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Elzahhar P, Belal ASF, Elamrawy F, Helal NA, Nounou MI. Bioconjugation in Drug Delivery: Practical Perspectives and Future Perceptions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2000:125-182. [PMID: 31148014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9516-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the past three decades, pharmaceutical research has been mainly converging to novel carrier systems and nanoparticulate colloidal technologies for drug delivery, such as nanoparticles, nanospheres, vesicular systems, liposomes, or nanocapsules to impart novel functions and targeting abilities. Such technologies opened the gate towards more sophisticated and effective multi-acting platform(s) which can offer site-targeting, imaging, and treatment using a single multifunctional system. Unfortunately, such technologies faced major intrinsic hurdles including high cost, low stability profile, short shelf-life, and poor reproducibility across and within production batches leading to harsh bench-to-bedside transformation.Currently, pharmaceutical industry along with academic research is investing heavily in bioconjugate structures as an appealing and advantageous alternative to nanoparticulate delivery systems with all its flexible benefits when it comes to custom design and tailor grafting along with avoiding most of its shortcomings. Bioconjugation is a ubiquitous technique that finds a multitude of applications in different branches of life sciences, including drug and gene delivery applications, biological assays, imaging, and biosensing.Bioconjugation is simple, easy, and generally a one-step drug (active pharmaceutical ingredient) conjugation, using various smart biocompatible, bioreducible, or biodegradable linkers, to targeting agents, PEG layer, or another drug. In this chapter, the different types of bioconjugates, the techniques used throughout the course of their synthesis and characterization, as well as the well-established synthetic approaches used for their formulation are presented. In addition, some exemplary representatives are outlined with greater emphasis on the practical tips and tricks of the most prominent techniques such as click chemistry, carbodiimide coupling, and avidin-biotin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Elzahhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatema Elamrawy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nada A Helal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ismail Nounou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Physician Assistant Studies (SOPPAS), University of Saint Joseph (USJ), Hartford, CT, USA.
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Senapati S, Biswas S, Manna S, Ros R, Lindsay S, Zhang P. A Y-Shaped Three-Arm Structure for Probing Bivalent Interactions between Protein Receptor-Ligand Using AFM and SPR. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6930-6940. [PMID: 29783836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to develop linkage chemistry for the study of bivalent interactions between a receptor and its ligand using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We conceived a three-arm structure composed of flexible chains connected to a large rigid core with orthogonal functional groups at their ends for formation and attachment (or immobilization) of bivalent ligands. To demonstrate the principle, we chose the well-known biotin-streptavidin interaction as a model system. On the basis of a crystal structure of the biotin-streptavidin complex, we designed and synthesized a bisbiotin ligand to have a Y shape with two biotin motifs on its arms for binding and a functional group on its stem for immobilization or attachment, referred to as y-bisbiotin. First, we found that the y-bisbiotin ligand stabilized the streptavidin more than its monobiotin counterpart did in solution, which indicates that the bivalent interaction was synergistic. The y-bisbiotin was attached to AFM tips through a click reaction for the force measurement experiments, which showed that unbinding the bisbiotin from streptavidin needed twice the force of unbinding a monobiotin. For the SPR study, we added a ω-thiolated alkyl chain to y-bisbiotin for its incorporation into a monolayer. The SPR data indicated that the streptavidin dissociated from a mixed monolayer bearing y-bisbiotin much slower than from the one bearing monobiotin. This work demonstrates unique chemistry for the study of bivalent interactions using AFM and SPR.
