the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) in isolated thoracic aorta rings from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Although AICAR generated dose-dependent (10(-6)-10(-2) M) relaxation in precontracted WKY and SHR aortic rings with (E(+)) or without (E(-)) endothelium, relaxation was enhanced in E(+) rings. Relaxation in SHR E(+) rings was also enhanced at low [AICAR] (10(-6) M) compared with that of WKY (57 ± 8% vs. 3 ± 2% relaxation in SHR vs. WKY E(+)), but was similar and near 100% in both groups at high [AICAR]. Pharmacological dissection showed that the mechanisms responsible for the endothelium-dependent component of relaxation across the dose range of AICAR are exclusively nitric oxide (NO) mediated in WKY rings, but partly NO dependent and partly cyclooxygenase (COX) dependent in SHR vessels. Further investigation revealed that ACh-stimulated COX-endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCF)-mediated contractions were suppressed by AICAR, and this effect was reversed in the presence of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C in quiescent E(+) SHR aortic rings. Western blots demonstrated that P(Thr(172))-AMPK and P(Ser(79))-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (indexes of AMPK activation) were elevated in SHR versus WKY E(+) rings at low AICAR (∼2-fold). Together these findings suggest that AMPK-mediated inhibition of EDCF-dependent contraction and elevated AMPK activation may contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of SHR E(+) rings to AICAR. These results demonstrate AMPK-mediated vasorelaxation is present and enhanced in arteries of SHR and suggest that activation of AMPK may be a potential strategy to improve vasomotor dysfunction by suppressing enhanced endoperoxide-mediated contraction and enhancing NO-mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Ford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Meda C, Plank C, Mykhaylyk O, Schmidt K, Mayer B. Effects of statins on nitric oxide/cGMP signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:100-12. [PMID: 20360620 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were established as in vitro models for the modulation of endothelial function and cell viability by statins. Emphasis was placed on the biphasic effects of the drugs on nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and cytotoxicity, as well as drug interference with the interaction of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) with caveolin-1 (Cav-1). Incubation of HUVECs with fluvastatin, lovastatin or cerivastatin for 24 h caused an approximately 3-fold upregulation of eNOS expression that was associated with increased eNOS activity and accumulation of cGMP. Cerivastatin exhibited the highest potency with an EC50 of 13.8 +/- 2 nM after 24 h, while having no effect after only 30 min. The effects of statins on eNOS expression were similar in control and Cav-1 knockdown cells, but the increase in eNOS activity was less pronounced in Cav-1-deficient cells. Statin-triggered cytotoxicity occurred at approximately 10-fold higher drug concentrations (maximal toxicity at 1-10 microM), was sensitive to mevalonate, and was significantly enhanced in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine. The overexpression of eNOS induced by clinically relevant concentrations of statins may contribute to the beneficial vascular effects of the drugs in patients. Stimulation of NO synthesis and cytotoxicity appear to share a common initial mechanism but involve distinct downstream signaling cascades that exhibit differential sensitivity to HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Meda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Univ-Platz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Katsiki N, Tziomalos K, Chatzizisis Y, Elisaf M, Hatzitolios AI. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on vascular cell apoptosis: Beneficial or detrimental? Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Photostability of pitavastatin—A novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:597-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D. Pleiotropic vasoprotective effects of statins: the chicken or the egg? Drug Des Devel Ther 2009; 3:191-204. [PMID: 19920934 PMCID: PMC2769241 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) are the most commonly used lipid-lowering drugs. Their main lipid-lowering effect is achieved by an increase in the expression of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptors associated with inhibition of cholesterol synthesis through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase - the first and rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. However, beyond cholesterol synthesis inhibition, inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase affects as well the synthesis of other molecules with significant roles in different, yet often intercalating, metabolic pathways. On this basis, and supported by an increasing series of advocating epidemiological and experimental data, an extended dialogue has been established over the last few years regarding the nonlipid or "pleiotropic" actions of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kirmizis
- Aristotle University, Karavangeli 19 Str., Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Kawaji T, Inomata Y, Takano A, Sagara N, Inatani M, Fukushima M, Tanihara H, Honjo M. Pitavastatin: Protection against Neuronal Retinal Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:991-7. [DOI: 10.1080/02713680701649603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Subramaniyam V, Waller EK, Murrow JR, Manatunga A, Lonial S, Kasirajan K, Sutcliffe D, Harris W, Taylor WR, Alexander RW, Quyyumi AA. Bone marrow mobilization with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves endothelial dysfunction and exercise capacity in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Am Heart J 2009; 158:53-60.e1. [PMID: 19540392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administration will be safe and will improve endothelial dysfunction and exercise capacity by mobilizing progenitor cells in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS Forty-five patients with PAD received thrice-weekly injections for 2 weeks of 3, 6, or 10 microg/kg per day of GM-CSF or placebo in successive