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Swanson KA, Nguyen KL, Gupta S, Ricard J, Bethea JR. TNFR1/p38αMAPK signaling in Nex + supraspinal neurons regulates estrogen-dependent chronic neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:261-271. [PMID: 38570102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) cytokine signaling through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and subsequent neuronal hyperexcitability are observed in both animal models and human chronic neuropathic pain (CNP). Previously, we have shown that estrogen modulates sTNF/TNFR1 signaling in CNP, which may contribute to female prevalence of CNP. The estrogen-dependent role of TNFR1-mediated supraspinal neuronal circuitry in CNP remains unknown. In this study, we interrogated the intersect between supraspinal TNFR1 mediated neuronal signaling and sex specificity by selectively removing TNFR1 in Nex + neurons in adult mice (NexCreERT2::TNFR1f/f). We determined that mechanical hypersensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) decreases over time in males, but not in females. Subsequently, we investigated two downstream pathways, p38MAPK and NF-κB, important in TNFR1 signaling and injury response. We detected p38MAPK and NF-κB activation in male cortical tissue; however, p38MAPK phosphorylation was reduced in NexCreERT2::TNFR1f/f males. We observed a similar recovery from acute pain in male mice following CCI when p38αMAPK was knocked out of supraspinal Nex + neurons (NexCreERT2::p38αMAPKf/f), while chronic pain developed in female mice. To explore the intersection between estrogen and inflammation in CNP we used a combination therapy of an estrogen receptor β (ER β) inhibitor with a sTNF/TNFR1 or general p38MAPK inhibitor. We determined both combination therapies lends therapeutic relief to females following CCI comparable to the response evaluated in male mice. These data suggest that TNFR1/p38αMAPK signaling in Nex + neurons in CNP is male-specific and lack of therapeutic efficacy following sTNF inhibition in females is due to ER β interference. These studies highlight sex-specific differences in pathways important to pain chronification and elucidate potential therapeutic strategies that would be effective in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Swanson
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Papadakis Integrated Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kayla L Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA.
| | - Shruti Gupta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA
| | - Jerome Ricard
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Papadakis Integrated Science Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall, 2300 I (Eye) St NW, Rm.530A, Washington, D.C 20052, USA.
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2
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Dickey EM, Bianchi A, Amirian H, Hosein PJ, Faustman D, Brambilla R, Datta J. Transmembrane TNF-TNFR2 signaling as a critical immunoregulatory node in pancreatic cancer. Oncoimmunology 2024; 13:2326694. [PMID: 38481728 PMCID: PMC10936673 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2024.2326694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by extreme therapeutic resistance. In pancreatic cancers harboring high-risk genomes, we describe that cancer cell-neutrophil signaling circuitry provokes neutrophil-derived transmembrane (tm)TNF-TNFR2 interactions that dictate inflammatory polarization in cancer-associated fibroblasts and T-cell dysfunction - two hallmarks of therapeutic resistance. Targeting tmTNF-TNFR2 signaling may sensitize pancreatic cancer to chemo±immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Dickey
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Haleh Amirian
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter J. Hosein
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Denise Faustman
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jashodeep Datta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Extracellular Vesicle-Associated TWEAK Contributes to Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling During Acute Cellular Rejection. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Griepke S, Grupe E, Lindholt JS, Fuglsang EH, Steffensen LB, Beck HC, Larsen MD, Bang-Møller SK, Overgaard M, Rasmussen LM, Lambertsen KL, Stubbe J. Selective inhibition of soluble tumor necrosis factor signaling reduces abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:942342. [PMID: 36186984 PMCID: PMC9523116 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is pathologically elevated in human abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Non-selective TNF inhibition-based therapeutics are approved for human use but have been linked to several side effects. Compounds that target the proinflammatory soluble form of TNF (solTNF) but preserve the immunomodulatory capabilities of the transmembrane form of TNF (tmTNF) may prevent these side effects. We hypothesize that inhibition of solTNF signaling prevents AAA expansion. Methods The effect of the selective solTNF inhibitor, XPro1595, and the non-selective TNF inhibitor, Etanercept (ETN) was examined in porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) induced AAA mice, and findings with XPro1595 was confirmed in angiotensin II (ANGII) induced AAA in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E (Apoe) –/– mice. Results XPro1595 treatment significantly reduced AAA expansion in both models, and a similar trend (p = 0.06) was observed in PPE-induced AAA in ETN-treated mice. In the PPE aneurysm wall, XPro1595 improved elastin integrity scores. In aneurysms, mean TNFR1 levels reduced non-significantly (p = 0.07) by 50% after TNF inhibition, but the histological location in murine AAAs was unaffected and similar to that in human AAAs. Semi-quantification of infiltrating leucocytes, macrophages, T-cells, and neutrophils in the aneurysm wall were unaffected by TNF inhibition. XPro1595 increased systemic TNF levels, while ETN increased systemic IL-10 levels. In ANGII-induced AAA mice, XPro1595 increased systemic TNF and IL-5 levels. In early AAA development, proteomic analyses revealed that XPro1595 significantly upregulated ontology terms including “platelet aggregation” and “coagulation” related to the fibrinogen complex, from which several proteins were among the top regulated proteins. Downregulated ontology terms were associated with metabolic processes. Conclusion In conclusion, selective inhibition of solTNF signaling reduced aneurysm expansion in mice, supporting its potential as an attractive treatment option for AAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Griepke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emilie Grupe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jes Sanddal Lindholt
- Elite Research Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Hvitfeldt Fuglsang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lasse Bach Steffensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Elite Research Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mia Dupont Larsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sissel Karoline Bang-Møller
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Overgaard
- Elite Research Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Elite Research Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- BRIDGE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Elite Research Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jane Stubbe,
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LTα, TNF, and ILC3 in Peyer's Patch Organogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121970. [PMID: 35741098 PMCID: PMC9221848 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF and LTα are structurally related cytokines of the TNF superfamily. Their genes are located in close proximity to each other and to the Ltb gene within the TNF/LT locus inside MHC. Unlike Ltb, transcription of Tnf and of Lta is tightly controlled, with the Tnf gene being an immediate early gene that is rapidly induced in response to various inflammatory stimuli. Genes of the TNF/LT locus play a crucial role in lymphoid tissue organogenesis, although some aspects of their specific contribution remain controversial. Here, we present new findings and discuss the distinct contribution of TNF produced by ILC3 cells to Peyer’s patch organogenesis.
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Ninnemann J, Winsauer C, Bondareva M, Kühl AA, Lozza L, Durek P, Lissner D, Siegmund B, Kaufmann SHE, Mashreghi MF, Nedospasov SA, Kruglov AA. TNF hampers intestinal tissue repair in colitis by restricting IL-22 bioavailability. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:698-716. [PMID: 35383266 PMCID: PMC9259490 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases integrates both the cessation of inflammation and the induction of adequate tissue repair processes. Strikingly, targeting a single proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), induces both processes in a relevant cohort of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal repair following TNF blockade during IBD remain elusive. Using a novel humanized model of experimental colitis, we demonstrate that TNF interfered with the tissue repair program via induction of a soluble natural antagonist of IL-22 (IL-22Ra2; IL-22BP) in the colon and abrogated IL-22/STAT3-mediated mucosal repair during colitis. Furthermore, membrane-bound TNF expressed by T cells perpetuated colonic inflammation, while soluble TNF produced by epithelial cells (IECs) induced IL-22BP expression in colonic dendritic cells (DCs) and dampened IL-22-driven restitution of colonic epithelial functions. Finally, TNF induced IL-22BP expression in human monocyte-derived DCs and levels of IL22-BP correlated with TNF in sera of IBD patients. Thus, our data can explain how anti-TNF therapy induces mucosal healing by increasing IL-22 availability and implicates new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Ninnemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Winsauer
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Bondareva
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anja A Kühl
- iPATH.Berlin, Core Unit of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donata Lissner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrey A Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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7
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Splenic Architecture and Function Requires Tight Control of Transmembrane TNF Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042229. [PMID: 35216345 PMCID: PMC8876982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) is an important inflammatory mediator and essential for secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) development and function. However, the role of its transmembrane counterpart (tmTNF) in these processes is less well established. Here, the effects of tmTNF overxpression on SLO architecture and function were investigated using tmTNF-transgenic (tmTNF-tg) mice. tmTNF overexpression resulted in enlarged peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) and spleen, accompanied by an increase in small splenic lymphoid follicles, with less well-defined primary B cell follicles and T cell zones. In tmTNF-tg mice, the spleen, but not PLNs, contained reduced germinal center (GC) B cell fractions, with low Ki67 expression and reduced dark zone characteristics. In line with this, smaller fractions of T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were observed with a decreased Tfh:Tfr ratio. Moreover, plasma cell (PC) formation in the spleen of tmTNF-tg mice decreased and skewed towards IgA and IgM expression. Genetic deletion of TNFRI or –II resulted in a normalization of follicle morphology in the spleen of tmTNF-tg mice, but GC B cell and PC fractions remained abnormal. These findings demonstrate that tightly regulated tmTNF is important for proper SLO development and function, and that aberrations induced by tmTNF overexpression are site-specific and mediated via TNFRI and/or TNFRII signaling.