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Meyer JP, Adumeau P, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. Click Chemistry and Radiochemistry: The First 10 Years. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2791-2807. [PMID: 27787983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of click chemistry has had a profound influence on almost all branches of chemical science. This is particularly true of radiochemistry and the synthesis of agents for positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and targeted radiotherapy. The selectivity, ease, rapidity, and modularity of click ligations make them nearly ideally suited for the construction of radiotracers, a process that often involves working with biomolecules in aqueous conditions with inexorably decaying radioisotopes. In the following pages, our goal is to provide a broad overview of the first 10 years of research at the intersection of click chemistry and radiochemistry. The discussion will focus on four areas that we believe underscore the critical advantages provided by click chemistry: (i) the use of prosthetic groups for radiolabeling reactions, (ii) the creation of coordination scaffolds for radiometals, (iii) the site-specific radiolabeling of proteins and peptides, and (iv) the development of strategies for in vivo pretargeting. Particular emphasis will be placed on the four most prevalent click reactions-the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction (IEDDA), and the Staudinger ligation-although less well-known click ligations will be discussed as well. Ultimately, it is our hope that this review will not only serve to educate readers but will also act as a springboard, inspiring synthetic chemists and radiochemists alike to harness click chemistry in even more innovative and ambitious ways as we embark upon the second decade of this fruitful collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Adumeau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , 520 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10028, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College , 520 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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Chakravarty R, Hong H, Cai W. Image-Guided Drug Delivery with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography: A Review of Literature. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:592-609. [PMID: 25182469 DOI: 10.2174/1389450115666140902125657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous resources are being invested all over the world for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of cancer. Successful cancer management depends on accurate diagnosis of the disease along with precise therapeutic protocol. The conventional systemic drug delivery approaches generally cannot completely remove the competent cancer cells without surpassing the toxicity limits to normal tissues. Therefore, development of efficient drug delivery systems holds prime importance in medicine and healthcare. Also, molecular imaging can play an increasingly important and revolutionizing role in disease management. Synergistic use of molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery approaches provides unique opportunities in a relatively new area called 'image-guided drug delivery' (IGDD). Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is the most widely used nuclear imaging modality in clinical context and is increasingly being used to guide targeted therapeutics. The innovations in material science have fueled the development of efficient drug carriers based on, polymers, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, microparticles, nanoparticles, etc. Efficient utilization of these drug carriers along with SPECT imaging technology have the potential to transform patient care by personalizing therapy to the individual patient, lessening the invasiveness of conventional treatment procedures and rapidly monitoring the therapeutic efficacy. SPECT-IGDD is not only effective for the treatment of cancer but might also find utility in the management of several other diseases. Herein, we provide a concise overview of the latest advances in SPECT-IGDD procedures and discuss the challenges and opportunities for advancement of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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Ren WX, Han J, Uhm S, Jang YJ, Kang C, Kim JH, Kim JS. Recent development of biotin conjugation in biological imaging, sensing, and target delivery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:10403-18. [PMID: 26021457 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03075g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite encouraging results from preliminary studies of anticancer therapies, the lack of tumor specificity remains an important issue in the modern pharmaceutical industry. New findings indicate that biotin or biotin-conjugates could be favorably assimilated by tumor cells that over-express biotin-selective transporters. Furthermore, biotin can form stable complexes with avidin and its bacterial counterpart streptavidin. The strong bridging between avidin and biotin moieties on other molecules is a proven adaptable tool with broad biological applications. Under these circumstances, a biotin moiety is certainly an attractive choice for live-cell imaging, biosensing, and target delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xiu Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea.
