1
|
Review of hypoxaemia in anaesthetized horses: predisposing factors, consequences and management. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:397-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
2
|
Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cathcart MP, Love S, Sutton DG, Reardon RJ, Hughes KJ. The application of exhaled breath analysis in racing Thoroughbreds and the influence of high intensity exercise and ambient temperature on the concentration of carbon monoxide and pH in exhaled breath. Vet J 2013; 197:318-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
4
|
Sinatra ST, Chopra RK, Jankowitz S, Horohov DW, Bhagavan HN. Coenzyme Q10 in Equine Serum: Response to Supplementation. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
5
|
Youssef MA, El-Khodery SA, Ibrahim HMM. Antioxidant trace elements in serum of draft horses with acute and chronic lower airway disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 150:123-9. [PMID: 22767430 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress level and antioxidant trace elements status associated with lower airway disease in draft horses. For this purpose, venous blood samples were obtained from draft horses exhibiting signs of lower respiratory tract disorders (n = 83) and from control group (n = 20). Serum trace elements including selenium (Se), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) were assayed. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as well as plasma hydrogen peroxides (H₂O₂) concentration and activity of plasma glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) were measured. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of Se, Cu, Zn, and Fe in diseased horses compared with healthy ones, but the Cu/Zn ratio and Mn were increased (p < 0.05). Se was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in chronically affected horses compared with acute cases, but Mn was increased (p < 0.05). There was an increase of MDA, LDL, and H₂O₂ levels and GR activity in diseased cases compared with healthy horses. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of GST and CAT activity. MDA and LDL levels were increased (p < 0.05) in horses with chronic respiratory disease compared to acute cases, but CAT activity was decreased (p < 0.05). In horses with acute lower airway disease, there was a negative correlation between GR and H₂O₂ (r = -0.458), and LDL and CAT (r = -0.816). However, in chronic disease, a negative correlation was recorded between Se and MDA (r = -0.590). The results of the present study indicate that oxidative stress, with alteration of antioxidant trace element levels, is a feature of respiratory disease in draft horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Youssef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva AA, Ferreira DOL, Santarosa BP, Dias A, Damasceno DC, Gonçalves RC. Effect of percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy on oxidative metabolism in sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012; 83:14. [PMID: 23327126 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy on the oxidative metabolism of sheep by measuring the oxidative stress markers of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione (GSH-t), peroxidase (GSH-Px) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the red cells of these animals. Blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy sheep prior to, and 30 min after, percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy. After biopsy, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in SOD and GSH-Px activity, with no significant change (p ≥ 0.05) in GSH-t and TBARS concentrations. These results showed that percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy did not significantly affect the oxidative metabolism of sheep 30 min after the procedure, which may be used widely in this species without causing serious tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreza A Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, São Paulo State University, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michelotto PV, Muehlmann LA, Zanatta AL, Bieberbach EWR, Kryczyk M, Fernandes LC, Nishiyama A. Pulmonary inflammation due to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred colts during race training. Vet J 2012; 190:e3-e6. [PMID: 22108190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the putative roles of inflammation and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Two-year-old Thoroughbred colts (n=37) were exercised on a racetrack for 5months before commencement of the study. Each colt was then exercised at 15-16m/s over 800-1000m and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected 24h later. The colts were subsequently divided into two groups on the basis of BALF analysis; an EIPH-positive group (presence of haemosiderophages, n=23) and an EIPH-negative group (absence of haemosiderophages, n=14). BALF from the EIPH-positive group had a significantly higher protein concentration (0.39±0.28 vs. 0.19±0.12mg/mL, P=0.031), higher PAF bioactivity (0.18±0.12 vs. 0.043±0.05 340:380nm ratio, P=0.042) and a higher lipid hydroperoxide concentration compared to the EIPH-negative group. There was also a lower nitrite concentration and reduced production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by alveolar macrophages in the EIPH-positive group. There was evidence of pulmonary inflammation and a decreased innate immune response of alveolar macrophages in EIPH-positive colts compared with the EIPH-negative group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V Michelotto
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, PR 80242-980, Brazil.
