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Design of Smart Nanomedicines for Effective Cancer Treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121791. [PMID: 35525473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a novel field of study that involves the use of nanomaterials to address challenges and issues that are associated with conventional therapeutics for cancer treatment including, but not limited to, low bioavailability, low water-solubility, narrow therapeutic window, nonspecific distribution, and multiple side effects of the drugs. Multiple strategies have been exploited to reduce the nonspecific distribution, and thus the side effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), including active and passive targeting strategies and externally controllable release of the therapeutic cargo. Site-specific release of the drug prevents it from impacting healthy cells, thereby significantly reducing side effects. API release triggers can be either externally applied, as in ultrasound-mediated activation, or induced by the tumor. To rationally design such nanomedicines, a thorough understanding of the differences between the tumor microenvironment versus that of healthy tissues must be pared with extensive knowledge of stimuli-responsive biomaterials. Herein, we describe the characteristics that differentiate tumor tissues from normal tissues. Then, we introduce smart materials that are commonly used for the development of smart nanomedicines to be triggered by stimuli such as changes in pH, temperature, and enzymatic activity. The most recent advances and their impact on the field of cancer therapy are further discussed.
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Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles as Potential CT Contrast Agents for Localizing Sentinel Lymph Node via Indirect CT Lymphography on Rabbit Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1230151. [PMID: 29850482 PMCID: PMC5932527 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1230151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the potential use of indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT-LG) with dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) in the localization and enhanced imaging of cervical sentinel lymph node (SLN) on rabbit model. Methods Twelve rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the positive control group and the experimental group. In the control group, indirect CT-LG was performed with the injection of 0.5 ml activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNP) and Omnipaque mixture suspension in the right tongue submucosa. CT images were acquired before the injection and 1, 5, 10, and 15 min after the injection, respectively. In the experimental group, indirect CT-LG injection with 0.5 ml Au DENPs suspension was performed in the right tongue submucosa. CT images were obtained before the injection and 1, 5, 10, and 15 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after the injection, respectively. Then, SLN identification and enhancement characteristics were evaluated. Results Indirect CT-LG revealed the enhancement of one right deep cervical lymph nodes in all animals, which was SLN. SLN location was marked with black color (ACNP dye) or purple-black color (Au DENPs dye). At each detection time point, the enhanced SLN attenuation values of control rabbits were statistically significantly higher than that of the plain scan, respectively (P < 0.05). Also the values of experimental rabbits were statistically significantly higher than that of the control at the same time point after injection (P < 0.05). The detection rate of SLN was 100%. Conclusions Indirect CT-LG with injection of Au DENPs as CT contrast agents can locate the SLN for a long period of time and enrich the SLN black dye. It is helpful for SLNs identification during the operation.
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Rossi F, Körner M, Suárez J, Carozzi G, Meier VS, Roos M, Rohrer Bley C. Computed tomographic-lymphography as a complementary technique for lymph node staging in dogs with malignant tumors of various sites. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:155-162. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossi
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio; Sasso Marconi (BO) I-40037 Italy
| | - Maximilian Körner
- Division of Radiation Oncology; University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - José Suárez
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging; University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Gregorio Carozzi
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario and Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio; Sasso Marconi (BO) I-40037 Italy
| | - Valeria S. Meier
- Division of Radiation Oncology; University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Roos
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8001 Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology; University of Zurich; Zurich CH-8057 Switzerland
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Soultani C, Patsikas MN, Karayannopoulou M, Jakovljevic S, Chryssogonidis I, Papazoglou L, Papaioannou N, Papadopoulou P, Pavlidou K, Ilia GM, Kaitzis DG, Ilia TM. ASSESSMENT OF SENTINEL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN CANINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC INDIRECT LYMPHOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:186-196. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Soultani
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Michail N. Patsikas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Maria Karayannopoulou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Chryssogonidis
- Department of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Lysimachos Papazoglou
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papadopoulou
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Kyriaki Pavlidou
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Georgia M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Dimitrios G. Kaitzis
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Tatiana M. Ilia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