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Ennen F, Fenner P, Stoychev G, Boye S, Lederer A, Voit B, Appelhans D. Coil-like Enzymatic Biohybrid Structures Fabricated by Rational Design: Controlling Size and Enzyme Activity over Sequential Nanoparticle Bioconjugation and Filtration Steps. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6261-8. [PMID: 26905671 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined enzymatic biohybrid structures (BHS) composed of avidin, biotinylated poly(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers, and biotinylated horseradish peroxidase were fabricated by a sequential polyassociation reaction to adopt directed enzyme prodrug therapy to protein-glycopolymer BHS for potential biomedical applications. To tailor and gain fundamental insight into pivotal properties such as size and molar mass of these BHS, the dependence on the fabrication sequence was probed and thoroughly investigated by several complementary methods (e.g., UV/vis, DLS, cryoTEM, AF4-LS). Subsequent purification by hollow fiber filtration allowed us to obtain highly pure and well-defined BHS. Overall, by rational design and control of preparation parameters, e.g., fabrication sequence, ligand-receptor stoichiometry, and degree of biotinylation, well-defined BHS with stable and even strongly enhanced enzymatic activities can be achieved. Open coil-like structures of BHS with few branches are available by the sequential bioconjugation approach between synthetic and biological macromolecules possessing similar size dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Ennen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Fenner
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. , Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Ennen F, Fenner P, Boye S, Lederer A, Komber H, Voit B, Appelhans D. Sphere-Like Protein–Glycopolymer Nanostructures Tailored by Polyassociation. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:32-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franka Ennen
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Fenner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Boye
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschunng Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Mavrogiannopoulou E, Petrou PS, Koukouvinos G, Yannoukakos D, Siafaka-Kapadai A, Fornal K, Awsiuk K, Budkowski A, Kakabakos SE. Improved DNA microarray detection sensitivity through immobilization of preformed in solution streptavidin/biotinylated oligonucleotide conjugates. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 128:464-472. [PMID: 25805150 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel immobilization approach involving binding of preformed streptavidin/biotinylated oligonucleotide conjugates onto surfaces coated with biotinylated bovine serum albumin is presented. Microarrays prepared according to the proposed method were compared, in terms of detection sensitivity and specificity, with other immobilization schemes employing coupling of biotinylated oligonucleotides onto directly adsorbed surface streptavidin, or sequential coupling of streptavidin and biotinylated oligonucleotides onto a layer of adsorbed biotinylated bovine serum albumin. A comparison was performed employing biotinylated oligonucleotides corresponding to wild- and mutant-type sequences of seven single point mutations of the BRCA1 gene. With respect to the other immobilization protocols, the proposed oligonucleotide immobilization approach offered the highest hybridization signals (at least 5 times higher) and permitted more elaborative washings, thus providing considerably higher discrimination between complimentary and non-complementary DNA sequences for all mutations tested. In addition, the hybridization kinetics were significantly enhanced compared to two other immobilization protocols, permitting PCR sample analysis in less than 40 min. Thus, the proposed oligonucleotide immobilization approach offered improved detection sensitivity and discrimination ability along with considerably reduced analysis time, and it is expected to find wide application in DNA mutation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mavrogiannopoulou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - P S Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - G Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - D Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - A Siafaka-Kapadai
- Biochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, GR-15771 Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - K Fornal
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - K Awsiuk
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - A Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - S E Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.
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Chakravarty R, Hong H, Cai W. Positron emission tomography image-guided drug delivery: current status and future perspectives. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3777-97. [PMID: 24865108 PMCID: PMC4218872 DOI: 10.1021/mp500173s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Positron
emission tomography (PET) is an important modality in
the field of molecular imaging, which is gradually impacting patient
care by providing safe, fast, and reliable techniques that help to
alter the course of patient care by revealing invasive, de facto procedures
to be unnecessary or rendering them obsolete. Also, PET provides a
key connection between the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology
of disease and the according targeted therapies. Recently, PET imaging
is also gaining ground in the field of drug delivery. Current drug
delivery research is focused on developing novel drug delivery systems
with emphasis on precise targeting, accurate dose delivery, and minimal
toxicity in order to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy. At the
intersection between PET imaging and controlled drug delivery, interest
has grown in combining both these paradigms into clinically effective
formulations. PET image-guided drug delivery has great potential to
revolutionize patient care by in vivo assessment
of drug biodistribution and accumulation at the target site and real-time
monitoring of the therapeutic outcome. The expected end point of this
approach is to provide fundamental support for the optimization of
innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that could contribute
to emerging concepts in the field of “personalized medicine”.
This review focuses on the recent developments in PET image-guided
drug delivery and discusses intriguing opportunities for future development.