| | - Luis A Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Ana L Zanatta
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Eloyse W R Bieberbach
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Kryczyk
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Luis C Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Anita Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gonçalves RC, Rocha AE, Silva AAD, Takahira RK, Chiacchio SB. Influência da suplementação de vitamina E na profilaxia e tratamento da broncopneumonia moderada e grave em bezerros. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estudou-se a broncopneumonia de ocorrência natural em bezerros e a influência da administração de acetato de DL-α-tocoferol na profilaxia e tratamento desta enfermidade. Foram avaliados 60 bezerros machos, com idade máxima de 10 dias, divididos em dois grupos experimentais: GSV (grupo sem vitamina) e GCV (grupo com vitamina). A suplementação com dose única de 4.500 UI de acetato de DL-α-tocoferol por via intramuscular (IM) foi precedida por exame físico, perfil hematológico, determinação de proteínas séricas, globulinas, gamaglutamiltransferase e citologia do lavado traqueobrônquico (D0) para verificar a sanidade e homogeinização dos grupos. Os bezerros foram mantidos em bezerreiro e distribuídos aleatoriamente, 2 a 2 em baias individuais de 2,40m², onde permaneceram até o 21º dia (D0 ao D21). Foram avaliados por exame físico diário e, na presença de sinais clínicos indicativos de broncopneumonia (DX), retirados do bezerreiro, avaliados por hemograma e citologia do lavado traqueobrônquico, e tratados com enrofloxacina (5mg/kg, IM). Durante o tratamento, o exame físico foi realizado diariamente, e o hemograma e a citologia do lavado traqueobrônquico repetidos uma semana após seu término (DY). Nos bezerros sadios foram repetidos hemograma e citologia do lavado traqueobrônquico, no último dia (D21) do experimento. Não houve diferença significativa quanto às variáveis gamaglutamiltrasfrase (p=0,09), proteínas séricas (p=0,27) e globulinas (p=0,10) e a idade dos bezerros (p=0,15) entre os grupos. Os bezerros do grupo GSV e GCV levaram em média 11 e 12 dias para adoecerem, respectivamente. Contudo, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos (p=0,68). Em 34 bezerros (56,66%) foi diagnosticado broncopneumonia, sendo que 17 destes bezerros (50%) pertenciam ao grupo GCV e 17 (50%) ao grupo GSV. Com relação aos sinais clínicos, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em nenhum dos momentos estudados. Dos 34 bezerros que adoeceram 73,52% morreram pela doença, sendo 64,7% do GCV e 82,35% do GSV. A citologia do lavado traqueobrônquico não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos em nenhum dos momentos estudados (D0, DX, DY e D21). A suplementação com vitamina E não teve influência na profilaxia e no tratamento de broncopneumonia de bezerros.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana E.A. Rocha
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
WILLIAMS CA, BURK AO. Nutrient intake during an elite level three-day event competition is correlated to inflammatory markers and antioxidant status. Equine Vet J 2010:116-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
10
|
Michelotto P, Muehlmann L, Zanatta A, Bieberbach E, Fernandes L, Nishiyama A. Platelet-Activating Factor and Evidence of Oxidative Stress in the Bronchoalveolar Fluid of Thoroughbred Colts during Race Training. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:414-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
11
|
Control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise in health and pulmonary hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:242-63. [PMID: 18586325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the pulmonary circulation as a determinant of exercise capacity in health and disease, studies into the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone in the healthy lung during exercise are scarce. This review describes the current knowledge of the role of various endogenous vasoactive mechanisms in the control of pulmonary vascular tone at rest and during exercise. Recent studies demonstrate an important role for endothelial factors (NO and endothelin) and neurohumoral factors (noradrenaline, acetylcholine). Moreover, there is evidence that natriuretic peptides, reactive oxygen species and phosphodiesterase activity can influence resting pulmonary vascular tone, but their role in the control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise remains to be determined. K-channels are purported end-effectors in control of pulmonary vascular tone. However, K(ATP) channels do not contribute to regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, while the role of K(V) and K(Ca) channels at rest and during exercise remains to be determined. Pulmonary hypertension is associated with alterations in pulmonary vascular function and structure, resulting in blunted pulmonary vasodilatation during exercise and impaired exercise capacity. Although there is a paucity of studies pertaining to the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, the few studies that have been performed in models of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left ventricular dysfunction suggest altered control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise. Since the increased pulmonary vascular tone during exercise limits exercise capacity, future studies are needed to investigate the vasomotor mechanisms that are responsible for the blunted exercise-induced pulmonary vasodilatation in pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to the cellular injury and pathologic change that occurs when there is an imbalance favoring oxidants over antioxidants within a living organism. In human medicine, oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous disease processes, which has led to further research into the clinical benefits and efficacy of antioxidant therapy. The evaluation of oxidative stress in the horse has been limited primarily to ischemia-reperfusion injury of the gastrointestinal tract, recurrent airway obstruction, exercise, osteoarthritis, equine motor neuron disease, and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Each of these is examined in this review in terms of the current evidence for oxidative stress as well as the evidence for current antioxidant therapy in equine medicine and the potential of future research and therapies. Oxidative stress research is currently an emerging field with relevance to the equine critical patient.