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Brissot HN, Edery EG. Use of indirect lymphography to identify sentinel lymph node in dogs: a pilot study in 30 tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:740-753. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Brissot
- Department of small animal surgery (Brissot) and internal medicine (Edery); Pride Veterinary Centre; Derby UK
| | - E. G. Edery
- Department of small animal surgery (Brissot) and internal medicine (Edery); Pride Veterinary Centre; Derby UK
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Lin TY, Rodriguez CO, Li Y. Nanomedicine in veterinary oncology. Vet J 2015; 205:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jung Y, Reif R, Zeng Y, Wang RK. Three-dimensional high-resolution imaging of gold nanorods uptake in sentinel lymph nodes. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2938-43. [PMID: 21667930 PMCID: PMC3135710 DOI: 10.1021/nl2014394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate an application of a noninvasive imaging modality, photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT), for imaging gold nanorods (GNRs) uptake in sentinel lymph node (SLN) of mice in situ. This application enables us to obtain higher quality images of SLN structures due to the photothermal contrast properties of the GNRs. It is also demonstrated that GNRs accumulate differently within several SLN structures, and this uptake is time dependent. Finally, we determine the average concentration of GNRs within the whole SLN which is used to demonstrate uptake kinetics of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongri Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave. NE., Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Roberto Reif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave. NE., Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yaguang Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave. NE., Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR 97239
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Assessment of cervical lymph node metastases using indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model. J Laryngol Otol 2011; 125:820-8. [PMID: 21729450 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215111000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of indirect computed tomography lymphography with iopamidol for detecting cervical lymph node metastases in a tongue VX2 carcinoma model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A metastatic cervical lymph node model was created by implanting VX2 carcinoma suspension into the tongue submucosa of 21 rabbits. Computed tomography images were obtained 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after iopamidol injection, on days 11, 14, 21 (six rabbits each) and 28 (three rabbits) after carcinoma transplantation. Computed tomography lymphography was performed, and lymph node filling defects and enhancement characteristics evaluated. RESULTS Indirect computed tomography lymphography revealed bilateral enhancement of cervical lymph nodes in all animals, except for one animal imaged on day 28. There was significantly slower evacuation of contrast in metastatic than non-metastatic nodes. A total of 41 enhanced lymph nodes displayed an oval or round shape, or local filling defects. One lymph node with an oval shape was metastatic (one of 11, 9.1 per cent), while 21 nodes with filling defects were metastatic (21/30, 70 per cent). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values when using a filling defect diameter of 1.5 mm as a diagnostic criterion were 86.4, 78.9, 82.9, 82.6 and 83.3 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION When using indirect computed tomography lymphography to detect metastatic lymph nodes, filling defects and slow evacuation of contrast agent are important diagnostic features.
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Shu Y, Xu X, Chodara AM, Regner MF, Sha Y, Jiang JJ, Xiang M, Wu H. Correlative study of indirect computed tomography lymphography using iopamidol and histopathology in a cervical lymph node metastasis model. Laryngoscope 2011; 121:724-31. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wu H, Ying H, Xi X, Shen N, Shu Y, Hoffman MR, Rieves A, Sha Y, Zhou L. Localization of the sentinel lymph node in tongue VX2 carcinoma via indirect CT lymphography combined with methylene blue dye injection. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130:503-10. [PMID: 19883177 DOI: 10.3109/00016480903253595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT-LG) combined with blue dye injection can locate the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in tongue carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To localize the SLN in tongue VX2 carcinoma using indirect CT-LG combined with methylene blue injection. METHODS Eighteen rabbits were placed into three groups: metastasis, hyperplasia, and control. Indirect CT-LG was performed with an iohexol injection into the tongue submucosa. CT images were acquired at 1, 5, and 15 min after injection. Methylene blue was injected into the same area 24 h after indirect CT-LG, followed by SLN identification and histopathological examination. RESULTS SLNs were visualized with an identification rate of 100%. SLN location identified using CT lymphography was confirmed by methylene blue dye. Control and hyperplastic enhanced SLNs were round or oval without any filling defects. Control rabbits had enhanced SLN attenuation values of 689.2 +/- 55.4 HU, 278.4 +/- 33.5 HU, and 71.7 +/- 9.2 HU at 1, 5, and 15 min after injection, respectively. Hyperplastic rabbits had values of 877.4 +/- 69.4 HU, 352.5 +/- 43.3 HU, and 80.2 +/- 11.5 HU. Filling defects were only observed in the ipsilateral metastatic SLNs of the metastasis group. CT attenuation values of the metastatic SLNs were 687.4 +/- 55.6 HU, 535.1 +/- 86.6 HU, and 282.3 +/- 19.4 HU at 1, 5, and 15 min, respectively, after iohexol injection. Metastatic lymph node attenuation values were significantly greater than those of the control or hyperplastic nodes at 5 (p < 0.001) and 15 min (p < 0.001) after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 FenYang Road, Shanghai, PR China.