The preclinical data reported to date are quite promising, and it
is evident that such strategies in cancer management hold promise
for clinically translatable advances that can positively impact the
overall diagnostic and therapeutic processes and result in enhanced
quality of life for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubel Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, United States
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Bingham JP, Andrews EA, Kiyabu SM, Cabalteja CC. Drugs from slugs. Part II--conopeptide bioengineering. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 200:92-113. [PMID: 23063744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological transformation of toxins as research probes, or as pharmaceutical drug leads, is an onerous and drawn out process. Issues regarding changes to pharmacological specificity, desired potency, and bioavailability are compounded naturally by their inherent toxicity. These often scuttle their progress as they move up the narrowing drug development pipeline. Yet one class of peptide toxins, from the genus Conus, has in many ways spearheaded the expansion of new peptide bioengineering techniques to aid peptide toxin pharmaceutical development. What has now emerged is the sequential bioengineering of new research probes and drug leads that owe their lineage to these highly potent and isoform specific peptides. Here we discuss the progressive bioengineering steps that many conopeptides have transitioned through, and specifically illustrate some of the biochemical approaches that have been established to maximize their biological research potential and pharmaceutical worth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Paul Bingham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Dhingra Verma K, Mishra A, Engelmann J, Beyerlein M, Maier ME, Logothetis NK. Magnetic-Field-Dependent 1H Relaxivity Behavior of Biotin/Avidin-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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How the biotin-streptavidin interaction was made even stronger: investigation via crystallography and a chimaeric tetramer. Biochem J 2011; 435:55-63. [PMID: 21241253 PMCID: PMC3062853 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between SA (streptavidin) and biotin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions in Nature. SA is a widely used tool and a paradigm for protein–ligand interactions. We previously developed a SA mutant, termed Tr (traptavidin), possessing a 10-fold lower off-rate for biotin, with increased mechanical and thermal stability. In the present study, we determined the crystal structures of apo-Tr and biotin–Tr at 1.5 Å resolution. In apo-SA the loop (L3/4), near biotin's valeryl tail, is typically disordered and open, but closes upon biotin binding. In contrast, L3/4 was shut in both apo-Tr and biotin–Tr. The reduced flexibility of L3/4 and decreased conformational change on biotin binding provide an explanation for Tr's reduced biotin off- and on-rates. L3/4 includes Ser45, which forms a hydrogen bond to biotin consistently in Tr, but erratically in SA. Reduced breakage of the biotin–Ser45 hydrogen bond in Tr is likely to inhibit the initiating event in biotin's dissociation pathway. We generated a Tr with a single biotin-binding site rather than four, which showed a simi-larly low off-rate, demonstrating that Tr's low off-rate was governed by intrasubunit effects. Understanding the structural features of this tenacious interaction may assist the design of even stronger affinity tags and inhibitors.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of a semiempirical pretargeting model now under development. After a brief review of the pretargeting concept, the strategies available, and the complexities of optimizing the dosage and timing, a semiempirical model is described that is not only capable of optimizing dosage and timing but also capable of predicting the results of pretargeting as a function of most pretargeting variables. The model requires knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of both the pretargeting agent (usually an antibody) and the effector, the accessibility of the pretargeting antibody for the effector, and their quantitative relationships in vivo. Several misconceptions that often surround pretargeting are also clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Hassen WM, Angnes L, Abdelghani A, Bessueille F, Leonard D, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Under flow impedimetric measurements using magnetic particles for label-free detection affinity target. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Functionality screen of streptavidin mutants by non-denaturing SDS-PAGE using biotin-4-fluorescein. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2008. [PMID: 18287650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-579-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis or directed evolution of proteins often leads to the production of inactive mutants. For streptavidin and related proteins, mutations may lead to the loss of their biotin-binding properties. With high-throughput screening methodologies in mind, it is imperative to detect, prior to the high-density protein production, the bacteria that produce non-functional streptavidin isoforms. Based on the incorporation of biotin-4-fluorescein in streptavidin mutants present in Escherichia coli bacterial extracts, we detail a functional screen that allows the identification of biotin-binding streptavidin variants. Bacteria are cultivated in a small volume, followed by a rapid treatment of the cells; biotin-4-fluorescein is added to the bacterial extract and loaded on an Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly-Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under non-denaturing conditions. Revealing is performed using a UV transilluminator. This screen is thus easy to implement, cheap and requires only readily available equipment.
