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Yang X, Hu R, Wang Z, Hou Y, Song G. Associations Between Serum Folate Level and HOMA-IR in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1481-1491. [PMID: 37229352 PMCID: PMC10204713 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s409291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate intake of folic acid (FA) has been proven essential for metabolism, cellular homeostasis, and antioxidant effects in diabetic patients. Our aim was to evaluate the association between serum folate levels and the risk of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to provide new ideas and approaches for reducing the risk of T2DM. Methods This was a case-control study involving 412 participants (206 with T2DM). Anthropometric parameters, islet function, biochemical parameters and body composition of T2DM group and control group were determined. Correlation analysis and logistic regression were used to evaluate the risk factors associated with the onset of insulin resistance in T2DM. Results The folate levels in type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance were significantly lower than those in patients without insulin resistance. Logistic regression showed that FA and high-density lipoprotein were independent influencing factors for insulin resistance in diabetic patients (P < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, the degree of insulin resistance in diabetic patients was in a significant inverse relationship with folate levels (P< 0.05). We also found that below the serum FA threshold of 7.09 ng/mL insulin resistance was significantly more elevated. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the risk of insulin resistance increases with the decrease in serum FA levels in T2DM patients. Monitoring folate levels in these patients and FA supplementation are warranted preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, People’s Republic of China
- Endocrinology Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China
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Njeim R, Alkhansa S, Fornoni A. Unraveling the Crosstalk between Lipids and NADPH Oxidases in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051360. [PMID: 37242602 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Abnormal lipid metabolism and intrarenal accumulation of lipids have been shown to be strongly correlated with the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, fatty acids, and sphingolipids are among the lipids that are altered in DKD, and their renal accumulation has been linked to the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, NADPH oxidase-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the development of DKD. Several types of lipids have been found to be tightly linked to NADPH oxidase-induced ROS production. This review aims to explore the interplay between lipids and NADPH oxidases in order to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of DKD and identify more effective targeted therapies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Njeim
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sahar Alkhansa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Liu M, Zhang H, Wang G. Hyperhomocysteinemia Promotes Carotid Artery Damage in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients Without Hypercholesterolemia. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2021; 19:575-580. [PMID: 34669508 DOI: 10.1089/met.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between serum homocysteine levels and carotid artery damage in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus remains unclear. The effect of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) on carotid artery damage in patients with different cholesterol levels needs to be further investigated. Methods: In total 456 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes from Beijing Chaoyang Hospital were recruited into the study. Patients were divided into four groups according to the levels of serum homocysteine and cholesterol. Carotid artery damage was defined as thickened intima-media and/or plaque formation. Results: In all the subjects, 80.2% patients had HHCY. The incidence of carotid artery injury was significantly lower in diabetic patients with normal homocysteine levels and nonhypercholesterolemia. Spearman correlation analysis showed homocysteine was positively correlated with free fatty acid and negatively correlated with glucose metabolism parameters. Logistic regression showed HHCY was correlated with carotid artery injury after adjusting for traditional cerebrovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes without hypercholesterolemia (odds risk = 3.197, P = 0.022). Whereas HHCY was not associated with carotid artery injury in either total study population or hypercholesterolemia subgroup. Conclusions: HHCY was correlated with carotid artery damage in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects without hypercholesterolemia. How to improve the adverse vascular outcomes mediated by HHCY for diabetic patients needed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Muzurović E, Kraljević I, Solak M, Dragnić S, Mikhailidis DP. Homocysteine and diabetes: Role in macrovascular and microvascular complications. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107834. [PMID: 33419630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to the development of macro- and microvascular complications. Homocysteine (Hcy) may play a role in the development of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). The role of Hcy in the development of the vascular complications associated with DM is not clearly defined. Despite a strong initial assumption regarding the importance of Hcy in DM and its complications, over time "enthusiasm has waned" because several studies showed unconvincing and occasionally contradictory results. A universal conclusion is not easy to draw given the diversity of studies (e.g. number of patients, design, folic acid and vitamin B status, ethnic differences, genetic background). For some complications, most results encourages further investigation. Impaired renal function is a major independent determinant of high total Hcy (tHcy) levels. However, the role of hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) in the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has yet to be determined. Hcy-lowering therapies can significantly decrease Hcy levels but their effects on CVD risk reduction are conflicting. Further studies are needed to determine the influence of Hcy-lowering therapy on CVD risk reduction, especially in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Muzurović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Ivana Kraljević
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirsala Solak
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Dragnić
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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The effect of aerobic vs. resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1003-1009. [PMID: 33520818 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine concentration is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which seems to be the main cause of increased mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated the effect of exercise on homocysteine levels and the magnitude of these benefits seems to depend on the type, mode and frequency of training. The present study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance training on plasma homocysteine in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study included 15 individuals undergoing aerobic training, 14 subjects undergoing resistance training, and 18 individuals in the control group. Homocysteine, total cholesterol and fractions, glucose, and anthropometric measurements were conducted. The training program lasted 16 weeks. Aerobic training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min, and resistance training was performed twice a week and lasted 75 min. Homocysteine levels were not significantly different between before and after training. High-density lipoprotein levels increased in both training groups and decreased in the control group. Glucose levels decreased after aerobic and resistance training. Body fat mass (percentage and total) decreased in both training group, but with more expression in the aerobic group. We conclude that 16-week aerobic and resistance training programs did not significantly affect plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, these training programs yielded positive results in HDL control, plasma glucose, and body composition.
