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Huang X, Zheng L, Zheng D, Li S, Fan Y, Lin Z, Huang S. Studying trabecular bone samples demonstrates a power law relation between deteriorated structure and mechanical properties - a study combining 3D printing with the finite element method. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1061758. [PMID: 37334285 PMCID: PMC10273262 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1061758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The bone volume fraction (BV/TV) significantly contributes to the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. However, when studies compare normal trabeculae against osteoporotic trabeculae (in terms of BV/TV decrease), only an "average" mechanical result has been determined because of the limitation that no two trabecular structures are the same and that each unique trabecular structure can be mechanically tested only once. The mathematic relation between individual structural deterioration and mechanical properties during aging or the osteoporosis process has yet to be further clarified. Three-dimensional (3D) printing and micro-CT-based finite element method (μFEM) can assist in overcoming this issue. Methods In this study, we 3D printed structural-identical but BV/TV value-attenuated trabecular bones (scaled up ×20) from the distal femur of healthy and ovariectomized rats and performed compression mechanical tests. Corresponding μFEM models were also established for simulations. The tissue modulus and strength of 3D printed trabecular bones as well as the effective tissue modulus (denoted as Ez) derived from μFEM models were finally corrected by the side-artifact correction factor. Results The results showed that the tissue modulus corrected, strength corrected and Ez corrected exhibited a significant power law function of BV/TV in structural-identical but BV/TV value-attenuated trabecular samples. Discussion Using 3D printed bones, this study confirms the long-known relationship measured in trabecular tissue with varying volume fractions. In the future, 3D printing may help us attain better bone strength evaluations and even personal fracture risk assessments for patients who suffer from osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Desheng Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yueguang Fan
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziling Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng L, Huang X, Li C, Li P, Lin Z, Huang S. 3D printed trabeculae conditionally reproduce the mechanical properties of the actual trabeculae - A preliminary study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12101. [PMID: 36544825 PMCID: PMC9761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been used to fabricate synthetic trabeculae models and to test mechanical behavior that cannot be recognized in the actual sample, but the extent to which 3D printed trabeculae replicate the mechanical behavior of the actual trabeculae remains to be quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D printed trabeculae in reproducing the mechanical properties of the corresponding actual trabeculae. Twelve human trabecular cubes (5 × 5 × 5 mm) were scanned by micro-CT to form the trabecular 3D model. Each trabecular 3D model was scaled ×2-, ×3-, ×4- and ×5-fold and then printed twice at a layer thickness of 60 μm using poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The actual trabecular cubes and the 3D-printed trabecular cubes were first compressed under a loading rate of 1 mm/min; another replicated stack of 3D-printed trabecular cubes was compressed under a strain rate of 0.2/min. The results showed that the stiffness of the printed cubes tended to increase, while the strength tended to converge when the magnification increased under the two loading conditions. The strain rate effect was found in the printed cubes. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the mechanical properties between the printed and actual trabeculae can reach up to 0.94, especially under ×3-, ×4- and ×5-fold magnification. In conclusion, 3D printing could be a potential tool to evaluate the mechanical behavior of actual trabecular tissue in vitro and may help in the future to predict the risk of fracture and even personalize the treatment evaluation for osteoporosis and other trabecular bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chihung Li
- International College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jinan University, Jiangmen, China,Department of Orthopedics, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Ziling Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Shaohong Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Corresponding author.