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8
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El Shikh MEM, El Sayed R, Aly NAR, Prediletto E, Hands R, Fossati-Jimack L, Bombardieri M, Lewis MJ, Pitzalis C. Follicular dendritic cell differentiation is associated with distinct synovial pathotype signatures in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1013660. [PMID: 36465908 PMCID: PMC9709129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1013660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) fundamentally contribute to the formation of synovial ectopic lymphoid-like structures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which is associated with poor clinical prognosis. Despite this critical role, regulation of FDC development in the RA synovium and its correlation with synovial pathotype differentiation remained largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CNA.42+ FDCs distinctively express the pericyte/fibroblast-associated markers PDGFR-β, NG2, and Thy-1 in the synovial perivascular space but not in established follicles. In addition, synovial RNA-Seq analysis revealed that expression of the perivascular FDC markers was strongly correlated with PDGF-BB and fibroid synovitis, whereas TNF-α/LT-β was significantly associated with lymphoid synovitis and expression of CR1, CR2, and FcγRIIB characteristic of mature FDCs in lymphoid follicles. Moreover, PDGF-BB induced CNA.42+ FDC differentiation and CXCL13 secretion from NG2+ synovial pericytes, and together with TNF-α/LT-β conversely regulated early and late FDC differentiation genes in unsorted RA synovial fibroblasts (RASF) and this was confirmed in flow sorted stromal cell subsets. Furthermore, RASF TNF-αR expression was upregulated by TNF-α/LT-β and PDGF-BB; and TNF-α/LT-β-activated RASF retained ICs and induced B cell activation in in vitro germinal center reactions typical of FDCs. Additionally, FDCs trapped peptidyl citrulline, and strongly correlated with IL-6 expression, and plasma cell, B cell, and T cell infiltration of the RA synovium. Moreover, synovial FDCs were significantly associated with RA disease activity and radiographic features of tissue damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the reciprocal interaction between PDGF-BB and TNF-α/LT-β in synovial FDC development and evolution of RA histological pathotypes. Selective targeting of this interplay could inhibit FDC differentiation and potentially ameliorate RA in clinically severe and drug-resistant patients.
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9
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Papazian I, Tsoukala E, Boutou A, Karamita M, Kambas K, Iliopoulou L, Fischer R, Kontermann RE, Denis MC, Kollias G, Lassmann H, Probert L. Fundamentally different roles of neuronal TNF receptors in CNS pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ promote microglial responses and tissue injury in demyelination while TNFR2 protects against excitotoxicity in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34565380 PMCID: PMC8466720 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During inflammatory demyelination, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mediates detrimental proinflammatory effects of soluble TNF (solTNF), whereas TNFR2 mediates beneficial effects of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) through oligodendroglia, microglia, and possibly other cell types. This model supports the use of selective inhibitors of solTNF/TNFR1 as anti-inflammatory drugs for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. A potential obstacle is the neuroprotective effect of solTNF pretreatment described in cultured neurons, but the relevance in vivo is unknown. Methods To address this question, we generated mice with neuron-specific depletion of TNFR1, TNFR2, or inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ), a main downstream mediator of TNFR signaling, and applied experimental models of inflammatory demyelination and acute and preconditioning glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated the molecular and cellular requirements of solTNF neuroprotection by generating astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with different combinations of wild-type (WT) and TNF and TNFR knockout cells and measuring N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity in vitro. Results Neither neuronal TNFR1 nor TNFR2 protected mice during inflammatory demyelination. In fact, both neuronal TNFR1 and neuronal IKKβ promoted microglial responses and tissue injury, and TNFR1 was further required for oligodendrocyte loss and axonal damage in cuprizone-induced demyelination. In contrast, neuronal TNFR2 increased preconditioning protection in a kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model in mice and limited hippocampal neuron death. The protective effects of neuronal TNFR2 observed in vivo were further investigated in vitro. As previously described, pretreatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with solTNF (and therefore TNFR1) protected them against NMDA excitotoxicity. However, protection was dependent on astrocyte, not neuronal TNFR1, on astrocyte tmTNF-neuronal TNFR2 interactions, and was reproduced by a TNFR2 agonist. Conclusions These results demonstrate that neuronal TNF receptors perform fundamentally different roles in CNS pathology in vivo, with neuronal TNFR1 and IKKβ promoting microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity in demyelination, and neuronal TNFR2 mediating neuroprotection in excitotoxicity. They also reveal that previously described neuroprotective effects of solTNF against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro are indirect and mediated via astrocyte tmTNF-neuron TNFR2 interactions. These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of solTNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for safe treatment of CNS diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02200-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Papazian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsoukala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Athena Boutou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Iliopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Roman Fischer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maria C Denis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (BSRC) "Alexander Fleming", Vari, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Hansen RB, Laursen CCH, Nawaz N, Madsen JS, Nielsen HH, Kruuse C, Møller A, Degn M, Lambertsen KL. Leukocyte TNFR1 and TNFR2 Expression Contributes to the Peripheral Immune Response in Cases with Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040861. [PMID: 33918875 PMCID: PMC8069317 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) have been found in brain parenchyma of stroke patients, and plasma levels are increased in the acute phase of stroke. We evaluated associations between TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels and stroke severity, infarct size, and functional outcome. Furthermore, we examined cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on leukocyte subpopulations to explore the origin of the increased receptor levels. Blood samples were taken from 33 acute ischemic stroke patients and 10 healthy controls. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma concentrations were measured and correlated against the Scandinavian Stroke Scale at admission, infarct volume, and the modified Rankin Scale score three months after stroke onset. Classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes as well as neutrophils were purified, and cellular expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 was examined using flow cytometry. TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels were both increased after ischemic stroke, but we found no correlation with patient outcome measurements. Compared to healthy controls, ischemic stroke patients had decreased non-classical monocyte and neutrophil populations expressing TNFR1 and increased neutrophils expressing TNFR2, and decreased non-classical populations co-expressing both TNFR1 and TNFR2. This study supports the hypothesis of an acute immunological response orchestrated by the peripheral immune system following an ischemic stroke. However, the origin of the increased TNFR1 and TNFR2 plasma levels could not be clearly linked to peripheral monocytes or neutrophils. Future studies are needed and will help clarify the potential role as treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B. Hansen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cathrine C. H. Laursen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niala Nawaz
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna S. Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle H. Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Kruuse
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Neurology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
| | - Kate L. Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (R.B.H.); (C.C.H.L.); (N.N.); (H.H.N.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- OPEN—Open Patient data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (K.L.L.); Tel.: +45-6061-0084 (M.D.); +45-6550-3806 (K.L.L.)