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Mallikaratchy P, Tang Z, Kwame S, Meng L, Shangguan D, Tan W. Aptamer directly evolved from live cells recognizes membrane bound immunoglobin heavy mu chain in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:2230-8. [PMID: 17875608 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700026-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of tumor related cell membrane protein targets is important in understanding tumor progression, the development of new diagnostic tools, and potentially for identifying new therapeutic targets. Here we present a novel strategy for identifying proteins that are altered in their expression levels in a diseased cell using cell specific aptamers. Using an intact viable B-cell Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Ramos cells) as the target, we have selected aptamers that recognize cell membrane proteins with high affinity. Among the selected aptamers that showed different recognition patterns with different cell lines of leukemia, the aptamer TD05 showed binding with Ramos cells. By chemically modifying TD05 to covalently cross-link with its target on Ramos cells to capture and to enrich the target receptors using streptavidin coated magnetic beads followed by mass spectrometry, we were able to identify membrane bound immunoglobin heavy mu chain as the target for TD05 aptamer. Immunoglobin heavy mu chain is a major component of the B-cell antigen receptor, which is expressed in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. This study demonstrates that this two step strategy, the development of high quality aptamer probes and then the identification of their target proteins, can be used to discover new disease related potential markers and thus enhance tumor diagnosis and therapy. The aptamer based strategy will enable effective molecular elucidation of disease related biomarkers and other interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabodhika Mallikaratchy
- Department of Chemistry, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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DeChancie J, Houk K. The origins of femtomolar protein-ligand binding: hydrogen-bond cooperativity and desolvation energetics in the biotin-(strept)avidin binding site. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5419-29. [PMID: 17417839 PMCID: PMC2527462 DOI: 10.1021/ja066950n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unusually strong reversible binding of biotin by avidin and streptavidin has been investigated by density functional and MP2 ab initio quantum mechanical methods. The solvation of biotin by water has also been studied through QM/MM/MC calculations. The ureido moiety of biotin in the bound state hydrogen bonds to five residues, three to the carbonyl oxygen and one for each--NH group. These five hydrogen bonds act cooperatively, leading to stabilization that is larger than the sum of individual hydrogen-bonding energies. The charged aspartate is the key residue that provides the driving force for cooperativity in the hydrogen-bonding network for both avidin and streptavidin by greatly polarizing the urea of biotin. If the residue is removed, the network is disrupted, and the attenuation of the energetic contributions from the neighboring residues results in significant reduction of cooperative interactions. Aspartate is directly hydrogen-bonded with biotin in streptavidin and is one residue removed in avidin. The hydrogen-bonding groups in streptavidin are computed to give larger cooperative hydrogen-bonding effects than avidin. However, the net gain in electrostatic binding energy is predicted to favor the avidin-bicyclic urea complex due to the relatively large penalty for desolvation of the streptavidin binding site (specifically expulsion of bound water molecules). QM/MM/MC calculations involving biotin and the ureido moiety in aqueous solution, featuring PDDG/PM3, show that water interactions with the bicyclic urea are much weaker than (strept)avidin interactions due to relatively low polarization of the urea group in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason DeChancie
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K.N. Houk
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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Hsu ER, Anslyn EV, Dharmawardhane S, Alizadeh-Naderi R, Aaron JS, Sokolov KV, El-Naggar AK, Gillenwater A, Richards-Kortum RR. A far-red fluorescent contrast agent to image epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Park JI, Kim HI, Lee HW, Kang SY, Jang JH, Park JS, Choi JH, Lim HY, Kim HC. Identification of Leukemia Surface Proteins Using a Proteomic Technique. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2006.41.4.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Il Park
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoung Il Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seok Yun Kang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Jang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Hyuk Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hugh Chul Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Aslan FM, Yu Y, Mohr SC, Cantor CR. Engineered single-chain dimeric streptavidins with an unexpected strong preference for biotin-4-fluorescein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8507-12. [PMID: 15939877 PMCID: PMC1150841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503112102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptavidin, a homotetrameric protein with extremely tight biotin binding (K(d) < or = 10(-14) M), has been widely used as an affinity reagent. Its utility would be increased by engineering single-chain mutants with a wide spectrum of affinities, more suitable for phage-display and chip technologies. By a circular permutation procedure, we converted streptavidin to a single-chain dimer (SCD) with two biotin-binding sites and introduced random mutations by error-prone PCR. Clones from a phagemid library, expressed