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Athanasios T, Konstantinos A, Despoina D. Three-dimensional-printed replica models of bone for experimentally decoupling trabecular bone properties contribution to ultrasound propagation parameters. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:296. [PMID: 33514143 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the relationship between ultrasonic (US) properties and trabecular bone microstructure is difficult because of the great variability in the bone loss process. The aim of this work was twofold. First, to verify by compressive tests that the three-dimensional (3D)-printer is able to produce precisely and repeatedly "bone replica models" of different size and density. Following, replicas of the original specimens with two different polymers and thinned trabeculae models were used to investigate US properties (speed of sound, SOS, and backscatter coefficient), aiming to deconvolute the influence of material properties on ultrasound characteristics. The results revealed that matrix material properties influence only the magnitude of the backscatter coefficient, whereas the characteristic undulated patterns are related to the trabecular structure. Simulation of perforation and thinning of cancellous bone, associated with bone loss, showed that SOS and mechanical properties were reduced perfectly linearly with apparent density when structure deteriorated. The 3D-printed bone replicas have the potential to enable systematic investigations of the influence of structure on both acoustical and mechanical properties and evaluate changes caused by bone loss. The development of replicas from materials with properties close to those of bone will permit quantitative conclusions for trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsirigotis Athanasios
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Apostolopoulos Konstantinos
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Deligianni Despoina
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
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Nesic D, Schaefer BM, Sun Y, Saulacic N, Sailer I. 3D Printing Approach in Dentistry: The Future for Personalized Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072238. [PMID: 32679657 PMCID: PMC7408636 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows the production of an individualized 3D object based on a material of choice, a specific computer-aided design and precise manufacturing. Developments in digital technology, smart biomaterials and advanced cell culturing, combined with 3D printing, provide promising grounds for patient-tailored treatments. In dentistry, the "digital workflow" comprising intraoral scanning for data acquisition, object design and 3D printing, is already in use for manufacturing of surgical guides, dental models and reconstructions. 3D printing, however, remains un-investigated for oral mucosa/gingiva. This scoping literature review provides an overview of the 3D printing technology and its applications in regenerative medicine to then describe 3D printing in dentistry for the production of surgical guides, educational models and the biological reconstructions of periodontal tissues from laboratory to a clinical case. The biomaterials suitable for oral soft tissues printing are outlined. The current treatments and their limitations for oral soft tissue regeneration are presented, including "off the shelf" products and the blood concentrate (PRF). Finally, tissue engineered gingival equivalents are described as the basis for future 3D-printed oral soft tissue constructs. The existing knowledge exploring different approaches could be applied to produce patient-tailored 3D-printed oral soft tissue graft with an appropriate inner architecture and outer shape, leading to a functional as well as aesthetically satisfying outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrila Nesic
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (Y.S.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-4094
| | | | - Yue Sun
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (Y.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Nikola Saulacic
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 10, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Irena Sailer
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (Y.S.); (I.S.)
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Du H, Yousefian O, Horn T, Muller M. Evaluation of Structural Anisotropy in a Porous Titanium Medium Mimicking Trabecular Bone Structure Using Mode-Converted Ultrasonic Scattering. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:1017-1024. [PMID: 31940527 PMCID: PMC7301879 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2963162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mode-converted (longitudinal to transverse, L-T) ultrasonic scattering method was utilized to characterize the structural anisotropy of a phantom mimicking the structural properties of trabecular bone. The sample was fabricated using metal additive manufacturing from high-resolution computed tomography (CT) images of a sample of trabecular horse bone with strong anisotropy. Two focused transducers were used to perform the L-T ultrasonic measurements. A normal incidence transducer was used to transmit longitudinal ultrasonic waves into the sample, while the scattered transverse signals were received by an oblique incidence transducer. At multiple locations on the sample, four L-T measurements were performed by collecting ultrasonic scattering from four directions. The amplitude of the root mean square (rms) of the collected ultrasonic scattering signals was calculated for each L-T measurement. The ratios of rms amplitudes for L-T measurements in different directions were calculated to characterize the anisotropy of sample. The results show that the amplitude of L-T converted scattering is highly dependent on the direction of microstructural anisotropy. A strong anisotropy of the microstructure was observed, which coincides with simulation results previously published on the same structure as well as with the anisotropy estimated from the CT images. These results suggest the potential of mode-converted ultrasonic scattering methods to assess the anisotropy of materials with porous, complex structures, including trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Du