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11
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Diallo K, Simons N, Sayegh S, Baron M, Degboé Y, Boyer JF, Kruglov A, Nedospasov S, Novarino J, Aloulou M, Fazilleau N, Constantin A, Cantagrel A, Davignon JL, Rauwel B. Evidence for tmTNF reverse signaling in vivo: Implications for an arginase-1-mediated therapeutic effect of TNF inhibitors during inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:102331. [PMID: 33889824 PMCID: PMC8050384 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ascertain the significance of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) reverse signaling in vivo, we generated a triple transgenic mouse model (3TG, TNFR1−/−, TNFR2−/−, and tmTNFKI/KI) in which all canonical tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling was abolished. In bone-marrow-derived macrophages harvested from these mice, various anti-TNF biologics induced the expression of genes characteristic of alternative macrophages and also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines mainly through the upregulation of arginase-1. Injections of TNF inhibitors during arthritis increased pro-resolutive markers in bone marrow precursors and joint cells leading to a decrease in arthritis score. These results demonstrate that the binding of anti-TNF biologics to tmTNF results in decreased arthritis severity. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the significance of tmTNF reverse signaling in the modulation of arthritis. They suggest a complementary interpretation of anti-TNF biologics effects in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and pave the way to studies focused on new arginase-1-dependent therapeutic targets. In vivo demonstration of tmTNF reverses signaling existence tmTNF reverse signaling induces anti-oxidative stress response tmTNF reverse signaling induces an arginase-1-mediated anti-inflammatory response Reverse signaling is a complementary mechanism to TNF neutralization by anti-TNF
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Diallo
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Numa Simons
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Souraya Sayegh
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Baron
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Degboé
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Andrey Kruglov
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute Berlin 10117, Germany.,Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergei Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julien Novarino
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Constantin
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Cantagrel
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Rhumatologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Benjamin Rauwel
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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12
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Ellman DG, Lund MC, Nissen M, Nielsen PS, Sørensen C, Lester EB, Thougaard E, Jørgensen LH, Nedospasov SA, Andersen DC, Stubbe J, Brambilla R, Degn M, Lambertsen KL. Conditional Ablation of Myeloid TNF Improves Functional Outcome and Decreases Lesion Size after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E2407. [PMID: 33153044 PMCID: PMC7692197 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition consisting of an instant primary mechanical injury followed by a secondary injury that progresses for weeks to months. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of SCI. We investigated the effect of myeloid TNF ablation (peripheral myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils) and microglia) versus central myeloid TNF ablation (microglia) in a SCI contusion model. We show that TNF ablation in macrophages and neutrophils leads to reduced lesion volume and improved functional outcome after SCI. In contrast, TNF ablation in microglia only or TNF deficiency in all cells had no effect. TNF levels tended to be decreased 3 h post-SCI in mice with peripheral myeloid TNF ablation and was significantly decreased 3 days after SCI. Leukocyte and microglia populations and all other cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IFNγ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1) investigated, in addition to TNFR1 and TNFR2, were comparable between genotypes. Analysis of post-SCI signaling cascades demonstrated that the MAPK kinase SAPK/JNK decreased and neuronal Bcl-XL levels increased post-SCI in mice with ablation of TNF in peripheral myeloid cells. These findings demonstrate that peripheral myeloid cell-derived TNF is pathogenic in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Maiken Nissen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Pernille Sveistrup Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Charlotte Sørensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Emilie Boye Lester
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Estrid Thougaard
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (L.H.J.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Sergei A. Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (L.H.J.); (D.C.A.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Danish Center for Regenerative Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIGDE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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13
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Fresegna D, Bullitta S, Musella A, Rizzo FR, De Vito F, Guadalupi L, Caioli S, Balletta S, Sanna K, Dolcetti E, Vanni V, Bruno A, Buttari F, Stampanoni Bassi M, Mandolesi G, Centonze D, Gentile A. Re-Examining the Role of TNF in MS Pathogenesis and Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102290. [PMID: 33066433 PMCID: PMC7602209 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disorder of putative autoimmune origin. Clinical and experimental studies delineate abnormal expression of specific cytokines over the course of the disease. One major cytokine that has been shown to play a pivotal role in MS is tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating many physiological and pathological functions of both the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Convincing evidence from studies in human and experimental MS have demonstrated the involvement of TNF in various pathological hallmarks of MS, including immune dysregulation, demyelination, synaptopathy and neuroinflammation. However, due to the complexity of TNF signaling, which includes two-ligands (soluble and transmembrane TNF) and two receptors, namely TNF receptor type-1 (TNFR1) and type-2 (TNFR2), and due to its cell- and context-differential expression, targeting the TNF system in MS is an ongoing challenge. This review summarizes the evidence on the pathophysiological role of TNF in MS and in different MS animal models, with a special focus on pharmacological treatment aimed at controlling the dysregulated TNF signaling in this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesca De Vito
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Silvia Caioli
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Sara Balletta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Mario Stampanoni Bassi
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, 00166 Roma, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.R.R.); (S.B.); (K.S.); (E.D.); (A.B.)
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.D.V.); (S.C.); (F.B.); (M.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-7259-6010; Fax: +39-06-7259-6006
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (S.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (V.V.); (G.M.); (A.G.)
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14
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Poxvirus-encoded TNF receptor homolog dampens inflammation and protects from uncontrolled lung pathology during respiratory infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26885-26894. [PMID: 33046647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004688117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) causes mousepox, a surrogate mouse model for smallpox caused by variola virus in humans. Both orthopoxviruses encode tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologs or viral TNFR (vTNFR). These homologs are termed cytokine response modifier (Crm) proteins, containing a TNF-binding domain and a chemokine-binding domain called smallpox virus-encoded chemokine receptor (SECRET) domain. ECTV encodes one vTNFR known as CrmD. Infection of ECTV-resistant C57BL/6 mice with a CrmD deletion mutant virus resulted in uniform mortality due to excessive TNF secretion and dysregulated inflammatory cytokine production. CrmD dampened pathology, leukocyte recruitment, and inflammatory cytokine production in lungs including TNF, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Blockade of TNF, IL-6, or IL-10R function with monoclonal antibodies reduced lung pathology and provided 60 to 100% protection from otherwise lethal infection. IFN-γ caused lung pathology only when both the TNF-binding and SECRET domains were absent. Presence of the SECRET domain alone induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, likely overcoming any protective effects that might have been afforded by anti-IFN-γ treatment. The use of TNF-deficient mice and those that express only membrane-associated but not secreted TNF revealed that CrmD is critically dependent on host TNF for its function. In vitro, recombinant Crm proteins from different orthopoxviruses bound to membrane-associated TNF and dampened inflammatory gene expression through reverse signaling. CrmD does not affect virus replication; however, it provides the host advantage by enabling survival. Host survival would facilitate virus spread, which would also provide an advantage to the virus.
