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Calverley HLM, Petrass LA, Blitvich JD. A systematic review of alcohol education programs for young people: do these programs change behavior? HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2021; 36:87-99. [PMID: 33306789 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous education programs have addressed young peoples' alcohol use. To date, no peer-reviewed publication has evaluated the effectiveness of such programs delivered across a range of contexts to change alcohol-related behaviors, attitudes and/or knowledge. This systematic review aimed to identify alcohol education programs addressing young people, and determine whether they changed alcohol-related behavior, knowledge and attitudes; and, ascertain components of successful programs. Studies were identified, guided by the PRISMA review process, from the earliest records until June 2020. Included studies (N = 70) comprised an alcohol education program which focused on young people (15-24 years). Forty programs reported behavior changes, and these programs were the highest quality. Others impacted attitudes and/or knowledge only (n = 12); or reported no impacts (n = 17). Recent programs were more likely than older programs to feature online delivery and report behavior changes. To enhance alcohol education, future programs should include the identified quality criteria, alongside process and long-term outcome evaluations, to better monitor effectiveness. Findings indicated some education programs have capacity to positively change alcohol-related behavior; however, outcome consistency varied even in high-quality programs. Alcohol education programs should be designed alongside health education/promotion models and best-practice recommendations, to improve the likelihood of desirable behavior-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L M Calverley
- School of Education, Federation University Australia, University Drive, Mt Helen, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Lauren A Petrass
- School of Education, Federation University Australia, University Drive, Mt Helen, Victoria, 3350, Australia
| | - Jennifer D Blitvich
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, University Drive, Mt Helen, Victoria, 3350, Australia
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Nagy-Pénzes G, Vincze F, Sándor J, Bíró É. Does Better Health-Related Knowledge Predict Favorable Health Behavior in Adolescents? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051680. [PMID: 32143530 PMCID: PMC7084625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of puberty on later health status and behavior is indisputable, which also means that it is worth making intervention efforts during this period of life. However, whether better health-related knowledge is correlated with favorable health behavior in adolescents is an important, still unanswered question. Our objective was to examine this relationship. The participants were ninth-grade secondary school students. Data were collected using anonymous, self-administered questionnaires. The knowledge-related questions were compiled by the authors, while the questions concerning eating habits, physical activity, demographic and socioeconomic data were taken from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey. The relationship between knowledge and behavior was investigated with structural equation modeling adjusted for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. The results demonstrated a good fit to the data, but better knowledge was not related to behavior in our sample. This finding suggests that adolescents’ health behavior is highly influenced by the living context; therefore, appropriate knowledge is necessary but not sufficient to improve adolescents’ behavior. Hence, comprehensive health promotion programs could provide solutions for encouraging healthy behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nagy-Pénzes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, 26. Kassai street, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.N.-P.); (F.V.); (J.S.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, 26. Kassai street, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Vincze
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, 26. Kassai street, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.N.-P.); (F.V.); (J.S.)
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, 26. Kassai street, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.N.-P.); (F.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Éva Bíró
- Division of Health Promotion, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, 26. Kassai street, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-512-765 (ext. 77405)
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Systematic review of universal school-based 'resilience' interventions targeting adolescent tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use: A meta-analysis. Prev Med 2017; 100:248-268. [PMID: 28390835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Universal school-based interventions that address adolescent 'resilience' may represent a means of reducing adolescent substance use, however previous systematic reviews have not examined the effectiveness of such an intervention approach. A systematic review was undertaken to 1) assess whether universal school-based 'resilience' interventions are effective in reducing the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use by adolescents, and 2) describe such effectiveness per intervention characteristic subgroups. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed reports (1994-2015) of randomised controlled trials including participants aged 5-18years that reported adolescent tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use, and implemented a universal school-based 'resilience' intervention (i.e. those addressing both individual (e.g. self-esteem) and environmental (e.g. school connectedness) protective factors of resilience). Trial effects for binary outcomes were synthesised via meta-analyses and effect sizes reported as odds ratios. Subgroup (by intervention type, prevention approach, setting, intervention duration, follow-up length) and sensitivity analyses (excluding studies at high risk of bias) were conducted. Nineteen eligible studies were identified from 16,619 records (tobacco: n=15, alcohol: n=17, illicit: n=11). An overall intervention effect was found for binary measures of illicit substance use (n=10; OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.6-0.93, p=0.007,Tau2=0.0, I2=0%), but not tobacco or alcohol use. A similar result was found when studies assessed as high risk of bias were excluded. Overall intervention effects were evident for illicit substance use within multiple intervention characteristic subgroups, but not tobacco and alcohol. Such results support the implementation of universal school-based interventions that address 'resilience' protective factors to reduce adolescent illicit substance use, however suggest alternate approaches are required for tobacco and alcohol use. PROSPERO registration: CRD42014004906.