- Applied Research Associates, Inc. Littleton, CO, USA
| | - Omid Yousefian
- Center for Additive Manufacturing and Logistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Timothy Horn
- Industrial Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marie Muller
- Center for Additive Manufacturing and Logistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Wear KA. Mechanisms of Interaction of Ultrasound With Cancellous Bone: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:454-482. [PMID: 31634127 PMCID: PMC7050438 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2947755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is now a clinically accepted modality in the management of osteoporosis. The most common commercial clinical devices assess fracture risk from measurements of attenuation and sound speed in cancellous bone. This review discusses fundamental mechanisms underlying the interaction between ultrasound and cancellous bone. Because of its two-phase structure (mineralized trabecular network embedded in soft tissue-marrow), its anisotropy, and its inhomogeneity, cancellous bone is more difficult to characterize than most soft tissues. Experimental data for the dependencies of attenuation, sound speed, dispersion, and scattering on ultrasound frequency, bone mineral density, composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties are presented. The relative roles of absorption, scattering, and phase cancellation in determining attenuation measurements in vitro and in vivo are delineated. Common speed of sound metrics, which entail measurements of transit times of pulse leading edges (to avoid multipath interference), are greatly influenced by attenuation, dispersion, and system properties, including center frequency and bandwidth. However, a theoretical model has been shown to be effective for correction for these confounding factors in vitro and in vivo. Theoretical and phantom models are presented to elucidate why cancellous bone exhibits negative dispersion, unlike soft tissue, which exhibits positive dispersion. Signal processing methods are presented for separating "fast" and "slow" waves (predicted by poroelasticity theory and supported in cancellous bone) even when the two waves overlap in time and frequency domains. Models to explain dependencies of scattering on frequency and mean trabecular thickness are presented and compared with measurements. Anisotropy, the effect of the fluid filler medium (marrow in vivo or water in vitro), phantoms, computational modeling of ultrasound propagation, acoustic microscopy, and nonlinear properties in cancellous bone are also discussed.
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Wood Z, Lynn L, Nguyen JT, Black MA, Patel M, Barak MM. Are we crying Wolff? 3D printed replicas of trabecular bone structure demonstrate higher stiffness and strength during off-axis loading. Bone 2019; 127:635-645. [PMID: 31390534 PMCID: PMC6939675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Roux's principle of bone functional adaptation postulates that bone tissue, and particularly trabecular bone tissue, responds to mechanical stimuli by adjusting (modeling) its architecture accordingly. Hence, it predicts that the new modeled trabecular structure is mechanically improved (stiffer and stronger) in line with the habitual in vivo loading direction. While previous studies found indirect evidence to support this theory, direct support was so far unattainable. This is attributed to the fact that each trabecular bone is unique, and that trabecular bone tissue tends to be damaged during mechanical testing. Consequently, a unique modeled trabecular structure can be mechanically tested only along one direction and a comparison to other directions for that specific structure is impossible. To address this issue, we have 3D printed 10 replicas of a trabecular structure from a sheep talus cropped along the 3 principal axes of the bone and in line with the principal direction of loading (denoted on-axis model). Next, we have rotated the same cropped trabecular structure in increments of 10° up to 90° to the bone principal direction of loading (denoted off-axis models) and printed 10 replicas of each off-axis model. Finally, all on-axis and off-axis 3D printed replicas were loaded in compression until failure and trabecular structure stiffness and strength were calculated. Contrary to our prediction, and conflicting with Roux's principle of bone functional adaptation, we found that a trabecular structure loaded off-axis tended to have higher stiffness and strength values when compared to the same trabecular structure loaded on-axis. These unexpected results may not disprove Roux's principle of bone functional adaptation, but they do imply that trabecular bone adaptation may serve additional purposes than simply optimizing bone structure to one principal loading scenario and this suggests that we still don't fully understand bone modeling in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Wood
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA
| | - Lisa Lynn
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA
| | - Jack T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA
| | - Margaret A Black
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA
| | - Meha Patel
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA
| | - Meir M Barak
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA.