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15
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Kruglov A, Drutskaya M, Schlienz D, Gorshkova E, Kurz K, Morawietz L, Nedospasov S. Contrasting contributions of TNF from distinct cellular sources in arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79:1453-1459. [PMID: 32796044 PMCID: PMC7569389 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Neutralisation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is widely used as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, this therapy is only effective in less than a half of patients and is associated with several side effects. We hypothesised that TNF may possess non-redundant protective and immunomodulatory functions in vivo that cannot be blocked without a cost. The present work aimed to identify cellular sources of protective and pathogenic TNF, and its molecular forms during autoimmune arthritis. Methods Mice lacking TNF expression by distinct cell types, such as myeloid cells and T or B lymphocytes, were subjected to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Mice lacking soluble TNF production were also employed. The severity and incidence of the disease, as well as humoral and cellular responses were assessed. Results Myeloid cell-derived TNF contributes to both induction and pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Conversely, T cell-derived TNF is protective during the induction phase of arthritis via limiting of interleukin-12 production by dendritic cells and by subsequent control of autoreactive memory T cell development, but is dispensable during the effector phase of arthritis. B cell-derived TNF mediates severity of CIA via control of pathogenic autoantibody production. Conclusions Distinct TNF-producing cell types may modulate disease development through different mechanisms, suggesting that in arthritis TNF ablation from restricted cellular sources, such as myeloid cells, while preserving protective TNF functions from other cell types may be superior to pan-anti-TNF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kruglov
- Chronic inflammation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany .,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Drutskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dirk Schlienz
- Chronic inflammation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Gorshkova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Chronic inflammation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Morawietz
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinischen Versorgungszentrum im Fürstenberg-Karree Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergei Nedospasov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Myeloid Cell Nuclear Differentiation Antigen (MNDA) Positivity in Primary Follicles: Potential Pitfall in the Differential Diagnosis With Marginal Zone Lymphoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 28:384-388. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Atretkhany KSN, Gogoleva VS, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA. Distinct modes of TNF signaling through its two receptors in health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:893-905. [PMID: 32083339 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0120-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a key proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine whose deregulation is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Recent studies suggest that distinct functions of TNF may be associated with differential engagement of its two receptors: TNFR1 or TNFR2. In this review, we discuss the relative contributions of these receptors to pathogenesis of several diseases, with the focus on autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. In particular, we discuss the role of TNFRs in the development of regulatory T cells during neuroinflammation and recent findings concerning targeting TNFR2 with agonistic and antagonistic reagents in various murine models of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar-Sulu N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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18
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Yli-Karjanmaa M, Larsen KS, Fenger CD, Kristensen LK, Martin NA, Jensen PT, Breton A, Nathanson L, Nielsen PV, Lund MC, Carlsen SL, Gramsbergen JB, Finsen B, Stubbe J, Frich LH, Stolp H, Brambilla R, Anthony DC, Meyer M, Lambertsen KL. TNF deficiency causes alterations in the spatial organization of neurogenic zones and alters the number of microglia and neurons in the cerebral cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:279-297. [PMID: 31505254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, there is little information about how long-term inhibition of TNF affects the homeostatic functions that TNF maintains in the intact CNS. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess whether developmental TNF deficiency causes alterations in the naïve CNS, we estimated the number of proliferating cells, microglia, and neurons in the developing neocortex of E13.5, P7 and adult TNF knock out (TNF-/-) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates. We also measured changes in gene and protein expression and monoamine levels in adult WT and TNF-/- mice. To evaluate long-term effects of TNF inhibitors, we treated healthy adult C57BL/6 mice with either saline, the selective soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595, or the nonselective TNF inhibitor etanercept. We estimated changes in cell number and protein expression after two months of treatment. We assessed the effects of TNF deficiency on cognition by testing adult WT and TNF-/- mice and mice treated with saline, XPro1595, or etanercept with specific behavioral tasks. RESULTS TNF deficiency decreased the number of proliferating cells and microglia and increased the number of neurons. At the same time, TNF deficiency decreased the expression of WNT signaling-related proteins, specifically Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 (CTHRC1) and Frizzled receptor 6 (FZD6). In contrast to XPro1595, long-term inhibition of TNF with etanercept in adult C57BL/6 mice decreased the number of BrdU+ cells in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Etanercept, but not XPro1595, also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze memory test. CONCLUSION TNF deficiency impacts the organization of neurogenic zones and alters the cell composition in brain. Long-term inhibition of TNF with the nonselective TNF inhibitor etanercept, but not the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595, decreases neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus and impairs learning and memory after two months of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Solevad Larsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lotte Kellemann Kristensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Toft Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Lindeman Carlsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Bert Gramsbergen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Henrik Frich
- Orthopedic Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helen Stolp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Membrane-bound TNF mediates microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutics-induced cancer cytolysis via juxtacrine inter-cancer-cell death signaling. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1569-1587. [PMID: 31645676 PMCID: PMC7206059 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are a class of most widely used chemotherapeutics and their mechanism of action has long been assumed to be mitotic arrest of rapidly dividing tumor cells. In contrast to such notion, here we show—in many cancer cell types—MTAs function by triggering membrane TNF (memTNF)-mediated cancer-cell-to-cancer-cell killing, which differs greatly from other non-MTA cell-cycle-arresting agents. The killing is through programmed cell death (PCD), either in way of necroptosis when RIP3 kinase is expressed, or of apoptosis in its absence. Mechanistically, MTAs induce memTNF transcription via the JNK-cJun signaling pathway. With respect to chemotherapy regimens, our results establish that memTNF-mediated killing is significantly augmented by IAP antagonists (Smac mimetics) in a broad spectrum of cancer types, and with their effects most prominently manifested in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in which cell–cell contacts are highly reminiscent of human tumors. Therefore, our finding indicates that memTNF can serve as a marker for patient responsiveness, and Smac mimetics will be effective adjuvants for MTA chemotherapeutics. The present study reframes our fundamental biochemical understanding of how MTAs take advantage of the natural tight contact of tumor cells and utilize memTNF-mediated death signaling to induce the entire tumor regression.
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20
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Yli-Karjanmaa M, Clausen BH, Degn M, Novrup HG, Ellman DG, Toft-Jensen P, Szymkowski DE, Stensballe A, Meyer M, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Topical Administration of a Soluble TNF Inhibitor Reduces Infarct Volume After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:781. [PMID: 31440125 PMCID: PMC6692878 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor, which exists both as a soluble (solTNF) and a transmembrane (tmTNF) protein, plays an important role in post-stroke inflammation. The objective of the present study was to test the effect of topical versus intracerebroventricular administration of XPro1595 (a solTNF inhibitor) and etanercept (a solTNF and tmTNF inhibitor) compared to saline on output measures such as infarct volume and post-stroke inflammation in mice. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated topically (2.5 mg/ml/1μl/h for 3 consecutive days) or intracerebroventricularly (1.25 mg/kg/0.5 ml, once) with saline, XPro1595, or etanercept immediately after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Mice were allowed to survive 1 or 3 days. Infarct volume, microglial and leukocyte profiles, and inflammatory markers were evaluated. Results We found that topical, and not intracerebroventricular, administration of XPro1595 reduced infarct volume at both 1 and 3 days after pMCAO. Etanercept showed no effect. We observed no changes in microglial or leukocyte populations. XPro1595 increased gene expression of P2ry12 at 1 day and Trem2 at 1 and 3 days, while decreasing Cx3cr1 expression at 1 and 3 days after pMCAO, suggesting a change in microglial activation toward a phagocytic phenotype. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that topical administration of XPro1595 for 3 consecutive days decreases infarct volumes after ischemic stroke, while modifying microglial activation and the inflammatory response post-stroke. This suggests that inhibitors of solTNF hold great promise for future neuroprotective treatment in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Yli-Karjanmaa
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Gram Novrup
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Toft-Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Geesala R, Issuree PD, Maretzky T. Novel functions of inactive rhomboid proteins in immunity and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:823-835. [PMID: 31369701 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vmr0219-069r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
iRhoms are related to a family of intramembrane serine proteinases called rhomboids but lack proteolytic activity. In mammals, there are two iRhoms, iRhom1 and iRhom2, which have similar domain structures and overlapping specificities as well as distinctive functions. These catalytically inactive rhomboids are essential regulators for the maturation and trafficking of the disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM17 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, and are required for the cleavage and release of a variety of membrane-associated proteins, including the IL-6 receptor, l-selectin, TNF, and EGFR ligands. iRhom2-dependent regulation of ADAM17 function has been recently implicated in the development and progression of several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, as well as hemophilic arthropathy. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of iRhom biology, their implications in autoimmune pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasatyaveni Geesala
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Priya D Issuree
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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22
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Farrell K, Houle JD. Systemic Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor with XPro1595 Exacerbates a Post-Spinal Cord Injury Depressive Phenotype in Female Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2964-2976. [PMID: 31064292 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with a three-fold risk of major depressive disorder compared with the general population. Current antidepressant therapy is often not as effective in this patient population, suggesting the need for a more efficacious therapeutic target. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN, the principle source of serotonin to the brain) in the development and possible treatment of depression after SCI. A depressive phenotype following moderate T9 contusion was identified in adult female rats using a battery of behavioral tests (forced swim test, sucrose preference test, novel object recognition test, open field locomotion, and social exploration). Data revealed two clusters of injured rats (58%) that exhibit increased immobility in the forced swim test, indicating depressive phenotype or a melancholic-depressive phenotype with concomitant decrease in sucrose preference. ElevatedTNF levels in the DRN of these two clusters correlated with increased immobility in the forced swim test. We then tested the efficacy of soluble TNF inhibition with XPro1595 treatment to prevent the depressive phenotype after SCI. Subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery of XPro1595 caused an exacerbation of depressive phenotype, with all treated clusters exhibiting increased forced swim immobility compared with saline-treated non-depressed rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the drug did not prevent or enhance the development of depression after injury. These results suggest a complex role for TNF-based neuroinflammation in SCI-induced depression that needs to be further explored, perhaps in conjunction with a broader targeting of additional post-SCI inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Farrell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John D Houle
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Lakin R, Polidovitch N, Yang S, Guzman C, Gao X, Wauchop M, Burns J, Izaddoustdar F, Backx PH. Inhibition of soluble TNFα prevents adverse atrial remodeling and atrial arrhythmia susceptibility induced in mice by endurance exercise. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:165-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Intrinsic TNFR2 signaling in T regulatory cells provides protection in CNS autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:13051-13056. [PMID: 30498033 PMCID: PMC6304938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807499115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of TNF involvement in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic TNF neutralization in MS patients was not successful. One of the possible reasons is that TNF possesses both pathogenic and protective features that may be related to TNFR1 versus TNFR2 receptor engagement. This study uncovers one of such protective functions of TNF mediated by intrinsic TNFR2 signaling in Treg cells. In mice bearing humanized TNF and TNFR2 genetic loci, TNFR2 ablation restricted to Treg cells led to reduced capacity to control Th17 cell responses, exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development, and affected the maintenance of Treg cells. These findings provide support for the emerging role of TNFR2 signaling in autoimmunity, as demonstrated here in mice with conditional inactivation of TNFR2. TNF is a multifunctional cytokine involved in autoimmune disease pathogenesis that exerts its effects through two distinct TNF receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. While TNF- and TNFR1-deficient (but not TNFR2-deficient) mice show very similar phenotypes, the significance of TNFR2 signaling in health and disease remains incompletely understood. Recent studies implicated the importance of the TNF/TNFR2 axis in T regulatory (Treg) cell functions. To definitively ascertain the significance of TNFR2 signaling, we generated and validated doubly humanized TNF/TNFR2 mice, with the option of conditional inactivation of TNFR2. These mice carry a functional human TNF-TNFR2 (hTNF-hTNFR2) signaling module and provide a useful tool for comparative evaluation of TNF-directed biologics. Conditional inactivation of TNFR2 in FoxP3+ cells in doubly humanized TNF/TNFR2 mice down-regulated the expression of Treg signature molecules (such as FoxP3, CD25, CTLA-4, and GITR) and diminished Treg suppressive function in vitro. Consequently, Treg-restricted TNFR2 deficiency led to significant exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), accompanied by reduced capacity to control Th17-mediated immune responses. Our findings expose the intrinsic and beneficial effects of TNFR2 signaling in Treg cells that could translate into protective functions in vivo, including treatment of autoimmunity.