as gene-3 fusion proteins on M13 bacteriophage, were panned with biotinylated beads, and SCD genes from affinity-enriched phage were subcloned to produce soluble proteins. Purification of products from the original gene and two mutants by FPLC and analysis by MALDI-TOF MS showed they exist in both dimeric (single-chain) and tetrameric (two-chain) forms, which were further characterized for their binding affinity to biotin-4-fluorescein (B4F) by fluorescence polarization and intensity measurements. K'(d) values for B4F ranged from approximately 10(-11) to 10(-10) M, although K(d) values for biotin ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-5) M. These results point to the possibility of combining an SCD streptavidin mutant with B4F derivatives to create a fluorescence-tagged affinity system with tight but still-reversible interaction that could be used sequentially with ordinary streptavidin-biotin for composite separation or analysis steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz M Aslan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, and Biomolecular Engineering Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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21
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Välimaa L, Pettersson K, Rosenberg J, Karp M, Lövgren T. Quantification of streptavidin adsorption in microtitration wells. Anal Biochem 2005; 331:376-84. [PMID: 15265745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptavidin-coated microtitration plates have an important role as a solid phase in clinical diagnostics. We have designed techniques for evaluating quantitative and functional aspects of streptavidin adsorbed in microtitration wells. The theoretical monolayer adsorption capacity was modeled based on the molecular dimensions of the protein. Adsorbed streptavidin was quantified by direct labeling of protein with terbium chelate and with a sensitive bicinchoninic acid-based protein assay. A new small molecular weight (1037Da) reporter molecule, a europium-labeled biotin (Eu-biotin), was synthesized and used for monitoring adsorption and for determination of biotin-binding capacities of the streptavidin-coated wells. The theoretical monolayer adsorption of streptavidin yielded 6.20 pmol/cm(2) (370 ng) and consequently the theoretical adsorption capacity of a C12-format microtitration well (200 microl liquid, coated area 1.54 cm(2)) was 9.55 pmol/well (570 ng). Adsorption properties of streptavidin from two suppliers were tested, one of which yielded 350-380 ng/well while the other yielded over 500 ng/well. The biotin binding capacities were about 11 and 14 pmol/well, respectively. We managed to quantify surface-adsorbed streptavidin with sensitive fluorescence and protein measurement methods in the microtitration well. The new Eu-biotin reporter molecule enabled an exact and convenient determination of the biotin-binding capacities of streptavidin surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Välimaa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6 A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Hsu ER, Anslyn EV, Dharmawardhane S, Alizadeh-Naderi R, Aaron JS, Sokolov KV, El-Naggar AK, Gillenwater AM, Richards-Kortum RR. A far-red fluorescent contrast agent to image epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:272-9. [PMID: 15115300 DOI: 10.1562/fr-03-15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in optical technologies have the potential to improve the speed and accuracy of screening and diagnosis of curable precancerous lesions and early cancer, thereby decreasing the costs of detection and management of epithelial malignancies. The development of molecular-specific contrast agents for markers of early neoplastic transformation could improve the detection and molecular characterization of premalignant lesions. In the oral cavity, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression has been identified in early stages of premalignant lesions of the oral squamous cell carcinoma; therefore, real-time assessment of EGFR expression could serve as a biomarker for oral neoplasia. The purpose of our study was to develop a molecular-specific optical contrast agent targeted against EGFR for in vivo assessment of epithelial neoplasia using a monoclonal antibody and the far-red fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 660 streptavidin. In addition to demonstrating the specificity of the contrast agent for EGFR in cell lines, we document the ability to achieve penetration through 500 microm thick epithelial layers using multilayer tissue constructs and permeability-enhancing agents. Finally, using the fluorescence intensity of the contrast agent on fresh oral cavity tissue sections, we were able to distinguish abnormal from normal oral tissue. This contrast agent should have important clinical applications for use in conjunction with fluorescence spectroscopy or imaging (or both) to facilitate tumor detection and demarcation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Abstract
A major focus of current drug research is to improve drug targeting to internal target sites such as to solid tumors or specific organs. The objective of drug targeting, especially for cancer chemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy, is to enhance the effectiveness of the drug by concentrating it at the target site and minimizing its effects in nontarget sites. Although tumor targeting has been obtained with large long-circulating radiolabeled antibody molecules, normal organ activity, especially in the blood kidneys, liver, and bone marrow is a significant problem. Over the last 20 years, studies to improve the therapeutic use of antibodies have included the use of antibody fragments, chase molecules, metabolizable linkers, antibody-directed enzyme prodrugs (ADEPT), local delivery, and pretargeting. Here, we will review the most interesting recent advances in pretargeting biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Goodwin