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8
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Barak MM, Black MA. A novel use of 3D printing model demonstrates the effects of deteriorated trabecular bone structure on bone stiffness and strength. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:455-464. [PMID: 29241149 PMCID: PMC5758409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone structure is crucial to normal mechanical behavior of bones. Studies have shown that osteoporosis negatively affects trabecular bone structure, mainly by reducing bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thus increasing fracture risk. One major limitation in assessing and quantifying the effect of this structural deterioration is that no two trabecular structures are identical. Thus, when we compare a group of healthy bones against a different group of bones that experienced resorption (i.e. decreased BV/TV) we only discover an "average" mechanical effect. It is impossible to quantify the mechanical effect of individual structural deterioration for each sample, simply because we never have the same sample in both states (intact and deteriorated structure). 3D printing is a new technology that can assist in overcoming this issue. Here we report a preliminary study that compares a healthy 3D printed trabecular bone model with the same model after bone resorption was simulated. Since the deteriorated structural bone model is derived from the healthy one, it is possible to directly estimate (percentage wise) the decrease of tissue stiffness and strength as a result of bone resorption for this specific structure. Our results demonstrate that a relatively small decrease in BV/TV (about 8%) leads to a dramatic decrease in structural strength (24%) and structural stiffness (17%), (P < 0.01). Structural strength decreased from an average of 9.14 ± 2.85MPa to 6.97 ± 2.44MPa, while structural stiffness decreased from an average of 282.5 ± 63.4N/mm to 233.8 ± 51.2N/mm. This study demonstrates that 3D printing is a novel and valuable tool for quantifying the effect of structural deterioration on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. In the future, this approach may help us attain better personal fracture risk assessments by CT scanning, 3D printing and mechanically testing individual bone replicas from patients suffering excessive bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Max Barak
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733, USA.
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Hoffmeister BK, Huber MT, Viano AM, Huang J. Characterization of a polymer, open-cell rigid foam that simulates the ultrasonic properties of cancellous bone. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:911. [PMID: 29495707 PMCID: PMC5812744 DOI: 10.1121/1.5023219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Materials that simulate the ultrasonic properties of tissues are used widely for clinical and research purposes. However, relatively few materials are known to simulate the ultrasonic properties of cancellous bone. The goal of the present study was to investigate the suitability of using a polymer, open-cell rigid foam (OCRF) produced by Sawbones®. Measurements were performed on OCRF specimens with four different densities. Ultrasonic speed of sound and normalized broadband ultrasonic attenuation were measured with a 0.5 MHz transducer. Three backscatter parameters were measured with a 5 MHz transducer: apparent integrated backscatter, frequency slope of apparent backscatter, and normalized mean of the backscatter difference. X-ray micro-computed tomography was used to measure the microstructural characteristics of the OCRF specimens. The trabecular thickness and relative bone volume of the OCRF specimens were similar to those of human cancellous bone, but the trabecular separation was greater. In most cases, the ultrasonic properties of the OCRF specimens were similar to values reported in the literature for cancellous bone, including dependence on density. In addition, the OCRF specimens exhibited an ultrasonic anisotropy similar to that reported for cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew T Huber
- Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA
| | - Ann M Viano
- Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee 38112, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Liu F, Liu C, Chen Q, Ao Q, Tian X, Fan J, Tong H, Wang X. Progress in organ 3D bioprinting. Int J Bioprint 2018; 4:128. [PMID: 33102911 PMCID: PMC7582006 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v4i1.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) printing is a hot topic in today's scientific, technological and commercial areas. It is recognized as the main field which promotes "the Third Industrial Revolution". Recently, human organ 3D bioprinting has been put forward into equity market as a concept stock and attracted a lot of attention. A large number of outstanding scientists have flung themselves into this field and made some remarkable headways. Nevertheless, organ 3D bioprinting is a sophisticated manufacture procedure which needs profound scientific/technological backgrounds/knowledges to accomplish. Especially, large organ 3D bioprinting encounters enormous difficulties and challenges. One of them is to build implantable branched vascular networks in a predefined 3D construct. At present, organ 3D bioprinting still in its infancy and a great deal of work needs to be done. Here we briefly overview some of the achievements of 3D bioprinting technologies in large organ, such as the bone, liver, heart, cartilage and skin, manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing and Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China.,Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Tissue Scaffolds As a Local Drug Delivery System for Bone Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:475-493. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang X, Ao Q, Tian X, Fan J, Wei Y, Hou W, Tong H, Bai S. 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E802. [PMID: 28773924 PMCID: PMC5456640 DOI: 10.3390/ma9100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hard tissues and organs, including the bones, teeth and cartilage, are the most extensively exploited and rapidly developed areas in regenerative medicine field. One prominent character of hard tissues and organs is that their extracellular matrices mineralize to withstand weight and pressure. Over the last two decades, a wide variety of 3D printing technologies have been adapted to hard tissue and organ engineering. These 3D printing technologies have been defined as 3D bioprinting. Especially for hard organ regeneration, a series of new theories, strategies and protocols have been proposed. Some of the technologies have been applied in medical therapies with some successes. Each of the technologies has pros and cons in hard tissue and organ engineering. In this review, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the historical available innovative 3D bioprinting technologies for used as special tools for hard tissue and organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Center of Organ Manufacturing, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yujun Wei
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Weijian Hou
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Sears NA, Seshadri DR, Dhavalikar PS, Cosgriff-Hernandez E. A Review of Three-Dimensional Printing in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:298-310. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick A. Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dhruv R. Seshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Prachi S. Dhavalikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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14
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Fahmy MD, Jazayeri HE, Razavi M, Masri R, Tayebi L. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Materials with Potential Application in Preprosthetic Surgery. J Prosthodont 2016; 25:310-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mina D. Fahmy
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee WI
| | - Hossein E. Jazayeri
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee WI
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- BCAST, Institute of Materials and Manufacturing; Brunel University London; Uxbridge London UK
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering; Brunel University London; Uxbridge London UK
| | - Radi Masri
- Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry; University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Baltimore MD
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee WI
- Department of Engineering Science; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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15
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Mézière F, Juskova P, Woittequand J, Muller M, Bossy E, Boistel R, Malaquin L, Derode A. Experimental observation of ultrasound fast and slow waves through three-dimensional printed trabecular bone phantoms. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 139:EL13-18. [PMID: 26936578 DOI: 10.1121/1.4939297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, ultrasound measurements of 1:1 scale three-dimensional (3D) printed trabecular bone phantoms are reported. The micro-structure of a trabecular horse bone sample was obtained via synchrotron x-ray microtomography, converted to a 3D binary data set, and successfully 3D-printed at scale 1:1. Ultrasound through-transmission experiments were also performed through a highly anisotropic version of this structure, obtained by elongating the digitized structure prior to 3D printing. As in real anisotropic trabecular bone, both the fast and slow waves were observed. This illustrates the potential of stereolithography and the relevance of such bone phantoms for the study of ultrasound propagation in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mézière
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - P Juskova
- UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France ,
| | - J Woittequand
- UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France ,
| | - M Muller
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France ,
| | - E Bossy
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France ,
| | - Renaud Boistel
- Institut de Paléoprimatologie, Paléontologie Humaine: Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, UMR 7262-CNRS, Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Bât. B35, 6 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers 86073, France
| | - L Malaquin
- UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UPMC, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Derode
- ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Langevin, 1 rue Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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16