cohorts of 15 subjects randomized 2:1 to drug or placebo. CD34+ mononuclear cell subsets and colony formation assay, endothelial function, ankle-brachial index, and walking capacity were measured. RESULTS Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor administration was safe. After pooling data from GM-CSF cohorts, at 2 weeks, there was a significant increase in total leukocytes (43%, P < .0001), CD34+ cells (46%, P = .035), and colony-forming units (31%, P = .026, week 1). At 12 weeks, endothelial function improved with GM-CSF (flow-mediated vasodilation increased by 59%, P < .01) as did pain-free treadmill walking time (38 seconds, P = .008) and total treadmill walking time (55 seconds, P = .016). Corresponding changes were not observed in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor therapy in patients with PAD was associated with mobilization of progenitor cells, improvement of endothelial dysfunction, and exercise capacity. The efficacy of strategies designed to mobilize bone marrow progenitors warrants further study in patients with PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerappan Subramaniyam
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Konstantino Y, Nguyen TT, Wolk R, Aiello RJ, Terra SG, Fryburg DA. Potential implications of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in assessment and treatment of coronary artery disease. Biomarkers 2009; 14:118-29. [PMID: 19330590 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902765140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, a member of the MMP superfamily is consistently implicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, the most common mechanism responsible for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). AIM To summarize the role of MMP-9 in atherosclerosis and its potential implications in assessment and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS We reviewed the PubMed database for relevant data regarding the role of MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. In the light of these data, we postulate potential implications of MMP-9 in the management and treatment of CAD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Existing data strongly support the role of MMP-9 in plaque destabilization and rupture. Based on the current knowledge, MMP-9 can potentially serve as a diagnostic biomarker in ACS and a prognostic biomarker in ACS and chronic CAD patients. MMP-9 is reduced by therapies that are associated with favourable outcome in atherosclerosis and thus may serve as a surrogate biomarker of treatment efficacy. However, large morbidity and mortality trials are still required to confirm that MMP-9 reduction is associated with improved outcome independent of the traditional risk factors (i.e. low-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Given its role in plaque rupture, inhibition of MMP-9 may promote plaque stabilization and consequently reduce cardiovascular events. Yet, the efficacy and safety of MMPs inhibitors should be first studied in preclinical models of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Konstantino
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
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Sharyo S, Kumagai K, Yokota-Ikeda N, Ito K, Ikeda M. Amelioration of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibition of IL-6 production in the poloxamer 407-induced mouse model of hyperlipidemia. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:47-54. [PMID: 19403996 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08283fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is largely unknown whether hyperlipidemia is involved in the pathobiology of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury that is an important cause of acute kidney injury. Here we studied the effect of experimental dyslipidemia on renal I/R injury. Renal I/R injury was less severe in hyperlipidemic mice treated with poloxamer 407 than in the control mice. Cytokine analyses revealed decreased levels of renal and serum IL-6 in the hyperlipidemic mice after renal I/R. Protection from renal I/R injury in the hyperlipidemic mice was diminished by administration of recombinant IL-6. Concanavalin A-induced IL-6 release from cultured splenocytes derived from the hyperlipidemic mice was lower than that from splenocytes of normal mice. In hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-knockout mice, in which renal I/R injury is less severe than in control mice, renal I/R-induced IL-6 production was also less than that in controls. In angiopoietin-like 3-deficient mice, which were hypolipidemic, renal dysfunction and renal IL-6 level after I/R were similar to those of control mice. Our data indicate that the presence of experimental hyperlipidemia may be associated with a decreased risk of renal I/R injury, possibly mediated by reduced renal IL-6 production after the insult and extend the notion that an anti-IL6 agent would be useful for the treatment of acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sharyo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Miyazaki, Japan
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Nakagami H, Osako MK, Takami Y, Hanayama R, Koriyama H, Mori M, Hayashi H, Shimizu H, Morishita R. Vascular protective effects of ezetimibe in ApoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2009; 203:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Holmberg E, Zhang SX, Sarmiere PD, Kluge BR, White JT, Doolen S. Statins decrease chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression and acute astrocyte activation in central nervous system injury. Exp Neurol 2008; 214:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tang QO, Tran GT, Gamie Z, Graham S, Tsialogiannis E, Tsiridis E, Linder T, Tsiridis E. Statins: under investigation for increasing bone mineral density and augmenting fracture healing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1435-63. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.10.