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Ramuš SM, Petrovič D. Genetic Variations and Subclinical Markers of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 17:16-24. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180206112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in diabetic
patients. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a greater than 10-fold risk of cardiovascular disease in
their lifetime. The carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT), a surrogate marker for the presence and
progression of atherosclerosis, predicts future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic subjects with Type
2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This review focuses on genetic variants that contribute to the pathobiology
of subclinical atherosclerosis in the setting of T2DM. Specifically, we devoted our attention to wellstudied
genes selected for their relevance for atherosclerosis. These include: The Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System (RAAS), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR)
and pro-inflammatory genes.
</P><P>
The ever-growing availability of advanced genotyping technologies has made Genome-Wide Association
Studies (GWAS) possible. Although several bioinformatics tools have been developed to manage
and interpret the huge amounts of data produced, there has been limited success in the many attempts to
uncover the biological meaning of the novel susceptibility loci for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mankoč Ramuš
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Petrovič
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Niafar M, Pourafkari L, Shahsavarinia K, Milanchian N, Niafar F, Nader ND. Effects of bromocriptine mesylate on homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:8-12. [PMID: 27069561 PMCID: PMC4827141 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Quick release bromocriptine (BROM-QR), currently approved for glycemic control, reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study evaluates the effect of BROM-QR on homocysteine (HOMC) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), the biochemical markers of coronary atherosclerosis/inflammation, in patients with uncontrolled T2DM.
Methods: In this non-randomized, before-and-after clinical trial, patients with uncontrolled T2DM on stable doses of two oral hypoglycemic agents received BROM-QR for 6 months. The change in serum concentrations of HOMC was the primary endpoint. Anthropometric measurements such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured at the baseline and at the completion of treatment along with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and hs-CRP. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with changes in the levels of HOMC.
Results: In 64 patients (46 completed 6 months of treatment), age was 55±7 years and the duration of T2DM was 8.0 ± 4.4 years. On enrollment, mean HbA1c, FPG, hs-CRP and HOMC levels were 9.0± 1.3 percent, 184 ± 42 mg/dL, 3.8± 3.4 mg/dl and 10.8 ± 6.2 micromole/L; respectively. Mean decrease of 0.7 ± 1.1 percent for HbA1c (P = 0.001) and 22 ± 44 mg/dL for FPG was observed (P = 0.002). HOMC levels decreased to 8.5 ± 5.2 micromole/L (P = 0.011) while hs-CRP levels remained unchanged at 3.7 ± 2.9 mg/dL (P = 0.835).