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Gatto M, Memoli G, Shaw A, Sadhoo N, Gelat P, Harris RA. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) of neonatal head phantom for ultrasound: thermocouple embedding and simulation of bone. Med Eng Phys 2011; 34:929-37. [PMID: 22105079 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A neonatal head phantom, comprising of an ellipsoidal geometry and including a circular aperture for simulating the fontanel was designed and fabricated, in order to allow an objective assessment of thermal rise in tissues during trans-cranial ultrasonic scanning of pre-term neonates. The precise position of a series of thermocouples was determined on the basis of finite-element analysis, which identified crucial target points for the thermal monitoring within the phantom geometry. Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) was employed for the manufacture of the skull phantom, which was subsequently filled with dedicated brain-mimic material. A novel 3DP material combination was found to be able to mimic the acoustic properties of neonatal skull bone. Similarly, variations of a standard recipe for tissue mimic were examined, until one was found to mimic the brain of an infant. A specific strategy was successfully pursued to embed a thermocouple within the 3DP skull phantom during the manufacturing process. An in-process machine vision system was used to assess the correct position of the deposited thermocouple inside the fabricated skull phantom. An external silicone-made skin-like covering completed the phantom and was manufactured through a Direct Rapid Tooling (DRT) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gatto
- Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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17
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Langton CM. The 25th Anniversary of BUA for the Assessment of Osteoporosis: Time for a New Paradigm? Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2011; 225:113-25. [DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) in cancellous bone at the calcaneus for the assessment of osteoporosis was first described within this journal 25 years ago. It was recognized in 2006 by Universities UK as being one of the ‘100 discoveries and developments in UK Universities that have changed the world’ over the past 50 years. In 2008, the UK's Department of Health also recognized BUA assessment of osteoporosis in a publication highlighting 11 projects that have contributed to ‘60 years of NHS research benefiting patients’. The BUA technique has been extensively clinically validated and is utilized worldwide, with at least seven commercial systems currently providing calcaneal BUA measurement. However, there is still no fundamental understanding of the dependence of BUA upon the material and structural properties of cancellous bone. This review aims to provide an ‘engineering in medicine’ perspective and proposes a new paradigm based upon phase cancellation due to variation in propagation transit time across the receive transducer face to explain the non-linear relationship between BUA and bone volume fraction in cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Langton
- Physics, Faculty of Science & Technology and Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
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18
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Aygün H, Attenborough K, Lauriks W, Langton CM. Ultrasonic wave propagation in stereo-lithographical bone replicas. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 127:3781-3789. [PMID: 20550276 DOI: 10.1121/1.3397581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of a modified anisotropic Biot-Allard theory are compared with measurements of pulses centered on 100 kHz and 1 MHz transmitted through water-saturated stereo-lithographical bone replicas. The replicas are 13 times larger than the original bone samples. Despite the expected effects of scattering, which is neglected in the theory, at 100 kHz the predicted and measured transmitted waveforms are similar. However, the magnitude of the leading negative edge of the waveform is overpredicted, and the trailing parts of the waveforms are not predicted well. At 1 MHz, although there are differences in amplitudes, the theory predicts that the transmitted waveform is almost a scaled version of that incident in conformity with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Aygün
- Medical Physics, Post-Graduate Medical Institute, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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19
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Miranda P, Pajares A, Saiz E, Tomsia AP, Guiberteau F. Fracture modes under uniaxial compression in hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated by robocasting. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 83:646-55. [PMID: 17508415 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The fracture modes of hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds fabricated by direct-write assembly (robocasting) are analyzed in this work. Concentrated HA inks with suitable viscoelastic properties were developed to enable the fabrication of prototype structures consisting of a 3-D square mesh of interpenetrating rods. The fracture behavior of these model scaffolds under compressive stresses is determined from in situ uniaxial tests performed in two different directions: perpendicular to the rods and along one of the rod directions. The results are analyzed in terms of the stress field calculated by finite element modeling (FEM). This analysis provides valuable insight into the mechanical behavior of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications fabricated by robocasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Miranda
- Departamento de Electrónica e Ingeniería Electromecánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n. 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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20