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sharyo S, Yokota-Ikeda N, Mori M, Kumagai K, Uchida K, Ito K, Burne-Taney MJ, Rabb H, Ikeda M. Pravastatin improves renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. Kidney Int 2008; 74:577-84. [PMID: 18509318 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Statins are known to lessen the severity of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The present study was undertaken to define the mechanism of renoprotective actions of statins using a mouse kidney injury model. Treatment of mice with pravastatin, a widely used statin, improved renal function after renal ischemia-reperfusion without lowering the plasma cholesterol level. Administration of pravastatin with mevalonate, a product of HMG-CoA reductase, eliminated renal protection suggesting an effect of pravastatin on mevalonate or its metabolism. In hypercholestrolemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice with reduced HMG-CoA reductase activity; the degree of injury was less severe than in control mice, however, there was no protective action of pravastatin on renal injury in the knockout mice. Treatment with a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (L-744832) mimicked pravastatin's protective effect but co-administration with the statin provided no additional protection. Both pravastatin and L-744832 inhibited the injury-induced increase in plasma IL-6 concentration to a similar extent. Our results suggest the protective effect of pravastatin on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by inhibition of the mevalonate-isoprenoid pathway independent of its lipid lowering action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sharyo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Kumar AS, Benz CC, Shim V, Minami CA, Moore DH, Esserman LJ. Estrogen Receptor–Negative Breast Cancer Is Less Likely to Arise among Lipophilic Statin Users. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wu H, Lu D, Jiang H, Xiong Y, Qu C, Li B, Mahmood A, Zhou D, Chopp M. Simvastatin-mediated upregulation of VEGF and BDNF, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and increase of neurogenesis are associated with therapeutic improvement after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:130-9. [PMID: 18260796 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of simvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, on the Akt-mediated signaling pathway and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: (1) sham group (n = 8); (2) saline control group (n = 40); and (3) simvastatin-treated group (n = 40). Controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury was performed over the left parietal lobe. Simvastatin was administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg starting at day 1 after TBI and then daily for 14 days. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected intraperitoneally into rats. A modified Morris Water Maze (WM) task was performed between 31 and 35 days after treatment to test spatial memory (n = 8/group). Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 35 days after treatment (n = 8/group/time point). Western blot was utilized to investigate the changes in the Akt-mediated signaling pathway. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses were employed to measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) expression. Immunohistochemical and fluorescent staining were performed to detect the BrdU- and neuronal nuclei (NeuN)/BrdU-positive cells. Our data show that simvastatin treatment increases phosphorylation of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), and cAMP response element-binding proteins (CREB); elevates the expression of BDNF and VEGF in the DG; increases cell proliferation and differentiation in the DG; and enhances the recovery of spatial learning. These data suggest that the neurorestorative effect of simvastatin may be mediated through activation of the Akt-mediated signaling pathway, subsequently upregulating expression of growth factors and inducing neurogenesis in the DG of the hippocampus, thereby leading to restoration of cognitive function after TBI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Charbonneau F, Anderson TJ, Title L, Jobin J, Poirier P, Huyhn T, Chan S, Walling A, Hutchison S, Tran T, Lonn E, Buithieu J, Genest J. Modulation of arterial reactivity using amlodipine and atorvastatin measured by ultrasound examination (MARGAUX). Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:420-7. [PMID: 17673219 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine on endothelial function in normotensive patients with coronary disease taking concomitant atorvastatin therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Atorvastatin was titrated (10-80 mg/day) to maintain LDL-C<2.5 mmol/L and patients were randomized to receive amlodipine (5-10mg/day, n=64) or placebo (n=70) for 12 months. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was assessed using vascular ultrasound. Inflammatory markers were also measured. At 12 months there was a significant decrease in mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (4.4-2.1 mmol/L, P<0.0001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (3.8-2.3mg/L, P<0.0001) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) (710-665 ng/mL, P<0.0001) for all patients, compared with baseline. Amlodipine was associated with a mean blood pressure reduction of 8/3 mm Hg (P<0.0001) whereas patients on placebo had no significant change. In the atorvastatin-placebo group, mean FMD increased (7.3-9.5%, P<0.05) with no change in nitroglycerin-mediated dilation. No further benefit on FMD or inflammatory markers was observed with the addition of amlodipine. CONCLUSIONS Intensive reduction of LDL-C with atorvastatin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduces markers of inflammation in patients with coronary disease. Amlodipine was not associated with a significant additional benefit on these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Charbonneau