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Liu G, Liu C, Zhang S, He J, Liu N, Gupta S, Rusckowski M, Hnatowich DJ. Investigations of 99mTc morpholino pretargeting in mice. Nucl Med Commun 2003; 24:697-705. [PMID: 12766607 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200306000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This laboratory is exploring the use of morpholinos (MORFs), synthetic DNA analogues, for nuclear medicine applications, including pretargeting. The anti-CEA antibody MN14 was conjugated with an 18 mer MORF and with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) for 111In labelling. In a dual label pretargeting study, tumour-bearing nude mice received different doses of (MN14-DTPA-111In+MN14-MORF) followed, at various times after i.v. injection, by 0.15 microg complementary MORF (cMORF) radiolabelled with 99mTc via MAG(3). Animals were killed 3 h thereafter and tissues were counted for both radionuclides. The 99mTc-cMORF was also administered to tumour bearing mice that, 2 days previously, had received different doses of unlabelled MN14-MORF IgG or, as control, unlabelled Sandoglobulin IgG-MORF (Sandoz-MORF). Tumour uptake was higher at all time points for the labelled antibody itself versus labelled cMORF (8-10 vs 1.3-2.3%ID/g, respectively) in part due to the rapid clearance of cMORF through the kidneys. However, target to non-target ratios were superior for pretargeting at all time points and in all tissue except blood and kidneys. By pretargeting alone, these ratios were highest in all tissues for 15 microg compared to higher MN14-MORF dosages and in all cases were superior to that of the Sandoz-MORF control. The superior target to non-target ratios for pretargeting can be partially explained through calculations based on both radiolabels: after 24 h, only 0-6% of MORF on MN14 was bound by 99mTc-cMORF in liver and spleen suggesting that the antibody is sequestered in these organs and 'invisible' to labelled MORF. Fortunately, this was not the case in tumours in which 50-60% was bound. It is concluded that pretargeting using MORFs provided encouraging results in one mouse model/anti-tumour antibody system. The advantages of pretargeting in this model were evident in the superior target to non-target ratios obtained over conventional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655-0243, USA
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Shin BK, Wang H, Yim AM, Le Naour F, Brichory F, Jang JH, Zhao R, Puravs E, Tra J, Michael CW, Misek DE, Hanash SM. Global profiling of the cell surface proteome of cancer cells uncovers an abundance of proteins with chaperone function. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7607-16. [PMID: 12493773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210455200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently limited data available pertaining to the global characterization of the cell surface proteome. We have implemented a strategy for the comprehensive profiling and identification of surface membrane proteins. This strategy has been applied to cancer cells, including the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, the A549 lung adenocarcinoma, the LoVo colon adenocarcinoma, and the Sup-B15 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B cell) cell lines and ovarian tumor cells. Surface membrane proteins of viable, intact cells were subjected to biotinylation then affinity-captured and purified on monomeric avidin columns. The biotinylated proteins were eluted from the monomeric avidin columns as intact proteins and were subsequently separated by two-dimensional PAGE, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and visualized by hybridization with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase. Highly reproducible, but distinct, two-dimensional patterns consisting of several hundred biotinylated proteins were obtained for the different cell populations analyzed. Identification of a subset of biotinylated proteins among the different cell populations analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and tandem mass spectrometry uncovered proteins with a restricted expression pattern in some cell line(s), such as CD87 and the activin receptor type IIB. We also identified more widely expressed proteins, such as CD98, and a sushi repeat-containing protein, a member of the selectin family. Remarkably, a set of proteins identified as chaperone proteins were found to be highly abundant on the cell surface, including GRP78, GRP75, HSP70, HSP60, HSP54, HSP27, and protein disulfide isomerase. Comprehensive profiling of the cell surface proteome provides an effective approach for the identification of commonly occurring proteins as well as proteins with restricted expression patterns in this compartment.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Biotinylation
- Blotting, Western
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Fusion Regulatory Protein-1/biosynthesis
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Humans
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Chaperones/biosynthesis
- Molecular Chaperones/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Array Analysis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteome
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Kyung Shin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0656, USA