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25
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Exclusive expression of transmembrane TNF aggravates acute glomerulonephritis despite reduced leukocyte infiltration and inflammation. Kidney Int 2018; 95:75-93. [PMID: 30389199 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a cytokine mediating inflammatory kidney diseases such as immune complex glomerulonephritis. Its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, play distinct roles in this process, with TNFR2 strongly required for induction of disease. In contrast to soluble TNF (sTNF), transmembrane TNF robustly activates TNFR2. Thus, we examined the functional role of transmembrane TNF by inducing heterologous nephrotoxic serum nephritis in wild-type and transgenic TNFΔ1-9,K11E knock-in mice expressing transmembrane TNF but no sTNF (memTNF mice). Compared to wild-type, nephritis was exacerbated in memTNF mice on day 5, indicated by increased albuminuria, higher serum urea levels, and more pronounced glomerular deposits, together with higher numbers of dying and proliferating glomerular cells. This was associated with greater loss of glomerular endothelial cells, increased podocyte stress, and signs of augmented necroptosis in memTNF kidneys. Aggravation of nephritis was dependent on transmembrane TNF expression in parenchymal cells, but not leukocytes. Surprisingly, increased kidney injury was associated with reduced renal leukocyte infiltration in memTNF mice, which correlated with decreased renal mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. This effect was also present in isolated memTNF glomeruli stimulated with interleukin-1β in vitro. Thus, uncleaved transmembrane TNF is an important mediator of renal tissue damage characterized by increased renal cell death and loss of glomerular endothelial cells in murine glomerulonephritis. In contrast, sTNF predominantly mediates renal leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. These findings highlight the importance of transmembrane TNF in inflammatory kidney disease as a possible therapeutic target.
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26
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Xiong J, Cawley K, Piemontese M, Fujiwara Y, Zhao H, Goellner JJ, O'Brien CA. Soluble RANKL contributes to osteoclast formation in adult mice but not ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2909. [PMID: 30046091 PMCID: PMC6060116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL) is a TNF-family cytokine required for osteoclast formation, as well as immune cell and mammary gland development. It is produced as a membrane-bound protein that can be shed to form a soluble protein. We created mice harboring a sheddase-resistant form of RANKL, in which soluble RANKL is undetectable in the circulation. Lack of soluble RANKL does not affect bone mass or structure in growing mice but reduces osteoclast number and increases cancellous bone mass in adult mice. Nonetheless, the bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency is unaffected by the lack of soluble RANKL. Lymphocyte number, lymph node development, and mammary gland development are also unaffected by the absence of soluble RANKL. These results demonstrate that the membrane-bound form of RANKL is sufficient for most functions of this protein but that the soluble form does contribute to physiological bone remodeling in adult mice. RANKL is a cytokine produced as a membrane-bound and a secreted protein. Here, using mice lacking soluble RANKL, the authors show that the secreted protein is important for osteoclast function, but not for mammary gland and lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Xiong
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Keisha Cawley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Marilina Piemontese
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Joseph J Goellner
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA.,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA. .,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, 72205, AR, USA.
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27
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Transmembrane TNF and Partially TNFR1 Regulate TNFR2 Expression and Control Inflammation in Mycobacterial-Induced Pleurisy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071959. [PMID: 29973541 PMCID: PMC6073837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural tuberculosis is one of the most frequent forms of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis observed in patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a crucial cytokine needed to control tuberculosis infection that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. TNF blockade compromises host immunity and may increase the risk of reactivation of latent infection resulting in overt pulmonary, pleural and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. While TNF signaling is mainly considered pro-inflammatory, its requirement for the anti-inflammation process involved in the resolution of infection and tissue repair is less explored. Our study analyzes the role of TNF and TNF receptors in the control of the inflammatory process associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-induced pleurisy. This study shows that the absence of TNF causes exacerbated inflammation in the pleural cavity of BCG-infected mice which is controlled by the transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) expression. The lack of TNF is associated with an impaired cellular expression and shedding of TNFR2 in the pleural cavity. The presence of tmTNF restores the normal expression of TNFR2 on myeloid cells during BCG-induced pleurisy. We also show that absence of TNFR1 affects the expression of TNFR2 on pleural cells and inflammation in the pleural cavity of BCG-infected mice. In conclusion, tmTNF but not soluble TNF prevents pleural cavity inflammation leading to attenuation and the resolution of the inflammatory process caused by mycobacterial pleurisy in association with the expression of TNFR2 on myeloid cells.