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Carney T, Myers BJ, Louw J, Okwundu CI. Brief school-based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance-using adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD008969. [PMID: 26787125 PMCID: PMC7119449 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008969.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance use is a major problem in and of itself, and because it acts as a risk factor for other problem behaviours. As substance use during adolescence can lead to adverse and often long-term health and social consequences, it is important to intervene early in order to prevent progression to more severe problems. Brief interventions have been shown to reduce problematic substance use among adolescents and are especially useful for individuals who have moderately risky patterns of substance use. Such interventions can be conducted in school settings. This review set out to evaluate the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions for adolescent substance use. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions in reducing substance use and other behavioural outcomes among adolescents compared to another intervention or assessment-only conditions. SEARCH METHODS We conducted the original literature search in March 2013 and performed the search update to February 2015. For both review stages (original and update), we searched 10 electronic databases and six websites on evidence-based interventions, and the reference lists of included studies and reviews, from 1966 to February 2015. We also contacted authors and organisations to identify any additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effects of brief school-based interventions for substance-using adolescents.The primary outcomes were reduction or cessation of substance use. The secondary outcomes were engagement in criminal activity and engagement in delinquent or problem behaviours related to substance use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures outlined by The Cochrane Collaboration, including the GRADE approach for evaluating the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included six trials with 1176 adolescents that measured outcomes at different follow-up periods in this review. Three studies with 732 adolescents compared brief interventions (Bls) with information provision only, and three studies with 444 adolescents compared Bls with assessment only. Reasons for downgrading the quality of evidence included risk of bias of the included studies, imprecision, and inconsistency. For outcomes that concern substance abuse, the retrieved studies only assessed alcohol and cannabis. We generally found moderate-quality evidence that, compared to information provision only, BIs did not have a significant effect on any of the substance use outcomes at short-, medium-, or long-term follow-up. They also did not have a significant effect on delinquent-type behaviour outcomes among adolescents. When compared to assessment-only controls, we found low- or very low-quality evidence that BIs reduced cannabis frequency at short-term follow-up in one study (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.14 to -0.53, n = 269). BIs also significantly reduced frequency of alcohol use (SMD -0.91; 95% CI -1.21 to -0.61, n = 242), alcohol abuse (SMD -0.38; 95% CI -0.7 to -0.07, n = 190) and dependence (SMD -0.58; 95% CI -0.9 to -0.26, n = 190), and cannabis abuse (SMD -0.34; 95% CI -0.65 to -0.02, n = 190) at medium-term follow-up in one study. At long-term follow-up, BIs also reduced alcohol abuse (SMD -0.72; 95% CI -1.05 to -0.40, n = 181), cannabis frequency (SMD -0.56; 95% CI -0.75 to -0.36, n = 181), abuse (SMD -0.62; 95% CI -0.95 to -0.29, n = 181), and dependence (SMD -0.96; 95% CI -1.30 to -0.63, n = 181) in one study. However, the evidence from studies that compared brief interventions to assessment-only conditions was generally of low quality. Brief interventions also had mixed effects on adolescents' delinquent or problem behaviours, although the effect at long-term follow-up on these outcomes in the assessment-only comparison was significant (SMD -0.78; 95% CI -1.11 to -0.45). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found low- or very low-quality evidence that brief school-based interventions may be more effective in reducing alcohol and cannabis use than the assessment-only condition and that these reductions were sustained at long-term follow-up. We found moderate-quality evidence that, when compared to information provision, brief interventions probably did not have a significant effect on substance use outcomes. It is premature to make definitive statements about the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions for reducing adolescent substance use. Further high-quality studies examining the relative effectiveness of BIs for substance use and other problem behaviours need to be conducted, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Carney
- South African Medical Research CouncilAlcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research UnitFrancie van Zyl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, ParowCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa7505
| | - Bronwyn J Myers
- South African Medical Research CouncilAlcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research UnitFrancie van Zyl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, ParowCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa7505