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Steiger B, Padeste C, Grubelnik A, Tiefenauer L. Charge transport effects in ferrocene–streptavidin multilayers immobilized on electrode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(02)00746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carlsson J, Forssell Aronsson E, Hietala SO, Stigbrand T, Tennvall J. Tumour therapy with radionuclides: assessment of progress and problems. Radiother Oncol 2003; 66:107-17. [PMID: 12648782 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(02)00374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radionuclide therapy is a promising modality for treatment of tumours of haematopoietic origin while the success for treatment of solid tumours so far has been limited. The authors consider radionuclide therapy mainly as a method to eradicate disseminated tumour cells and small metastases while bulky tumours and large metastases have to be treated surgically or by external radiation therapy. The promising therapeutic results for haematological tumours give hope that radionuclide therapy will have a breakthrough also for treatment of disseminated cells from solid tumours. New knowledge related to this is continuously emerging since new molecular target structures are being characterised and the knowledge on pharmacokinetics and cellular processing of different types of targeting agents increases. There is also improved understanding of the factors of importance for the choice of appropriate radionuclides with respect to their decay properties and the therapeutic applications. Furthermore, new methods to modify the uptake of radionuclides in tumour cells and normal tissues are emerging. However, we still need improvements regarding dosimetry and treatment planning as well as an increased knowledge about the tolerance doses for normal tissues and the radiobiological effects on tumour cells. This is especially important in targeted radionuclide therapy where the dose rates often are lower than 1Gy/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Carlsson
- Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ponnazhagan S, Mahendra G, Kumar S, Thompson JA, Castillas M. Conjugate-based targeting of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors by using avidin-linked ligands. J Virol 2002; 76:12900-7. [PMID: 12438615 PMCID: PMC136730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12900-12907.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted vectors, capable of tissue-specific transduction, remains one of the important aspects of vector modification for gene therapy applications. Recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV-2)-based vectors are nonpathogenic, have relatively low immunogenicity, and are capable of long-term transgene expression. AAV-2 vectors bind primarily to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), a receptor that is present in many tissues and cell types. Because of the widespread expression of HSPG on many tissues, targeted transduction in vivo appears to be limited with AAV-2 vectors. Thus, development of strategies to achieve transductional targeting will have a profound benefit in the future application of these vectors. We report here a novel conjugate-based targeting method to enhance tissue-specific transduction of AAV-2-based vectors. The present report utilized a high-affinity biotin-avidin interaction as a molecular bridge to cross-link purified targeting ligands, produced genetically as fusion proteins to core-streptavidin, in a prokaryotic expression system. Conjugation of the bispecific targeting protein to the vector was achieved by biotinylating purified rAAV-2 without abolishing the capsid structure, internalization, and subsequent transgene expression. The tropism-modified vectors, targeted via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or fibroblast growth factor 1alpha receptor (FGFR1alpha), resulted in a significant increase in transduction efficiency of EGFR-positive SKOV3.ip1 cells and FGFR1alpha-positive M07e cells, respectively. Further optimization of this method of targeting should enhance the potential of AAV-2 vectors in ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy and may form the basis for developing targeting methods for other AAV serotype capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Department of Pathology, LHRB 513, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 701 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Press OW, Corcoran M, Subbiah K, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Johnson T, Theodore L, Yau E, Mallett R, Meyer DL, Axworthy D. A comparative evaluation of conventional and pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of CD20-expressing lymphoma xenografts. Blood 2001; 98:2535-43. [PMID: 11588052 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.8.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies is a promising new treatment approach for patients with relapsed B-cell lymphomas. However, the majority of patients treated with conventional radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies eventually have a relapse because the low tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-normal organ ratios of absorbed radioactivity limit the dose that can be safely administered without hematopoietic stem cell support. This study assessed the ability of a streptavidin-biotin "pretargeting" approach to improve the biodistribution of radioactivity in mice bearing Ramos lymphoma xenografts. A pretargeted streptavidin-conjugated anti-CD20 1F5 antibody was infused, followed 24 hours later by a biotinylated N-acetylgalactosamine-containing "clearing agent" and finally 3 hours later by (111)In-labeled DOTA-biotin. Tumor-to-blood ratios were 3:1 or more with pretargeting, compared with 0.5:1 or less with conventional (111)In-1F5. Tumor-to-normal organ ratios of absorbed radioactivity up to 56:1 were observed with pretargeting, but were 6:1 or less with conventional (111)In-1F5. Therapy experiments demonstrated that 400 microCi (14.8 MBq) or more of conventional (90)Y-1F5 was required to obtain major tumor responses, but this dose was associated with lethal toxicity in 100% of mice. In marked contrast, up to 800 microCi (29.6 MBq) (90)Y-DOTA-biotin could be safely administered by the pretargeting approach with only minor toxicity, and 89% of the mice were cured. These data suggest that anti-CD20 pretargeting shows great promise for improving current therapeutic options for B-cell lymphomas and warrants further preclinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O W Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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