Conclusion: While HOMC and HbA1c levels decreased significantly after 6 months of treatment with BROM-QR in patients with T2DM, serum levels of hs-CRP, total cholesterol and triglyceride did not significantly change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Niafar
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leili Pourafkari
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kavus Shahsavarinia
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nushin Milanchian
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Niafar
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader D Nader
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Pastore A, Noce A, Di Giovamberardino G, De Stefano A, Callà C, Zenobi R, Dessì M, Di Daniele N. Homocysteine, cysteine, folate and vitamin B₁₂ status in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2014; 28:571-6. [PMID: 25095762 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-014-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) is a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In type 2 diabetes (T2D), hHcy is strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation have been reported to lower homocysteine (tHcy) levels, but no data on plasma tHcy, cysteine (Cys), folate and vitamin B12 levels in T2D-CKD patients are reported. PROCEDURES tHcy and Cys levels were analyzed in 178 T2D-CKD patients by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. In addition, we determined folate and vitamin B12 levels using a chemiluminescence method. RESULTS tHcy and Cys levels were increased in T2D patients, and this rise positively correlated with the CKD stage (P < 0.001). Folate levels were comparable to controls at various CKD stages, whereas vitamin B12 levels were lower, except at stage IV. We did not find any correlation between B-vitamins and levels of tHcy and Cys, regardless of the CKD stage. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting tHcy, Cys and B-vitamins status in T2D-CKD patients. Although limited to our cohort of 178 patients, our findings could be helpful in clarifying the conflicting literature regarding B-vitamins supplementation. Further studies are necessary before any Hcy-lowering therapy can be safely established in T2D-CKD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastore
- Metabolomic and Proteomic Unit, Children's Hospital "Bambino Gesù", IRCCS, P.zza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Noce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Di Giovamberardino
- Metabolomic and Proteomic Unit, Children's Hospital "Bambino Gesù", IRCCS, P.zza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Callà
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Policlinico Gemelli" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenobi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarita Dessì
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension Unit, "Tor Vergata" University Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Prévalence des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire non conventionnels chez les sujets diabétiques tunisiens. Presse Med 2014; 43:e9-e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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El Oudi M, Aouni Z, Ouertani H, Mazigh C, Machghoul S. Effect of lipopenic and hypotensive treatment on homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetics. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6:327-32. [PMID: 20531951 PMCID: PMC2879294 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s8240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluate the effect of lipopenic and hypotensive treatment on homocysteine levels. Methods: We recruited 145 type 2 diabetics and 130 control subjects. Thirty-seven diabetics had no complications, 54 had microvascular complications and 54 had macrovascular complications. We determined the parameters homocysteine of lipid, vitamin B12, triglycerides, and folates for all subjects. Associated treatments used one or more of the following drugs, statin, fibrate, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and beta-blockers. Results: Hyperhomocysteinemia was present in 35.6% of patients. Diabetics had elevated serum levels of triglycerides (P < 0.001), homocysteine (P < 0.01), folates (P < 0.01) and vitamin B12 (P < 0.001). A strong association was found between type 2 diabetes and hyperhomocysteinemia (P < 0.001). Diabetics with associated treatment had elevated homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels when compared to diabetes-free controls. For diabetics with macrovascular complications, we found significant differences in homocysteine (P = 0.010) and folate (P = 0.014) between those taking associated drugs and those who did not. For diabetics with microvascular complications, a significant difference was found in folate only (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Drugs used for hypertension and hyperlipidemia may have an effect on homocysteine levels, for this reason the interaction between drug action and homocysteine levels should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouka El Oudi
- Département de biochimie, Service d'endocrinologie, Hôpital militaire de Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunisie.
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Scheede-Bergdahl C, Benee Olsen D, Reving D, Boushel R, Dela F. Cardiovascular disease markers in type 2 diabetes: the effects of a moderate home-based exercise training programme. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2009; 6:291-6. [PMID: 20368225 DOI: 10.1177/1479164109341689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patients with T2DM have an increased risk of CVD. Prevention of CVD represents the major goal of all treatment of T2DM, and early intervention in those patients at particularly high risk is important.We measured the insulin sensitivity and plasma biomarkers of CVD to determine whether a home-based exercise training program improves biomarker levels and insulin sensitivity. Patients with T2DM (n=12), IGT (n=4) and healthy control subjects (n=9) were studied before and after eight weeks of exercise training by rowing ergometry at 65-70% of peak oxygen uptake. CONCLUSIONS 1) patients with T2DM have elevated plasma concentrations of CVD biomarkers compared to the matched control and IGT groups; 2) a moderate to vigorous intensity home-based training program did not reduce plasma concentrations of these CVD markers; 3) insulin sensitivity improved as a result of exercise training in the control group, but not in the T2DM group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena Scheede-Bergdahl