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Cahill RA. Regional nodal staging for early stage colon cancer in the era of endoscopic resection and N.O.T.E.S. Surg Oncol 2009; 18:169-75. [PMID: 19246188 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced endoscopic technologies and techniques capable of providing localized resection of colonic primaries are entering clinical practice. As much as Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (N.O.T.E.S.) may ultimately provide for transmural resection with narrow margins, intraluminal techniques such as endoscopic submucosal resection can now effect excision of early stage tumors from within the colon. However, the limit on the application of these approaches is oncological providence as current staging requires en bloc mesenteric resection in every case to ensure that adequate nodal assessment is assured. Furthermore, this requirement is also a limiting factor on the advance of innovative procedures such as Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery and N.O.T.E.S.-hybrid techniques as these approaches, while likely adept at the definitive management of the primary, have limitations regarding their ability to provide full base mesenteric resection (due mostly to constraints on retraction capacity as well as operating field space and exposure). Therefore a means to accurately and efficiently identify those patients who are truly node negative (and so in whom radical mesenteric lymphadenectomy could be avoided) would allow all of these techniques to advance with a clear focus on address of the primary. This review analyses the current state of the art of regional staging in the colonic mesentery in place of formal lymphadenectomy. It includes deliberation of both preoperative non-invasive testing as well as novel means of employing N.O.T.E.S. approaches to allow direct determination of lymph node status (in particular that of sentinel nodes) by either rapid histopathological examination or by emerging technologies such as Optical Coherence Tomography that may provide optical or 'virtual' biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Cahill
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; European Institute of Surgical Research and Innovation (EISRI), Dublin, Ireland.
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Sharma R, Wendt JA, Rasmussen JC, Adams KE, Marshall MV, Sevick-Muraca EM. New horizons for imaging lymphatic function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1131:13-36. [PMID: 18519956 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1413.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of noninvasive imaging modalities used clinically for the diagnosis of lymphatic diseases, new imaging agents for assessing lymphatic architecture and cancer status of lymph nodes, and emerging near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent optical imaging technologies and agents for functional lymphatic imaging. Given the promise of NIR optical imaging, we provide example results of functional lymphatic imaging in mice, swine, and humans, showing the ability of this technology to quantify lymph velocity and frequencies of propulsion resulting from the contractility of lymphatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 360, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Merisko-Liversidge EM, Liversidge GG. Drug Nanoparticles: Formulating Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:43-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623307310946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
More than 40% of compounds identified through combinatorial screening programs are poorly soluble in water. These molecules are difficult to formulate using conventional approaches and are associated with innumerable formulation-related performance issues. Formulating these compounds as pure drug nanoparticles is one of the newer drug-delivery strategies applied to this class of molecules. Nanoparticle dispersions are stable and have a mean diameter of less than 1 micron. The formulations consist of water, drug, and one or more generally regarded as safe excipients. These liquid dispersions exhibit an acceptable shelf-life and can be postprocessed into various types of solid dosage forms. Drug nanoparticles have been shown to improve bioavailability and enhance drug exposure for oral and parenteral dosage forms. Suitable formulations for the most commonly used routes of administration can be identified with milligram quantities of drug substance, providing the discovery scientist with an alternate avenue for screening and identifying superior analogs. For the toxicologist, the approach provides a means for dose escalation using a formulation that is commercially viable. In the past few years, formulating poorly water-soluble compounds using a nanoparticulate approach has evolved from a conception to a realization whose versatility and applicability are just beginning to be realized.