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28
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Oikonomidi I, Burbridge E, Cavadas M, Sullivan G, Collis B, Naegele H, Clancy D, Brezinova J, Hu T, Bileck A, Gerner C, Bolado A, von Kriegsheim A, Martin SJ, Steinberg F, Strisovsky K, Adrain C. iTAP, a novel iRhom interactor, controls TNF secretion by policing the stability of iRhom/TACE. eLife 2018; 7:35032. [PMID: 29897333 PMCID: PMC6042963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical inflammatory cytokine TNF regulates numerous important biological processes including inflammation and cell death, and drives inflammatory diseases. TNF secretion requires TACE (also called ADAM17), which cleaves TNF from its transmembrane tether. The trafficking of TACE to the cell surface, and stimulation of its proteolytic activity, depends on membrane proteins, called iRhoms. To delineate how the TNF/TACE/iRhom axis is regulated, we performed an immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry screen to identify iRhom-binding proteins. This identified a novel protein, that we name iTAP (iRhom Tail-Associated Protein) that binds to iRhoms, enhancing the cell surface stability of iRhoms and TACE, preventing their degradation in lysosomes. Depleting iTAP in primary human macrophages profoundly impaired TNF production and tissues from iTAP KO mice exhibit a pronounced depletion in active TACE levels. Our work identifies iTAP as a physiological regulator of TNF signalling and a novel target for the control of inflammation. Inflammation forms part of the body's defense system against pathogens, but if the system becomes faulty, it can cause problems linked to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immune cells coordinate their activity using specific signaling molecules called cytokines. For example, the cytokine TNF is an important trigger of inflammation and is produced at the surface of immune cells. A specific enzyme called TACE is needed to release TNF, as well as other signaling molecules, including proteins that trigger healing. Previous work revealed that TACE works with proteins called iRhoms, which regulate its activity and help TACE to reach the surface of the cell to release TNF. To find out how, Oikonomidi et al. screened human cells to see what other proteins interact with iRhoms. The results revealed a new protein named iTAP, which is required to release TNF from the surface of cells. It also protects the TACE-iRhom complex from being destroyed by the cell’s waste disposal system. When iTAP was experimentally removed in human immune cells, the cells were unable to release TNF. Instead, iRhom and TACE travelled to the cell's garbage system, the lysosome, where the proteins were destroyed. Removing the iTAP gene in mice had the same effect, and the TACE-iRhom complex was no longer found on the surface of the cell, but instead degraded in lysosomes. This suggests that in healthy cells, the iTAP protein prevents the cell from destroying this protein complex. TNF controls many beneficial processes, including fighting infection and cancer. However, when the immune system releases too many cytokines, it can lead to inflammatory diseases or even cause cancer. Specific drugs that target TNF are not always effective administered on their own, and sometimes, patients stop responding to the drugs. Since the new protein iTAP works as a switch to turn TNF release on or off, it could provide a target for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Oikonomidi
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Emma Burbridge
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cavadas
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Graeme Sullivan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Blanka Collis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Naegele
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danielle Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jana Brezinova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alfonso Bolado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kvido Strisovsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Colin Adrain
- Membrane Traffic Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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29
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Yang S, Wang J, Brand DD, Zheng SG. Role of TNF-TNF Receptor 2 Signal in Regulatory T Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:784. [PMID: 29725328 PMCID: PMC5916970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine which signals through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that TNFR1 is ubiquitously expressed on almost all cells, while TNFR2 exhibits a limited expression, predominantly on regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, the signaling pathway by sTNF via TNFR1 mainly triggers pro-inflammatory pathways, and mTNF binding to TNFR2 usually initiates immune modulation and tissue regeneration. TNFα plays a critical role in upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity. Deficiency in TNFR2 signaling is significant in various autoimmune diseases. An ideal therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases would be to selectively block the sTNF/TNFR1 signal through the administration of sTNF inhibitors, or using TNFR1 antagonists while keeping the TNFR2 signaling pathway intact. Another promising strategy would be to rely on TNFR2 agonists which could drive the expansion of Tregs and promote tissue regeneration. Design of these therapeutic strategies targeting the TNFR1 or TNFR2 signaling pathways holds promise for the treatment of diverse inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Yang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | | | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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30
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Ferdinand JR, Richard AC, Meylan F, Al-Shamkhani A, Siegel RM. Cleavage of TL1A Differentially Regulates Its Effects on Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1360-1369. [PMID: 29335258 PMCID: PMC5812441 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF superfamily cytokines play major roles in the regulation of adaptive and innate immunity. The TNF superfamily cytokine TL1A (TNFSF15), through its cognate receptor DR3 (TNFRSF25), promotes T cell immunity to pathogens and directly costimulates group 2 and 3 innate lymphoid cells. Polymorphisms in the TNFSF15 gene are associated with the risk for various human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Like other cytokines in the TNF superfamily, TL1A is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein and cleaved from the plasma membrane by metalloproteinases. Membrane cleavage has been shown to alter or abrogate certain activities of other TNF family cytokines; however, the functional capabilities of membrane-bound and soluble forms TL1A are not known. Constitutive expression of TL1A in transgenic mice results in expansion of activated T cells and promotes intestinal hyperplasia and inflammation through stimulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Through the generation of membrane-restricted TL1A-transgenic mice, we demonstrate that membrane TL1A promotes expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung, dependent upon DR3 expression on T cells. Soluble TL1A alone was unable to produce this phenotype but was still able to induce intestinal type 2 inflammation independently of T cells. These data suggest differential roles for membrane and soluble TL1A on adaptive and innate immune cells and have implications for the consequences of blocking these two forms of TL1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ferdinand
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Arianne C Richard
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Meylan
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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31
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TNFR signalling and its clinical implications. Cytokine 2018; 101:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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Chavez-Galan L, Vesin D, Uysal H, Blaser G, Benkhoucha M, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ, Garcia I. Transmembrane Tumor Necrosis Factor Controls Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Activity via TNF Receptor 2 and Protects from Excessive Inflammation during BCG-Induced Pleurisy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:999. [PMID: 28890718 PMCID: PMC5574880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleural tuberculosis (TB) is a form of extra-pulmonary TB observed in patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) has been observed in animal models of TB and in human patients but their role remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the role of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) in the accumulation and function of MDSC in the pleural cavity during an acute mycobacterial infection. Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced pleurisy was resolved in mice expressing tmTNF, but lethal in the absence of tumor necrosis factor. Pleural infection induced MDSC accumulation in the pleural cavity and functional MDSC required tmTNF to suppress T cells as did pleural wild-type MDSC. Interaction of MDSC expressing tmTNF with CD4 T cells bearing TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), but not TNFR1, was required for MDSC suppressive activity on CD4 T cells. Expression of tmTNF attenuated Th1 cell-mediated inflammatory responses generated by the acute pleural mycobacterial infection in association with effective MDSC expressing tmTNF and interacting with CD4 T cells expressing TNFR2. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the crucial role played by the tmTNF/TNFR2 pathway in MDSC suppressive activity required during acute pleural infection to attenuate excessive inflammation generated by the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Husnu Uysal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Blaser
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mahdia Benkhoucha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Valérie F J Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.,Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Fujii T, Nishi E, Ito H, Yoshitomi H, Furu M, Okabe N, Ohno M, Nishi K, Morita Y, Morita Y, Azukizawa M, Okahata A, Tomizawa T, Kimura T, Matsuda S. Nardilysin is involved in autoimmune arthritis via the regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha secretion. RMD Open 2017; 3:e000436. [PMID: 28955486 PMCID: PMC5604610 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TNF-α is synthesised as a membrane-anchored precursor and is fully activated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17)-mediated ectodomain shedding. Nardilysin (NRDC) facilitates ectodomain shedding via activation of ADAM17. This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of NRDC in RA. Methods NRDC-deficient (Nrdc–/–) mice and macrophage-specific NRDC-deficient (NrdcdelM) mice were examined in murine RA models, collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) and K/BxN serum transfer arthritis (K/BxN STA). We evaluated the effect of gene deletion or silencing of Nrdc on ectodomain shedding of TNF-α in macrophages or monocytes. NRDC concentration in synovial fluid from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) were measured. We also examined whether local gene silencing of Nrdc ameliorated CAIA. Results CAIA and K/BxN STA were significantly attenuated in Nrdc–/– mice and NrdcdelM mice. Gene deletion or silencing of Nrdc in macrophages or THP-1 cells resulted in the reduction of TNF-α shedding. The level of NRDC is higher in synovial fluid from RA patients compared with that from OA patients. Intra-articular injection of anti-Nrdcsmall interfering RNA ameliorated CAIA. Conclusion These data indicate that NRDC plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and could be a new therapeutic target for RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Furu
- Department of Control for Rheumatic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Namiko Okabe
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azukizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Okahata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tomizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Tong L, Kim SH, Chen L, Kosinski A, Shankar BB, Girijavallabhan V, Yang DY, Yu W, Zhou G, Shih NY, Chen S, Hu M, Lundell D, Niu X, Umland S, Kozlowski JA. Development of a prodrug of hydantoin based TACE inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3704-3708. [PMID: 28711352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our research on hydantoin based TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors led to fused bi-heteroaryl hydantoin series that demonstrate sub-nanomolar potency (Ki) as well as excellent activity in human whole blood (hWBA). However, lead compound 2 posed some formulation challenges which prevented it for further development. A prodrug approach was investigated to address this issue. The pivalate prodrug 3 can be formulated as stable neutral form and demonstrated improved DMPK properties when compared with parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Aneta Kosinski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Bandarpalle B Shankar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Vinay Girijavallabhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Neng-Yang Shih
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shiying Chen
- Department of PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Daniel Lundell
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xiaoda Niu
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shelby Umland
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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35
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Fused bi-heteroaryl substituted hydantoin compounds as TACE inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3037-3042. [PMID: 28558971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a series of hydantoin-derived TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors containing a pendant fused bi-heteroaryl group, which demonstrate sub-nanomolar potency (Ki), excellent activity in human whole blood assay, and improved DMPK profiles over prior series.