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Wang X, Yan Y, Zhang R. Rapid prototyping as a tool for manufacturing bioartificial livers. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:505-13. [PMID: 17949840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies are a set of manufacturing processes that can produce very complex structures directly from computer-aided design models without structure-specific tools or knowledge. These technologies might eventually enable the manufacture of human livers to create functional substitutes for treating liver failure or dysfunctionality. However, the approaches used currently face many challenges, such as the complex branched vascular and bile ductular systems and the variety of cell types, matrices and regulatory factors involved in liver development. Here, we discuss the challenges and provide evidence for the usefulness of RP in overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education & Center of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
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21
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Dobson CA, Sisias G, Phillips R, Fagan MJ, Langton CM. Three dimensional stereolithography models of cancellous bone structures from muCT data: testing and validation of finite element results. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2006; 220:481-4. [PMID: 16808081 DOI: 10.1243/09544119h00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stereolithography (STL) models of complex cancellous bone structures have been produced from three-dimensional micro-computed tomography data sets of human cancellous bone histological samples from four skeletal sites. The STL models have been mechanically tested and the derived stiffness compared with that predicted by finite element analysis. The results show a strong correlation (R2 = 0.941) between the predicted and calculated stiffnesses of the structures and show promise for the use of STL as an additional technique to complement the use of finite element models, for the assessment of the mechanical properties of complex cancellous bone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dobson
- Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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22
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Miranda P, Saiz E, Gryn K, Tomsia AP. Sintering and robocasting of beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for orthopaedic applications. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:457-66. [PMID: 16723287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
beta-Tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) scaffolds with designed, three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and mesoscale porosity have been fabricated by direct-write assembly (robocasting) techniques. Concentrated beta-TCP inks with suitable viscoelastic properties were developed to enable the fabrication of the complex 3-D structures. A comprehensive study of the sintering behavior of TCP as a function of the calcium content in the starting powder was also carried out, and the optimal heat treatment for fabricating scaffolds with dense beta-TCP rods has been determined. Such analysis provides clues to controlling the microstructure of the fabricated structures and, therefore, enabling the fabrication by robocasting of TCP scaffolds with tailored performance for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Miranda
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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23
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Attenborough K, Shin HC, Qin Q, Fagan MJ, Langton CM. Measurements of tortuosity in stereolithographical bone replicas using audiofrequency pulses. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2005; 118:2779-82. [PMID: 16334655 DOI: 10.1121/1.2062688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The tortuosity of five air-filled stereolithographical cancellous bone replicas has been obtained from measurements using audiofrequency pulses in a rectangular waveguide. The data obtained from the replicas yields information about anisotropy with respect to orthogonal axes of the passages that would be marrow filled in vivo. A strong relationship has been found between the acoustically measured tortuosity and the independently measured porosity. Use of stereolithographical bone replicas has the potential to simulate perforation and thinning of cancellous bone and hence evaluate the dependence of acoustic properties on cancellous bone microstructure. As an "extreme" illustration of such use, "inverses" of the original replicas have been manufactured and acoustic measurements have been made on them. The data reveal significantly greater tortuosity of the passages that are geometrically equivalent to the original solid bone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Attenborough
- Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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24
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Tatarinov A, Sarvazyan N, Sarvazyan A. Use of multiple acoustic wave modes for assessment of long bones: model study. ULTRASONICS 2005; 43:672-80. [PMID: 15982472 PMCID: PMC2812053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple acoustic wave mode method has been proposed as a new modality in axial bone QUS. The new method is based on measurement of ultrasound velocity at different ratio of wavelength to the bone thickness, and taking into account both bulk and guided waves. It allows assessment of changes in both the material properties related to porosity and mineralization as well as the cortical thickness influenced by resorption from inner layers, which are equally important in diagnostics of osteoporosis and other bone osteopenia. Developed method was validated in model studies using a dual-frequency (100 and 500 kHz) ultrasound device. Three types of bone phantoms for long bones were developed and tested: (1) tubular specimens from polymer materials to model combined changes of material stiffness and cortical wall thickness; (2) layered specimens to model porosity in compact bone progressing from endosteum towards periosteum; (3) animal bone specimens with both cortical and trabecular components. Observed changes of the ultrasound velocity of guided waves at 100 kHz followed gradual changes in the thickness of the intact cortical layer. On the other hand, the bulk velocity at 500 kHz remained nearly constant at the different cortical layer thickness but was affected by the material stiffness. Similar trends were observed in phantoms and in fragments of animal bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tatarinov