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Cai W, Chen X. Nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1840-54. [PMID: 17943716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular or personalized medicine is the future of patient management and molecular imaging plays a key role towards this goal. Recently, nanoplatform-based molecular imaging has emerged as an interdisciplinary field, which involves chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Possessing unprecedented potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and personalized treatment of diseases, nanoplatforms have been employed in every single biomedical imaging modality, namely, optical imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon-emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. Multifunctionality is the key advantage of nanoplatforms over traditional approaches. Targeting ligands, imaging labels, therapeutic drugs, and many other agents can all be integrated into the nanoplatform to allow for targeted molecular imaging and molecular therapy by encompassing many biological and biophysical barriers. In this Review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Cuenca AG, Jiang H, Hochwald SN, Delano M, Cance WG, Grobmyer SR. Emerging implications of nanotechnology on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer 2006; 107:459-66. [PMID: 16795065 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is multidisciplinary field that involves the design and engineering of objects <500 nanometers (nm) in size. The National Cancer Institute has recognized that nanotechnology offers an extraordinary, paradigm-changing opportunity to make significant advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In the last several decades, nanotechnology has been studied and developed primarily for use in novel drug-delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, gelatin nanoparticles, micelles). A recent explosion in engineering and technology has led to 1) the development of many new nanoscale platforms, including quantum dots, nanoshells, gold nanoparticles, paramagnetic nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, and 2) improvements in traditional, lipid-based nanoscale platforms. The emerging implications of these platforms for advances in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics form the basis of this review. A widespread understanding of these new technologies is important, because they currently are being integrated into the clinical practice of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Cuenca
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Lurie DM, Seguin B, Schneider PD, Verstraete FJ, Wisner ER. Contrast-assisted ultrasound for sentinel lymph node detection in spontaneously arising canine head and neck tumors. Invest Radiol 2006; 41:415-21. [PMID: 16523025 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000201230.29925.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate a minimally invasive contrast-assisted ultrasound (US) technique for sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization. METHODS Microbubble contrast medium was injected into peritumoral tissues in 10 dogs with spontaneous head or neck tumors. Regional lymph nodes (LNs) were imaged up to 20 minutes after contrast administration using power Doppler US. Comparative lymphoscintigraphy studies were performed in all dogs by peritumoral injection of 99mTc-sulfur colloid administered around the primary lesion. RESULTS US contrast enhancement of SLN revealed sentinel nodes and associated lymphatics in 8 of 10 dogs. In each instance in which contrast-enhanced LN was identified with US, a corresponding SLN was detected by lymphoscintigraphy. Multiple SLNs were present in 2 dogs. Regional lymph nodes were positive for metastasis in 1 dog and reactive in 9 dogs. CONCLUSIONS Contrast-assisted US is effective in localizing SLN. This technique could reduce or eliminate many of the limitations of current SLN detection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lurie
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA
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Goldberg BB, Merton DA, Liu JB, Thakur M, Murphy GF, Needleman L, Tornes A, Forsberg F. Sentinel lymph nodes in a swine model with melanoma: contrast-enhanced lymphatic US. Radiology 2004; 230:727-34. [PMID: 14990839 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2303021440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if lymphatic channels and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) with and without metastases can be detected with lymphatic ultrasonography (US) after peritumoral injection of a US contrast agent and to determine if lymphatic US can be used to assess SLNs for the presence of metastatic infiltration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six swine with 17 melanomas were evaluated. Conventional gray-scale, color flow, and gray-scale phase-inversion harmonic US examinations were performed. A US contrast agent was administered in four sites around each melanoma (1-mL total dose). Lymphoscintigraphy was followed by injection of a blue dye and then dissection. SLNs identified at lymphatic US were characterized by two readers in consensus as normal or as having metastases; results were compared with histologic findings. Statistical analyses included the sign test and the kappa statistic. RESULTS Lymphatic US depicted 28 SLNs, while lymphoscintigraphy depicted 27 "hot spots" suspected of representing SLNs (including two false-positive findings). Dissection after blue dye injection helped identify 31 SLNs. There were no false-positive US findings for SLN detection. Five of six nodes not seen with lymphoscintigraphy were detected with lymphatic US. The accuracy of SLN detection was 90% (28 of 31) for lymphatic US and 81% (25 of 31) for lymphoscintigraphy (P =.29). Lymphatic US correctly depicted metastases in 19 of 20 SLNs, and five of the eight normal SLNs were correctly characterized, with an accuracy of 86% (kappa = 0.62). CONCLUSION Detection of SLNs with lymphatic US compared favorably with that at lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphatic US can depict metastases within the SLN, which was not possible with lymphoscintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry B Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 7th Floor Main Bldg, 132 S 10th St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Abstract