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36
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Karamita M, Barnum C, Möbius W, Tansey MG, Szymkowski DE, Lassmann H, Probert L. Therapeutic inhibition of soluble brain TNF promotes remyelination by increasing myelin phagocytosis by microglia. JCI Insight 2017; 2:87455. [PMID: 28422748 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease in which remyelination largely fails. Transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) and TNF receptor 2 are important for remyelination in experimental MS models, but it is unknown whether soluble TNF (solTNF), a major proinflammatory factor, is involved in regeneration processes. Here, we investigated the specific contribution of solTNF to demyelination and remyelination in the cuprizone model. Treatment with XPro1595, a selective inhibitor of solTNF that crosses the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB), in cuprizone-fed mice did not prevent toxin-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination, but it permitted profound early remyelination due to improved phagocytosis of myelin debris by CNS macrophages and prevented disease-associated decline in motor performance. The beneficial effects of XPro1595 were absent in TNF-deficient mice and replicated in tmTNF-knockin mice, showing that tmTNF is sufficient for the maintenance of myelin and neuroprotection. These findings demonstrate that solTNF inhibits remyelination and repair in a cuprizone demyelination model and suggest that local production of solTNF in the CNS might be one reason why remyelination fails in MS. These findings also suggest that disinhibition of remyelination by selective inhibitors of solTNF that cross the BBB might represent a promising approach for treatment in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karamita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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37
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Genetic Ablation of Soluble TNF Does Not Affect Lesion Size and Functional Recovery after Moderate Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2684098. [PMID: 28070141 PMCID: PMC5192339 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2684098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is followed by an instant increase in expression of the microglial-derived proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within the lesioned cord. TNF exists both as membrane-anchored TNF (mTNF) and as cleaved soluble TNF (solTNF). We previously demonstrated that epidural administration of a dominant-negative inhibitor of solTNF, XPro1595, to the contused spinal cord resulted in changes in Iba1 protein expression in microglia/macrophages, decreased lesion volume, and improved locomotor function. Here, we extend our studies using mice expressing mTNF, but no solTNF (mTNFΔ/Δ), to study the effect of genetic ablation of solTNF on SCI. We demonstrate that TNF levels were significantly decreased within the lesioned spinal cord 3 days after SCI in mTNFΔ/Δ mice compared to littermates. This decrease did, however, not translate into significant changes in other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-5, IL-2, CXCL1, CCL2, or CCL5), despite a tendency towards increased IL-10 and decreased IL-1β, TNFR1, and TNFR2 levels in mTNFΔ/Δ mice. In addition, microglial and leukocyte infiltration, activation state (Iba1, CD11b, CD11c, CD45, and MHCII), lesion size, and functional outcome after moderate SCI were comparable between genotypes. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic ablation of solTNF does not significantly modulate postlesion outcome after SCI.
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38
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Madsen PM, Clausen BH, Degn M, Thyssen S, Kristensen LK, Svensson M, Ditzel N, Finsen B, Deierborg T, Brambilla R, Lambertsen KL. Genetic ablation of soluble tumor necrosis factor with preservation of membrane tumor necrosis factor is associated with neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1553-69. [PMID: 26661199 PMCID: PMC5012516 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15610339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia respond to focal cerebral ischemia by increasing their production of the neuromodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor, which exists both as membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor and as cleaved soluble tumor necrosis factor forms. We previously demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor knockout mice display increased lesion volume after focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor is neuroprotective in experimental stroke. Here, we extend our studies to show that mice with intact membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor, but no soluble tumor necrosis factor, display reduced infarct volumes at one and five days after stroke. This was associated with improved functional outcome after experimental stroke. No changes were found in the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor and tumor necrosis factor-related genes (TNFR1, TNFR2, TACE), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) or chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL2); however, protein expression of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1 was reduced in membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(Δ/Δ) compared to membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(wt/wt) mice one day after experimental stroke. This was paralleled by reduced MHCII expression and a reduction in macrophage infiltration in the ipsilateral cortex of membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor(Δ/Δ) mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that membrane-anchored tumor necrosis factor mediates the protective effects of tumor necrosis factor signaling in experimental stroke, and therapeutic strategies specifically targeting soluble tumor necrosis factor could be beneficial in clinical stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille M Madsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Molecular Sleep Lab, Department of Diagnostics, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stine Thyssen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lotte K Kristensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- KMEB, Molecular Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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39
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Kawahara R, Granato DC, Yokoo S, Domingues RR, Trindade DM, Paes Leme AF. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed Glypican-1 as a novel ADAM17 substrate. J Proteomics 2016; 151:53-65. [PMID: 27576135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) is a plasma membrane metalloprotease involved in proteolytic release of the extracellular domain of many cell surface molecules, a process known as ectodomain shedding. Through this process, ADAM17 is implicated in several aspects of tumor growth and metastasis in a broad range of tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). In this study, mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches revealed glypican-1 (GPC1) as a new substrate for ADAM17, and its shedding was confirmed to be metalloprotease-dependent, induced by a pleiotropic agent (PMA) and physiologic ligand (EGF), and inhibited by marimastat. In addition, immunoblotting analysis of GPC1 in the extracellular media from control and ADAM17shRNA pointed to a direct involvement of ADAM17 in the cleavage of GPC1. Moreover, mass spectrometry-based interactome analysis of GPC1 revealed biological functions and pathways related mainly to cellular movement, adhesion and proliferation, which were events also modulated by up regulation of full length and cleavage GPC1. Altogether, we showed that GPC1 is a novel ADAM17 substrate, thus the function of GPC1 may be modulated by proteolysis signaling. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of metalloproteases as a therapeutic approach has failed because there is limited knowledge of the degradome of individual proteases as well as the cellular function of cleaved substrates. Using different proteomic techniques, this study uncovered novel substrates that can be modulated by ADAM17 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Glypican-1 was validated as a novel substrate for ADAM17, with important function in adhesion, proliferation and migration of carcinoma cells. Therefore, this study opens new avenues regarding the proteolysis-mediated function of GPC1 by ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Kawahara
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sami Yokoo
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
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40
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Xu X, Meng Q, Erben U, Wang P, Glauben R, Kühl AA, Wu H, Ma CW, Hu M, Wang Y, Sun W, Jia J, Wu X, Chen W, Siegmund B, Qin Z. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote B-cell production of IgA in a TNFR2-dependent manner. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:597-606. [PMID: 27133471 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are well known for their capacity to suppress antitumor T-cell responses, but their effects on B-cell function and antibody production remain unclear. Here, we found that MDSCs that accumulated around the germinal center in the spleen of tumor-bearing mice co-located with B cells. In the presence of MDSCs, the antibody reaction to a surrogate antigen was significantly enhanced in mice, especially the immunoglobulin (Ig)A subtype. Co-culture with MDSCs promoted both proliferation and differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing plasma cells in vitro. Interestingly, the cross talk between MDSCs and B cells required cell-cell contact. MDSCs from tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 2-/- mice, but not from TNFR1-/- mice, failed to promote B-cell responses. Further investigation suggested that interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 were crucial for the MDSC-mediated promotion of IgA responses. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of MDSC-mediated immune regulation during tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinghong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
| | - Peigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chung Wah Ma
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Minghua Hu
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Infinitus Chinese Herbal Immunity Research Centre, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Junying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 12200, Germany
| | - Zhihai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences-University of Tokyo Joint Laboratory of Structural Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Cell-type-restricted anti-cytokine therapy: TNF inhibition from one pathogenic source. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3006-11. [PMID: 26936954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520175113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of TNF contributes to pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, accounting for a remarkable success of anti-TNF therapy. TNF is produced by a variety of cell types, and it can play either a beneficial or a deleterious role. In particular, in autoimmunity pathogenic TNF may be derived from restricted cellular sources. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of cell-type-restricted TNF inhibition in vivo. To this end, we engineered MYSTI (Myeloid-Specific TNF Inhibitor)--a recombinant bispecific antibody that binds to the F4/80 surface molecule on myeloid cells and to human TNF (hTNF). In macrophage cultures derived from TNF humanized mice MYSTI could capture the secreted hTNF, limiting its bioavailability. Additionally, as evaluated in TNF humanized mice, MYSTI was superior to an otherwise analogous systemic TNF inhibitor in protecting mice from lethal LPS/D-Galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity. Our results suggest a novel and more specific approach to inhibiting TNF in pathologies primarily driven by macrophage-derived TNF.