- University of Cape TownDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental HealthCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Johann Louw
- University of Cape TownDepartment of PsychologyRondeboschCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa7701
| | - Charles I Okwundu
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveTygerbergCape TownSouth Africa7505
- South African Medical Research CouncilSouth African Cochrane CentrePO Box 19070TygerbergWestern CapeSouth Africa7505
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Strøm HK, Adolfsen F, Fossum S, Kaiser S, Martinussen M. Effectiveness of school-based preventive interventions on adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2014; 9:48. [PMID: 25495012 PMCID: PMC4274678 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive interventions for adolescents are an important priority within school systems. Several interventions have been developed, but the effectiveness of such interventions varies considerably between studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of universal school-based prevention programs on alcohol use among adolescents by using meta-analytic techniques. METHOD A systematic literature search in the databases, PubMed (Medline), PsycINFO (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid) and WEB of Science (ISI) was conducted to search for empirical articles published in the period January 1990 to August 2014. RESULTS In total, 28 randomized controlled studies with 39,289 participants at baseline were included. Of these 28 articles, 12 studies (N = 16279) reported continuous outcomes (frequency of alcohol use and quantity of alcohol use), and 16 studies (N = 23010) reported categorical data (proportion of students who drank alcohol). The results of the random effects analyses showed that the overall effect size among studies reporting continuous outcomes was small and demonstrated a favorable effect from the preventive interventions (Hedges' g = 0.22, p < .01). The effect size among studies reporting categorical outcomes was not significant (OR = 0.94, p = .25). The level of heterogeneity between studies was found to be significant in most analyses. Moderator analyses conducted to explore the heterogeneity showed neither significant difference between the different school levels (junior high schools and high schools), nor between the varied program intensities (low, medium and high intensity programs). The meta-regression analyses examining continuous moderators showed no significant effects for age or gender. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this meta-analysis showed that, overall, the effects of school-based preventive alcohol interventions on adolescent alcohol use were small but positive among studies reporting the continuous measures, whereas no effect was found among studies reporting the categorical outcomes. Possible population health outcomes, with recommendations for policy and practice, are discussed further in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Kyrrestad Strøm
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frode Adolfsen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sturla Fossum
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sabine Kaiser
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monica Martinussen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Carney T, Myers BJ, Louw J, Okwundu CI. Brief school-based interventions and behavioural outcomes for substance-using adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:CD008969. [PMID: 24563456 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008969.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance use is a major problem, in and of itself and because it acts as a risk factor for other problem behaviours. As substance use during adolescence can lead to adverse and often long-term health and social consequences, it is important to intervene early on in order to prevent progression to more severe problems. Brief interventions have been shown to reduce problematic substance use among adolescents and are especially useful for individuals who have moderately risky patterns of substance use. Such interventions can be conducted in school settings. This review set out to evaluate the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions for adolescent substance use. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions on reducing substance use and other behavioural outcomes among adolescents compared to another intervention or assessment-only conditions. SEARCH METHODS We searched 10 electronic databases and six websites on evidence-based interventions, and the reference lists of included studies and reviews, from 1966 to March 2013. We also contacted authors and organisations to identify any additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effects of brief school-based interventions for substance-using adolescents.The primary outcomes were reduction or cessation of substance use. The secondary outcomes were engagement in criminal activity and engagement in delinquent or problem behaviours related to substance use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures outlined by The Cochrane Collaboration, including the GRADE approach for evaluating the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS Six studies involving 1139 participants were included in this review. Overall the quality of evidence was