Numerous investigations have shown that both tissue and cell distribution profiles of anticancer drugs can be controlled by their entrapment in submicronic colloidal systems (nanoparticles). The rationale behind this approach is to increase antitumor efficacy, while reducing systemic side-effects. This review provides an update of tumor targeting with conventional or long-circulating nanoparticles. The in vivo fate of these systems, after intravascular or tumoral administration, is discussed, as well as the mechanism involved in tumor regression. Nanoparticles are also of benefit for the selective delivery of oligonucleotides to tumor cells. Moreover, certain types of nanoparticles showed some interesting capacity to reverse MDR resistance, which is a major problem in chemotherapy. The first experiments, aiming to decorate nanoparticles with molecular ligand for 'active' targeting of cancerous cells, are also discussed here. The last part of this review focus on the application of nanoparticles in imaging for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Brigger
- University of Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5 rue J.B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Wisner ER, Weichert JP, Longino MA, Counsell RE, Weisbrode SE. Percutaneous CT lymphography using a new polyiodinated biomimetic microemulsion. Acad Radiol 2002; 9 Suppl 1:S191-3. [PMID: 12019865 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(03)80434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Wisner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, USA
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Cook BE, Lucarelli MJ, Lemke BN, Dortzbach RK, Kaufman PL, Forrest L, Greene E, Gabelt BT. Eyelid lymphatics II: a search for drainage patterns in the monkey and correlations with human lymphatics. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 18:99-106. [PMID: 11897950 DOI: 10.1097/00002341-200203000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the lymphatic drainage of the cynomolgus monkey through the use of lymphoscintigraphy. METHODS Lymphoscintigraphy with 500 microCi of 99mTechnetium sulfur colloid injected at specific sites around the eyelids was performed with five cynomolgus monkeys in lateral and ventral positions. RESULTS Lymphoscintigraphy of the monkey eyelid and periocular tissue revealed lymphatic drainage to the parotid lymph nodes from the entire upper eyelid, medial canthus, and lateral lower eyelid and drainage to the submandibular lymph nodes from the medial and central lower eyelid. In addition to draining to the parotid lymph nodes, the central upper eyelid was also seen to drain to the submandibular lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Lymphoscintigraphy of the cynomolgus monkey eyelids reveals discrete lymphatic drainage pathways for the upper and lower eyelids and a dual pathway for the central upper eyelid. Future studies will help to clarify the lymphatic drainage pathways of human eyelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briggs E Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Misselwitz B, Platzek J, Radüchel B, Oellinger JJ, Weinmann HJ. Gadofluorine 8: initial experience with a new contrast medium for interstitial MR lymphography. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1999; 8:190-5. [PMID: 10504047 DOI: 10.1007/bf02594598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Differential diagnosis of malignant and beign lymph nodes is still a problem in lymphographic imaging modalities. Plain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are inadequate for detecting metastases in normal-sized lymph nodes and for differentiating enlarged nodes. Therefore it is important to have a contrast agent that accumulates in healthy lymphatic tissue but does not accumulate in metastatic deposits. METHODS The lymphographic contrast agent Gadofluorine 8 (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) is a lipophilic but water-soluble gadolinium complex. Lymphographic effects were investigated in guinea pigs, dogs, and tumor-bearing rabbits after interstitial (subcutaneous or intracutaneous) injection. MR imaging was performed using T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences until 120 min after administration. RESULTS After interstitial injection Gadofluorine 8 accumulates in regional lymph nodes, resulting in a pronounced increase in signal intensity in the lymph nodes. Differentiation between normal and metastatic lymph nodes was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Gadofluorine 8 is an innovative contrast agent that can distinguish between normal and tumorous lymph nodes in interstitial MR lymphography.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Misselwitz
- Research Laboratories of Schering AG, Diagnostic Imaging Division, Contrast Media Research, Berlin, Germany.