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kirschvink N, de Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses. Vet J 2007; 177:178-91. [PMID: 17897849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since "free radical research" started in 1954, understanding the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions has increased continuously. Oxidants are essentially generated by metabolic enzymes, inflammatory cells and mitochondrial electron leakage; they are indispensable for the cellular redox regulation and may, under certain conditions, have a pro-inflammatory stimulatory role. Endogenous and exogenous antioxidants counterbalance the oxidative processes and so maintain the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. Excessive oxidant generation or antioxidant insufficiency can lead to oxidative stress. The aims of this review are: (1) to provide an insight into the concept of the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium by briefly introducing the oxidant and the antioxidant systems; (2) to describe how the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium or oxidative stress can be evaluated in horses, and (3) to summarise current knowledge about oxidative stress in equine medicine and equine exercise physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department for Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lykkesfeldt J, Svendsen O. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet J 2006; 173:502-11. [PMID: 16914330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Important infectious diseases in farm animals, such as pneumonia and enteritis, are thought to be associated with the so-called oxidative stress, i.e. a chemical phenomenon involving an imbalance in the redox status of the individual animal. The specifics of oxidative stress and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers. However, the considerable literature on the subject suggests that many researchers consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms to be important early events in disease development. A particularly intriguing aspect is that, at least theoretically, oxidative stress should be easily prevented with antioxidants yet the use of antioxidants as therapy remains controversial. The present knowledge on oxidative stress in farm animals is the topic of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Art T, Lekeux P. Exercise-induced physiological adjustments to stressful conditions in sports horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Newton JR, Wood JLN. Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young Thoroughbreds during training. Equine Vet J 2002:417-24. [PMID: 12405727 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an epidemiological study of risk factors for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in young Thoroughbreds in the UK, in which 148 horses contributed 1614 horse-months of data, there were 64 (4%) episodes of endoscopically visible tracheal bleeding and 824 (51%) episodes of increased quantities of haemosiderophages in tracheal washes. There were increases in prevalence and risk of EIPH by both definitions with age from < or = 2- > or = 4 years, season of sampling from winter (Nov-Jan) to autumn (Aug-Oct) and several different measures of airway inflammation, including tracheal mucus, neutrophil proportion, inflammation score and fungal material in tracheal washes. There was considerable variability in the prevalence of EIPH between trainers. EIPH in the preceding month significantly increased the risk of the condition the following month. There was no evidence that EIPH was associated with infection of the airways with even large numbers of Streptococcus zooepidemicus or Pasteurella-like spp., which are significantly associated with airway inflammation in younger racehorses. Multiple logistic regression modelling that took account of random variability between horses and the effects of each trainer and an episode the preceding month, confirmed that after controlling for the other risk factors, EIPH was still significantly associated with increasing age, different seasons, airway inflammation and evidence of airway fungal material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Newton
- Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pinto MA, Marchevsky RS, Pelajo-Machado M, Santiago MA, Pissurno JW, França MS, Baptista ML, Gouvea AS, Santana AA, Bertho AL, Schatzmayr HG, Gaspar AM, Kubelka CF. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in liver and splenic T lymphocyte rise are associated with liver histological damage during experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in Callithrix jacchus. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2000; 52:3-10. [PMID: 10779146 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(00)80006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Callithrix jacchus is considered a reliable animal model for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. All three HAV orally inoculated marmosets developed hepatitis - the infection was monitored by continuous virus shedding, high levels of serum enzyme alanine aminotransferase, specific antibody and seroconversion 3-6 weeks after HAV inoculation. HAV antigen was detected in liver by immunofluorescence 4 days post inoculation (PI) and onwards. To gain insight into the biological role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during immune-related acute liver injury the enzyme was searched in frozen biopsies: immunofluorescent labeling was found in the cytoplasm of liver cells mainly Kupffer's cells and spleen macrophages (CD68+) starting 11 days PI with maximum intensity on the fifth to sixth week PI. Necroinflammatory liver lesions characteristic of viral hepatitis were also observed at 10 days PI with maximum severity at 4 to 6 weeks PI. Furthermore, T lymphocytes (CD2+) were raised at this time point. No difference was evident in the frequency of B lymphocytes (CD20+). Therefore, iNOS expression preceded necroinflammatory liver lesion and maximal immunofluorescence reaction was coincident with tissue injury, supporting the hypothesis that NO contributes to hepatic cytotoxic mechanism but also to virus clearance. The concomitant rise in T-lymphocyte population may suggest a role for these cells in this and/or other independent HAV-induced pathological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Pinto
- Department of Virology, IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effect of hyonate administration on pulmonary function and indices of oxidative stress in COPD horses in clinical remission at rest and after exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0737-0806(06)82199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
|