moderate in the information provision comparison, and low or very low in the assessment only comparison. Reasons for downgrading the quality included risk of bias of the included studies, imprecision and inconsistency. Our findings suggested that compared to information provision only, brief interventions (BIs) did not have a significant effect on any substance use (three studies, 732 participants, standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.20 to 0.09) or delinquent-type behaviour outcomes among adolescents (two studies, 531 participants, SMD -0.26; 95% CI -0.54 to 0.02). When compared to assessment-only controls, BIs had some significant effects on substance use and delinquent-type or problem behaviours, but high levels of heterogeneity existed between studies and it was not always possible to pool the results. When the comparison was with assessment-only conditions, studies of individual interventions that measured BI effectiveness reported significantly reduced substance use in general and in two studies reduced frequency of alcohol use specifically. When the data were pooled, BIs reduced cannabis frequency (SMD -0.22; 95% CI -0.45 to -0.02) across three studies (n = 407). Cannabis quantity was also reduced by BIs in comparison to assessment only (SMD -60.27; 95% CI -66.59 to -53.95) in one study (n = 179). However, the evidence for studies that compared brief interventions to assessment-only conditions was generally of low quality. Brief interventions also had mixed effects on participants' delinquent or problem behaviours. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was limited quality evidence that brief school-based interventions were more effective in reducing substance use than the assessment-only condition, but were similar to information provision. There is some evidence for the effectiveness of BI in reducing adolescent substance use, particularly cannabis, when compared to assessment only. However, it is premature to make definitive statements about the effectiveness of brief school-based interventions for reducing adolescent substance use. Further high quality studies examining the relative effectiveness of BIs for substance use and other problem behaviours need to be conducted, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Carney
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zyl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, Parow, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 7505
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Wilson DM, Chamberland C, Hewitt JA, Wilson D. Educating youths to make safer choices: results of a program evaluation study. Glob J Health Sci 2012; 4:77-86. [PMID: 22980154 PMCID: PMC4777056 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v4n2p77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries are a leading cause of childhood death and disability. Many injuries are a result of youths taking risks and not avoiding risky situations. An educational program to reduce adolescent injury risk (Prevent Alcohol and Risk-Related Trauma in Youth) has operated out of the Misericordia Hospital in Edmonton Canada since 1992. This reality-based program was evaluated to see if it was impacting program participants. An increase in correct answers for some knowledge, behavior, and attitude questions were found at one week and one month following this 1-day reality-based program. This program was thus considered as having some relevancy in educating grade-9 youths. Although a longitudinal study is needed to determine if this relevancy is long term, this study highlights the importance of reality-based public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. Wilson
- Faculty of Nursing, ECHA Building, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 1C9, Canada Tel: 780-492-5574 E-mail:
| | - Carrie Chamberland
- Faculty of Nursing, ECHA Building, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 1C9, Canada Tel: 780-492-5574 E-mail:
| | - Jessica A. Hewitt
- Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton AB T5R 4H5, Canada Tel: 780-735-2890 E-mail:
| | - Donna Wilson
- Faculty of Nursing, Third Floor ECHA, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 1C9, Canada Tel: 780-492-5574 E-mail:
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Adolescent neurological development and its implications for adolescent substance use prevention. J Prim Prev 2008; 29:5-35. [PMID: 18236158 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-007-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advancements have facilitated the study of adolescent neurological development and its implications for adolescent decision-making and behavior. This article reviews findings from the adolescent neurodevelopment and substance use prevention literatures. It also discusses how findings from these two distinct areas of adolescent development can complement each other and be used to build more developmentally appropriate interventions for preventing adolescent substance use. Specifically, a combination of child-centered and family-based strategies is advocated based on extant neurological and prevention literature. EDITORS' STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: Researchers are encouraged to take up the authors' challenge and study the links between adolescent neurological development/decision making ability and the long term efficacy of comprehensive interventions for preventing adolescent substance use.