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Chronic lower extremity wounds include ulceration of the leg and foot. The underlying pathology that causes these conditions includes venous insufficiency, arterial disease, diabetes, and other less common disorders. Since the introduction of the homocysteine theory more than 30 years ago, considerable evidence has demonstrated hyperhomocysteinemia to be an independent risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Although any cause-effect relationship remains to be determined, hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for these events suggests that elevated levels of homocysteine may also be a marker of chronic lower limb ulceration. This review addresses the metabolism of homocysteine, mechanisms of vascular injury, a role for hyperhomocysteinemia in lower extremity wounds and possible means of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa M Schwartzfarb
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneus Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Ovbiagele B. Microalbuminuria: risk factor and potential therapeutic target for stroke? J Neurol Sci 2008; 271:21-8. [PMID: 18514228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microalbuminuria (MA), a microvascular irregularity of the blood-urine interface within kidney glomeruli, may reflect the renal sign of global endothelial dysfunction, and has been associated with an elevated risk of serious cardiovascular events including stroke. This relationship appears graded, with higher levels of MA being independently associated with a greater magnitude of vascular risk over time. Furthermore, the presence of MA appears to independently predict poorer clinical outcomes following acute stroke. Screening for MA is relatively easy and inexpensive and could be effective in identifying stroke patients at risk for unfavorable outcomes. Reduction of subclinical albuminuria in stroke patients could be a clinically relevant endpoint worthy of pursuit by pharmacological treatment since the antiproteinuric effects of several established therapies appear to parallel better cardiovascular prognosis including better stroke outcomes, among subjects at high vascular risk. This review depicts the compelling epidemiological and clinical evidence relating MA to stroke, and presents the rationale for conducting future studies to assess the role of MA as a potential therapeutic target in persons with, or at risk for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Ovbiagele
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Xie L, Galettis A, Morris J, Jackson C, Twigg SM, Gallery EDM. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression is necessary for monocyte adhesion to the placental bed endothelium and is increased in type 1 diabetic human pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008; 24:294-300. [PMID: 17990298 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND That adhesion molecule expression is upregulated in endothelial cells of the placental bed in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes mellitus, and that this is associated with increased adherence of peripheral blood monocytes, which can be reversed by reduction in activity or expression of relevant adhesion molecules. Specific aims were to compare the adherence of monocytes from normal pregnancies to decidual endothelial cells from both normal and diabetic pregnancies, and to examine the involvement of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in regulation of such adhesion. METHODS We examined adhesion of peripheral blood monocytes (isolated by density gradient centrifugation) of normal third trimester pregnant women, to cultured endothelial cells (isolated from decidual biopsies collected at elective caesarean section) from both normal women and those with type 1 diabetes. Adhesion molecule expression was determined by flow cytometry. The role of ICAM-1 was further investigated by monoclonal antibody-blocking experiments and gene-silencing methodology. RESULTS There was a significant increase in monocyte adhesion to decidual endothelial cells from diabetic pregnancies, associated with increased endothelial cell expression of ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1. ICAM-1 expression in normal decidual endothelial cells was stimulated by pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory stimuli. Following ICAM-1 antibody blockade, monocyte adhesion was decreased by > 70%. ICAM-1 silencing by small interfering RNAs also inhibited monocyte adhesion and ICAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate upregulation of ICAM-1 in decidual endothelial cells in the development of placental bed vascular pathology in diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xie
- Perinatal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research at Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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High-throughput multiplex single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis in genes involved in methionine metabolism. Biochem Genet 2008; 46:406-23. [PMID: 18427977 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-008-9159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-known independent marker factor for atherothrombotic diseases and may result from acquired and genetic influences. Several polymorphisms are suspected to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, but data are limited and inconsistent. High-throughput genotyping technologies, such as GenomeLab SNPStream, are now available. Moreover, an appropriate selection of SNPs to be analyzed could represent a strong resource to define the role of genetic risk factors. We developed a multiplex PCR-oligonucleotide extension approach by GenomeLab platform. We selected 72 SNPs based on their putative function and frequency in the candidate genes AHCY, BHMT, BHMT2, CBS, ENOSF1, FOLH1, MTHFD1, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, NNMT, PON1, PON2, SLC19A1, SHMT1, TCN2, and TYMS. We were able to analyze 57 of the SNPs (79%). For MTHFR C677T and A1298C and MTR A2756G SNPs, we compared data obtained with an electronic microchip technology and found 99.2% concordance. We also performed a haplotype analysis. This approach could represent a useful tool to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation and the association of these genes with hyperhomocysteinemia and correlated diseases.