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Wisner ER, Théon AP, Katzberg RW, Griffey SM, McIntire GL. Lymph node uptake of interstitially delivered particulate contrast media before and after irradiation in dogs. Acad Radiol 1999; 6:119-25. [PMID: 12680434 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors' purpose was to assess the effects of ionizing radiation on the uptake and distribution of interstitially delivered particulate contrast medium in normal lymph nodes in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two milliliters of an iodinated nanoparticle suspension (NC 67722 Sterile Suspension, 76 mg of iodine per milliliter) was injected subcutaneously or submucosally into nine normal adult beagle dogs. Targeted lymph node groups were evaluated with computed tomography (CT). Region-of-interest analysis was used to estimate volume, attenuation, and iodine concentration of the opacified nodes and nonopacified contralateral nodes on CT images obtained before and 24 hours after the injection. All right-sided and some left-sided lymph nodes were irradiated with 50 Gy in 25 fractions of 2 Gy per day, beginning 28-35 days after the CT examination. Contrast medium administration and quantitative CT imaging were performed again 3 months after irradiation. RESULTS Contrast material uptake resulted in a twofold increase in node volume before irradiation (P < .0001). Mean attenuation of contrast-enhanced nodes increased to 230-330 HU from a precontrast enhancement value of 36.5 HU. After irradiation, opacified node volumes decreased to approximately 25%-50% of their preirradiation volumes (P < .02). Contrast material uptake decreased 10%-15% after irradiation but was not significantly less than preirradiation uptake. Qualitatively, no substantial difference in contrast material distribution existed between irradiated and nonirradiated nodes. CONCLUSION An elective irradiation dose decreased lymph node size, but the imaging characteristics of opacification were not otherwise appreciably altered 3 months after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Wisner
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
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Ketai LH, Muggenberg BA, McIntire GL, Bacon ER, Rosenberg R, Losco PE, Toner JL, Nikula KJ, Haley P. CT imaging of intrathoracic lymph nodes in dogs with bronchoscopically administered iodinated nanoparticles. Acad Radiol 1999; 6:49-54. [PMID: 9891152 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to determine if airway instillation of iodinated nanoparticles results in contrast material enhancement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight dogs underwent intrabronchial instillation of iodinated nanoparticles; six dogs received 900 mg each, and two dogs received 450 mg each. Spiral computed tomography (CT) was then performed 2-34 days later. RESULTS CT scans obtained 2 days after instillation showed the presence of contrast material within the lung parenchyma but no nodal enhancement. Scans obtained 6-34 days after instillation showed enhancement of the right, left, and middle tracheobronchial lymph nodes (analogous to the mediastinal nodes in humans). Mean nodal attenuation on CT images was 117 HU +/- 43, and the mean nodal volume was 129 mm3 +/- 113. Histologic specimens of the nodes showed macrophage hyperplasia. CONCLUSION Iodinated nanoparticles instilled into small airways are transported to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes, where they result in contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Ketai
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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26
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Wolf GL, Shore MT, Bessin G, McIntire GL, Bacon ER, Illig KJ. Lymph node extraction of radiopaque nanoparticulates in the rabbit as measured in vivo with CT. Acad Radiol 1999; 6:55-60. [PMID: 9891153 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(99)80062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate in vivo extraction of lymphographic material in the popliteal node of the rabbit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serial quantitative computed tomography (CT) of target tissues in four legs of two rabbits was performed after subcutaneous injection of an improved lymphographic contrast agent. Massage was used as a lymphotrophic intervention. RESULTS At 15 minutes, the mean change in Hounsfield units measured 815 in the popliteal node, 219 in afferent lymphatic vessels, and 127 in efferent lymphatic vessels. The nodal extraction of nanoparticulates from the lymph was approximately 55%. Nodal massage allowed the amount of nanoparticulate remaining in sinusoidal lymph to be estimated. CONCLUSION Functional CT performed with timed studies, proper radiopaque materials, and physiologic interventions can depict in vivo lymphatic physiology under minimally invasive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wolf