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Durlak JA, Taylor RD, Kawashima K, Pachan MK, DuPre EP, Celio CI, Berger SR, Dymnicki AB, Weissberg RP. Effects of positive youth development programs on school, family, and community systems. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 39:269-86. [PMID: 17401642 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-007-9112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A review of efforts at social system change in 526 universal competence-promotion outcome studies indicated that 64% of the interventions attempted some type of microsystemic or mesosystemic change involving schools, families, or community-based organizations in an attempt to foster developmental competencies in children and adolescents. Only 24% of the reports provided quantitative data on the change that occurred in targeted systems. However, studies containing the necessary information produced several mean effect sizes that were statistically significant, and ranged from modest to large in magnitude. These data indicate that attempts to change social systems affecting children and adolescents can be successful. Future work should measure more thoroughly the extent to which the systemic changes that are targeted through intervention are achieved, and investigate how such changes contribute to the development and sustainability of the outcomes that might be demonstrated by participants of competence-promotion programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Durlak
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626, USA.
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Wood E, Shakeshaft A, Gilmour S, Sanson-Fisher R. A systematic review of school-based studies involving alcohol and the community. Aust N Z J Public Health 2007; 30:541-9. [PMID: 17209270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and critique methodological aspects of school-based interventions that involve a broader community initiative. METHODS An electronic search of 11 databases and manual search of references for intervention studies published in peer-reviewed journals from January 2000 to August 2004. To be included in the review, alcohol needed to be a primary focus of the study, the intervention to be school based and include grades between five and 12, and the intervention needed to involve the community. RESULTS Sixteen articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Methodologically, several studies excluded reporting important details (e.g. follow-up periods unclear), process measures were ignored by some studies (e.g. exposure to intervention), and some employed less than optimal outcome measures (such as attitudes and knowledge). Student education, some form of parental involvement and researchers providing resources to the school, were the most frequently employed intervention strategies. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear need to conduct more rigorous evaluation studies and to increase reporting standards for school-based interventions. There is also tentative scope to include the community more broadly, rather than focus on established relationships within the school environment. IMPLICATIONS As evidence suggests, there is limited effectiveness in school-based interventions. It may be beneficial to do lowest-cost interventions that have some evidence for effect, complemented by strategies identified by expert opinion, until further rigorous evidence arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Wood
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
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Buckley EJ, White DG. Systematic review of the role of external contributors in school substance use education. HEALTH EDUCATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1108/09654280710716879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ellermann C. Adolescent's concept of drug experimentation. J Adolesc Health 2005; 36:4. [PMID: 15661589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to establish the factors associated with Ecstasy use in secondary school students in Turkey. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This is a survey of a representative sample drawn from cities in different geographical regions in Turkey in 1998 and 2001. The questionnaire was administered to a total of 18,556 and 11,911 10th-grade students in 1998 and 2001, respectively. MEASUREMENTS The questionnaire administered in the study was adapted from the questionnaires used in 'Monitoring the Future' study in the United States and ESPAD (the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs). It included questions about demographic characteristics, family characteristics, school life, social contacts and use of substances. FINDINGS While the percentage of those who used Ecstasy at least once in their life-times was 2.65% in 1998, the figure reached 3.31% in 2001. Male gender, older age, use of alcohol, cannabis, heroin and cocaine, non-medical use of psychotherapeutic drugs and participation in a meeting concerning the adverse effects of substance use were found to be significant variables predicting 'ever use' of Ecstasy in both years by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Ecstasy use, while low in Turkey, appears to be on the increase and follows a pattern in terms of correlates that is similar to other illicit drugs. Whatever the causes behind the rise in Ecstasy use, creative, personalized and informative educational programmes should be conducted in all educational institutions to curb Ecstasy use.
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