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Koubaa N, Nakbi A, Smaoui M, Abid N, Chaaba R, Abid M, Hammami M. Hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated ox-LDL in Tunisian type 2 diabetic patients: Role of genetic and dietary factors. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:1007-14. [PMID: 17618615 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) is an emerging risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. However, its relationship with diabetes is still unclear. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between tHcy levels and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T genotype in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) population and their relationship with oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) according to dietary habits and vascular complications. DESIGN AND METHODS Eighty-six DM patients were compared to 120 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Associated higher tHcy levels and significantly higher ox-LDL levels (p<0.001) were found in DM patients compared to healthy subjects. Homozygosity for the T allele of MTHFR was more frequent in diabetics than in healthy subjects (12.8% vs. 7.2%) and it was associated with higher tHcy levels. Moreover, this elevated level was associated with significantly higher ox-LDL levels in DM patients with hypertension (p<0.05). Improving folate and vitamin C intakes could have beneficial effects on lowering the tHcy and ox-LDL levels. CONCLUSIONS The interplay of genetic and dietary factors modulates the effect of homocysteine on cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koubaa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, UR "Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders" Faculty of Medicine, Avicene St., 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Buysschaert M, Preumont V, Hermans MP. Hyperhomocysteinemia and diabetic macroangiopathy: guilty or innocent bystander? Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Solini A, Santini E, Nannipieri M, Ferrannini E. High glucose and homocysteine synergistically affect the metalloproteinases-tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases pattern, but not TGFB expression, in human fibroblasts. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2499-506. [PMID: 16896935 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Atherosclerosis is particularly aggressive in patients with diabetes. Hyperhomocysteinaemia causes oxidative stress and cytokine secretion: its atherogenic effect is mediated by an enhanced inflammatory response. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate extracellular matrix degradation and remodelling, and contribute to the vulnerability of the atherosclerotic lesion. Fibroblasts contribute to collagen biosynthesis and participate in plaque remodelling via expression and release of MMP2 and MMP9. To explore the role of hyperhomocysteinaemia in cellular pathways involved in plaque growth and stability in diabetic patients, we studied the effect of hyperhomocysteinaemia in human fibroblasts grown in the presence of normal or high glucose concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS In fibroblasts of five normal subjects, grown at 5.5 or 22 mmol/l glucose and treated with homocysteine, we determined: (1) MMP2, MMP9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 (an MMP inhibitor) production by western blot analysis; (2) their activity by zymography; (3) TGFB1 expression by real-time PCR; and (4) TGFB, fibronectin and IL6 release by ELISA. RESULTS Hyperhomocysteinaemia increased the production and enzymatic activity of MMP2 and MMP9, the effect being more pronounced in high glucose. Conversely, TIMP1 production was reduced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in both conditions, especially in high glucose. Hyperhomocysteinaemia also stimulated IL6 release, at least in part through nuclear factor-kappaB activation. TGFB1 expression was not affected by hyperhomocysteinaemia either in normal or in high glucose. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Homocysteine upregulates the MMP-TIMP pathway and IL6 release, the effect being stronger in the presence of high glucose. These actions of homocysteine may contribute to the increased atherogenesis observed in diabetic patients with poor metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, I-56100, Pisa, Italy.
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Rocic P, Rezk B, Lucchesi PA. PPAR-gamma agonists decrease hyperhomcysteinemia and cardiac dysfunction: new hope for ailing diabetic hearts? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H26-8. [PMID: 16603693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00277.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sharma P, Senthilkumar RD, Brahmachari V, Sundaramoorthy E, Mahajan A, Sharma A, Sengupta S. Mining literature for a comprehensive pathway analysis: a case study for retrieval of homocysteine related genes for genetic and epigenetic studies. Lipids Health Dis 2006; 5:1. [PMID: 16430779 PMCID: PMC1395315 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. It is also known to be associated with a variety of complex disorders. While there are a large number of independent studies implicating homocysteine in isolated pathways, the mechanism of homocysteine induced adverse effects are not clear. Homocysteine-induced modulation of gene expression through alteration of methylation status or by hitherto unknown mechanisms is predicted to lead to several pathological conditions either directly or indirectly. In the present manuscript, using literature mining approach, we have identified the genes that are modulated directly or indirectly by an elevated level of homocysteine. These genes were then placed in appropriate pathways in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of homocysteine induced complex disorders and to provide a resource for selection of genes for polymorphism screening and analysis of mutations as well as epigenetic modifications in relation to hyperhomocysteinemia. We have identified 135 genes in 1137 abstracts that either modulate the levels of homocysteine or are modulated by elevated levels of homocysteine. Mapping the genes to their respective pathways revealed that an elevated level of homocysteine leads to the atherosclerosis either by directly affecting lipid metabolism and transport or via oxidative stress and/or Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. Elevated levels of homocysteine also decreases the bioavailability of nitric oxide and modulates the levels of other metabolites including S-adenosyl methionine and S-adenosyl homocysteine which may result in cardiovascular or neurological disorders. The ER stress emerges as the common pathway that relates to apoptosis, atherosclerosis and neurological disorders and is modulated by levels of homocysteine. The comprehensive network collated has lead to the identification of genes that are modulated by homocysteine indicating that homocysteine exerts its effect not only through modulating the substrate levels for various catalytic processes but also through regulation of expression of genes involved in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - RD Senthilkumar
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Vani Brahmachari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Elayanambi Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Amitabh Sharma
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- Department of Proteomics and Structural Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India
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