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Luthra S, Dong J, Gramajo AL, Chwa M, Kim DW, Neekhra A, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. 7-Ketocholesterol activates caspases-3/7, -8, and -12 in human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Microvasc Res 2008; 75:343-50. [PMID: 18068200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7-Ketocholesterol (7kCh) is a major oxysterol found associated with vascular diseases. Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were cultured with different concentrations of 7kCh with and without inhibitors. Cell viabilities and caspase activities were assessed. 7kCh caused loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Caspases-8, -12, and -3/7 but not caspase-9 were activated by 7kCh treatment. The 7kCh-induced caspase-8 activity was blocked partially by pre-treatment with z-VAD-fmk and z-IETD-fmk, a caspase-8 inhibitor. However, pre-treatment with z-ATAD-fmk, a caspase-12 inhibitor, followed by 7kCh exposure lead to significantly increased caspase-8 activity. This suggests that caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways have unique inhibition patterns and that caspase-12 is likely not upstream and feeding into caspase-8 but the pathways may function in parallel to each other. Caspase-3/7 activation was inhibited partially by low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), z-VAD-fmk (pan-caspase inhibitor), and low doses (0.01 and 0.001 microM) of the cholesterol lowering drug, simvastatin. However, only LDL partially protected against 7kCh-induced loss of cell viability suggesting that caspase-independent pathways also contributed to the cell loss and that protection from oxysterol damage may require inhibition of multiple pathways. Moreover, our data suggest that oxysterols such as 7kCh can damage HMVECs cells in part via caspase-dependent apoptosis and may play a role in vascular and retinal diseases.
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Campbell MJ, Esserman LJ, Zhou Y, Shoemaker M, Lobo M, Borman E, Baehner F, Kumar AS, Adduci K, Marx C, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, Winters M, Benz S, Benz CC. Breast cancer growth prevention by statins. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8707-14. [PMID: 16951186 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with pleiotropic activities including inhibition of isoprenylation reactions and reduction of signals driving cell proliferation and survival responses. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of statins on breast cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo, and to begin to determine their mechanism of action. We evaluated the effects of statins on breast cancer cell growth, phosphoprotein signaling intermediates, survival/apoptosis regulators, cell cycle regulators, and activated transcription factors. We also examined the in vivo effect of statin administration in a mouse ErbB2(+) breast cancer model. Only lipophilic statins had direct anticancer activity in vitro. Breast cancer cells with activated Ras or ErbB2 pathways seemed to be more sensitive than those overexpressing estrogen receptor, and this correlated with endogenous levels of activated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Key intermediates regulating cell survival by NF-kappaB activation, as well as cell proliferation by the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade, were among the earliest phosphoproteins influenced by statin treatment. These early effects were followed by declines in activator protein-1 and NF-kappaB activation and concordant changes in other mediators of proliferation and apoptosis. In vivo results showed that oral dosing of statins significantly inhibited the growth of a mouse mammary carcinoma. Lipophilic statins can exert direct anticancer activity in vitro by reducing proliferation and survival signals in susceptible breast cancer phenotypes. Tumor growth inhibition in vivo using a clinically relevant statin dose also seems to be associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and survival. These findings provide supporting rationale for future statin trials in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Campbell
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, Room C342, 1600 Divisadero, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Comparison of biochemical effects of statins and fish oil in brain: the battle of the titans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:443-71. [PMID: 17959252 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural membranes are composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol and proteins. The distribution of these lipids within the neural membrane is not random but organized. Neural membranes contain lipid rafts or microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. These rafts act as platforms for the generation of glycerophospholipid-, sphingolipid-, and cholesterol-derived second messengers, lipid mediators that are necessary for normal cellular function. Glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators include eicosanoids, docosanoids, lipoxins, and platelet-activating factor. Sphingolipid-derived lipid mediators include ceramides, ceramide 1-phosphates, and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Cholesterol-derived lipid mediators include 24-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol. Abnormal signal transduction processes and enhanced production of lipid mediators cause oxidative stress and inflammation. These processes are closely associated with the pathogenesis of acute neural trauma (stroke, spinal cord injury, and head injury) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Statins, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are effective lipid lowering agents that significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Beneficial effects of statins in neurological diseases are due to their anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have similar anti-excitotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in brain tissue. Thus the lipid mediators, resolvins, protectins, and neuroprotectins, derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid retard neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death in brain tissue. Like statins, ingredients of fish oil inhibit generation of beta-amyloid and provide protection from oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Collective evidence suggests that antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of statins and fish oil contribute to the clinical efficacy of treating neurological disorders with statins and fish oil. We speculate that there is an overlap between neurochemical events associated with neural cell injury in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. This commentary compares the neurochemical effects of statins with those of fish oil.
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