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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27
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McIntire GL, Bacon ER, Toner JL, Cornacoff JB, Losco PE, Illig KJ, Nikula KJ, Muggenburg BA, Ketai L. Pulmonary delivery of nanoparticles of insoluble, iodinated CT X-ray contrast agents to lung draining lymph nodes in dogs. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:1466-70. [PMID: 9811507 DOI: 10.1021/js980060r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of death around the world. Staging of this disease is critically dependent upon the involvement or noninvolvement of the lymph nodes which drain the region of lung containing the lesion/tumor. Palpation, unenhanced CT, and lymph node excision (i.e., mediastinectomy) are currently used to ascertain the status of these regional draining lymph nodes. The work reported herein details the first efforts toward the pulmonary instillation of iodinated nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced CT of lung draining lymph nodes. The data reflect the impact of dose, time post instillation, and formulation (surfactant) upon the observed CT enhancement of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes of beagle dogs. In addition, initial safety is discussed with both macroscopic and microscopic observations. The results indicate that pulmonary instillation of small volumes of iodinated nanoparticles could be successfully used to aid staging of lung cancer by CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L McIntire
- Nycomed, 466 Devon Park Drive, P.O. Box 6630, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-8630, USA.
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Wisner ER, Théon A, Katzberg RW, McIntire GL. Contrast-enhancement properties of irradiated normal lymph nodes: initial experience with interstitially delivered iodinated nanoparticles. Acad Radiol 1998; 5 Suppl 1:S180-2; discussion S183-4. [PMID: 9561076 DOI: 10.1016/s1076-6332(98)80099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E R Wisner
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, USA
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Abstract
In this investigation, we applied quantitative CT methods to characterize contrast enhanced lymph nodes opacified using iodinated contrast media for indirect CT lymphography. Iodinated nanoparticles were injected into the buccal submucosa and SQ into the metatarsus and metacarpus of four normal swine (1.0-4.0 ml/site, 76 mg I/ml). Attenuation (HU), volume (cm3), iodine concentration (mg I/cm3), total iodine uptake (mg I), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and percent injected dose (%ID) were estimated in opacified inguinal, cervical and parotid/mandibular lymph nodes using manual image segmentation techniques on 24 hour post-contrast CT images. Lymph node volumes estimated by multiple slice ROI analysis were compared with estimates obtained by post-excisional weight measurements. HU and iodine concentration increased 5-20 fold in opacified nodes (p < 0.01) and CNR increased more than four-fold (p < 0.001). %ID ranged between 3.5 and 11.9% and did not appear dose related. ROI estimated lymph node volumes approximated volumes calculated from weight measurements. (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001). We conclude that interstitially injected iodinated nanoparticles increase attenuation and conspicuity of targeted nodes on CT images. Quantitative methods could play an important clinical role in more accurate metastasis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Wisner
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento 95817, USA
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