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Andrade PR, Jardim MR, da Silva ACC, Manhaes PS, Antunes SLG, Vital R, Prata RBDS, Petito RB, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN. Inflammatory Cytokines Are Involved in Focal Demyelination in Leprosy Neuritis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:272-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Generation of a Functional Non-Shedding Collagen XVII Mouse Model: Relevance of Collagen XVII Shedding in Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:516-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Fromm PD, Kling JC, Remke A, Bogdan C, Körner H. Fatal Leishmaniasis in the Absence of TNF Despite a Strong Th1 Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1520. [PMID: 26834705 PMCID: PMC4722107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mononuclear phagocytes by IFN-γ and innate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide the basis for an effective immune response to the intracellular parasite Leishmania (L.) major. In previous experiments, we observed a fatal visceral form of leishmaniasis in L. major-infected C57BL/6 TNF-/- mice. To further delineate the protective function of TNF and its receptor requirements, we comparatively assessed L. major-infected C57BL/6 mice that were either deficient for membrane and soluble TNF (Tnf-/-), for soluble TNF alone (memTnfΔ/Δ), or the TNF receptors type 1 (Tnfr1-/-) or type 2 (Tnfr2-/-). We detected locally and systemically increased levels of the cytokine IFN-γ in the absence of the TNF-TNFR1-signaling pathway. An analysis of transcription factors and cytokines revealed that activated Tnf-/- CD4+ T cells displayed a highly active Th1 phenotype with a strong usage of the T cell receptor Vβ5.1/2. From these data we conclude that the fatal outcome of L. major infection in Tnf-/- mice does not result from a skewed or deficient Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Fromm
- Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville QN, Australia
| | - Jessica C Kling
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia; Blumenthal Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, WoolloongabbaQLD, Australia
| | - Annika Remke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friederich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
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Amaral FA, Bastos LFS, Oliveira THC, Dias ACF, Oliveira VLS, Tavares LD, Costa VV, Galvão I, Soriani FM, Szymkowski DE, Ryffel B, Souza DG, Teixeira MM. Transmembrane TNF-α is sufficient for articular inflammation and hypernociception in a mouse model of gout. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:204-11. [PMID: 26449770 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gout manifests as recurrent episodes of acute joint inflammation and pain due to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within the affected tissue in a process dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The synthesis, activation, and release of IL-1β are crucial for MSU-induced inflammation. The current study evaluated the mechanism by which TNF-α contributed to MSU-induced inflammation. Male C57BL/6J or transgenic mice were used in this study and inflammation was induced by the injection of MSU crystals into the joint. TNF-α was markedly increased in the joint after the injection of MSU. There was inhibition in the infiltration of neutrophils, production of CXCL1 and IL-1β, and decreased hypernociception in mice deficient for TNF-α or its receptors. Pharmacological blockade of TNF-α with Etanercept or pentoxyfylline produced similar results. Mechanistically, TNF-α blockade resulted in lower amounts of IL-1β protein and pro-IL-1β mRNA transcripts in joints. Gene-modified mice that express only transmembrane TNF-α had an inflammatory response similar to that of WT mice and blockade of soluble TNF-α (XPro™1595) did not decrease MSU-induced inflammation. In conclusion, TNF-α drives expression of pro-IL-1β mRNA and IL-1β protein in experimental gout and that its transmembrane form is sufficient to trigger MSU-induced inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio A Amaral
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro F S Bastos
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago H C Oliveira
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C F Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian L S Oliveira
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia D Tavares
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Danielle G Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas, Gerais, Brazil
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Sun Q, Hampel H, Blennow K, Lista S, Levey A, Tang B, Li R, Shen Y. Increased plasma TACE activity in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 41:877-86. [PMID: 24685635 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) can cleave both pro-TNF-α and TNF receptors. Recently, we have shown that TACE activity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients is significantly higher than that of cognitively healthy controls (HC). To date, it is not clear whether TACE activity could be detected in the human plasma and whether TACE activity in MCI and AD patients is different from that in HC. We analyzed TACE expression and activity in a large clinical sample of 64 patients with AD, 88 subjects with MCI, and 50 age-matched HC recruited from two distinct academic centers. Plasma TACE protein levels did not differ significantly in the three study groups (AD, MCI, and HC). However, plasma TACE activity in subjects with MCI and AD patients was significantly higher than that in HC. Moreover, in MCI and AD groups, we found a significant correlation between plasma TACE activity and CSF t-tau and Aβ42 levels and CSF Aβ42/tau ratios. In AD patients, the levels of plasma TACE activity correlated significantly and negatively with cognition. These findings further support the role of the TNF-α receptor complex in AD-related neuroinflammation and propose TACE plasma activity as a promising hypothesis-driven biomarker candidate for detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of prodromal and clinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Sun
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders, The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Harald Hampel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Alzheimer Memorial Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgren's University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Simone Lista
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Allan Levey
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rena Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Yong Shen
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders, The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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47
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TNF and its receptors in the CNS: The essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects. Neuroscience 2015; 302:2-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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49
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Interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease: role of TNF. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:610813. [PMID: 25834699 PMCID: PMC4365363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/610813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Both conditions can lead to increased oxidative stress by excessive release of harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which further promote neuronal damage and subsequent inflammation resulting in a feed-forward loop of neurodegeneration. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a master regulator of the immune system, plays an important role in the propagation of inflammation due to the activation and recruitment of immune cells via its receptor TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Moreover, TNFR1 can directly induce oxidative stress by the activation of ROS and RNS producing enzymes. Both TNF-induced oxidative stress and inflammation interact and cooperate to promote neurodegeneration. However, TNF plays a dual role in neurodegenerative disease, since stimulation via its second receptor, TNFR2, is neuroprotective and promotes tissue regeneration. Here we review the interrelation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the two major chronic neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and discuss the dual role of TNF in promoting neurodegeneration and tissue regeneration via its two receptors.
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50
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Clausen BH, Degn M, Martin NA, Couch Y, Karimi L, Ormhøj M, Mortensen MLB, Gredal HB, Gardiner C, Sargent IIL, Szymkowski DE, Petit GH, Deierborg T, Finsen B, Anthony DC, Lambertsen KL. Systemically administered anti-TNF therapy ameliorates functional outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:203. [PMID: 25498129 PMCID: PMC4272527 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The innate immune system contributes to the outcome after stroke, where neuroinflammation and post-stroke systemic immune depression are central features. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which exists in both a transmembrane (tm) and soluble (sol) form, is known to sustain complex inflammatory responses associated with stroke. We tested the effect of systemically blocking only solTNF versus blocking both tmTNF and solTNF on infarct volume, functional outcome and inflammation in focal cerebral ischemia. Methods We used XPro1595 (a dominant-negative inhibitor of solTNF) and etanercept (which blocks both solTNF and tmTNF) to test the effect of systemic administration on infarct volume, functional recovery and inflammation after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Functional recovery was evaluated after one, three and five days, and infarct volumes at six hours, 24 hours and five days after ischemia. Brain inflammation, liver acute phase response (APR), spleen and blood leukocyte profiles, along with plasma microvesicle analysis, were evaluated. Results We found that both XPro1595 and etanercept significantly improved functional outcomes, altered microglial responses, and modified APR, spleen T cell and microvesicle numbers, but without affecting infarct volumes. Conclusions Our data suggest that XPro1595 and etanercept improve functional outcome after focal cerebral ischemia by altering the peripheral immune response, changing blood and spleen cell populations and decreasing granulocyte infiltration into the brain. Blocking solTNF, using XPro1595, was just as efficient as blocking both solTNF and tmTNF using etanercept. Our findings may have implications for future treatments with anti-TNF drugs in TNF-dependent diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0203-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Diagnostics, Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Glostrup Hospital, Nordre Ringvej 69, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Nellie Anne Martin
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Leena Karimi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Maria Ormhøj
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Maria-Louise Bergholdt Mortensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Hanne Birgit Gredal
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Facuty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Chris Gardiner
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ian I L Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Géraldine H Petit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Medical Science, Neuronal Survival Unit, 22100 Lund University, BMC B11, Sölveg 19, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Medical Science, Neuronal Survival Unit, 22100 Lund University, BMC B11, Sölveg 19, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3QT, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 21, st., 5000, Odense, Denmark.
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