- Artann Laboratories, 1457 Lower Ferry Road, West Trenton, NJ 08618-1414, USA
| | - Noune Sarvazyan
- Artann Laboratories, 1457 Lower Ferry Road, West Trenton, NJ 08618-1414, USA
| | - Armen Sarvazyan
- Artann Laboratories, 1457 Lower Ferry Road, West Trenton, NJ 08618-1414, USA
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25
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Michna S, Wu W, Lewis JA. Concentrated hydroxyapatite inks for direct-write assembly of 3-D periodic scaffolds. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5632-9. [PMID: 15878368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with a 3-D periodic architecture and multiscale porosity have been fabricated by direct-write assembly. Concentrated HA inks with tailored viscoelastic properties were developed to enable the construction of complex 3-D architectures comprised of self-supporting cylindrical rods in a layer-by-layer patterning sequence. By controlling their lattice constant and sintering conditions, 3-D periodic HA scaffolds were produced with a bimodal pore size distribution. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was used to determine the characteristic pore size and volume associated with the interconnected pore channels between HA rods and the finer pores within the partially sintered HA rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Michna
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Dhariwala B, Hunt E, Boland T. Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 10:1316-22. [PMID: 15588392 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important aspects of tissue engineering is the design of the scaffold providing the mechanical strength and access to nutrients for the new tissue. For customized tissue engineering, it is essential to be able to fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds of various geometric shapes, in order to repair defects caused by accidents, surgery, or birth. Rapid prototyping or solid free-form fabrication (SFF) techniques hold great promise for designing three-dimensional customized scaffolds, yet traditional cell-seeding techniques may not provide enough cell mass for larger constructs. This article presents a novel attempt to fabricate three-dimensional scaffolds, using hydrogels combined with cell encapsulation to fabricate high-density tissue constructs. A commercially available stereolithography technique was applied to fabricate scaffolds using poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate photopolymerizable hydrogels. Mechanical characterization shows the constructs to be comparable with soft tissues in terms of elasticity. High cell viability was achieved and high-density constructs fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busaina Dhariwala
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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27
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Perez-Arjona E, Dujovny M, Park H, Kulyanov D, Galaniuk A, Agner C, Michael D, Diaz FG. Stereolithography: neurosurgical and medical implications. Neurol Res 2003; 25:227-36. [PMID: 12739229 DOI: 10.1179/016164103101201337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We present material to define and understand the concept of Stereolithography (STL) and its potential benefits to the field of neurosurgery and other medical specialties. A historical and scientific review of the literature on stereolithography, its evolution and uses in neurosurgery, forensic medicine, and other medical specialties are described. Considerations regarding different techniques used to obtain STL are discussed. The reproduction of cranial and vascular structures using this technique is evaluated. Data acquisition and model fabrication are the two basic steps required for stereolithography to create custom models for multiple applications in cranio-facial surgery, vascular studies, orthopedic surgery, urology and forensic medicine, among others. Stereolithography is a relatively new technique which continues to grow in many medical fields. Pre-operative education of patients, better understanding of patient anatomy, and the creation of custom-made prostheses are proven benefits of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimir Perez-Arjona
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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28
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Yang S, Leong KF, Du Z, Chua CK. The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part II. Rapid prototyping techniques. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2002; 8:1-11. [PMID: 11886649 DOI: 10.1089/107632702753503009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is an important emerging area in biomedical engineering for creating biological alternatives for harvested tissues, implants, and prostheses. In TE, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix or scaffold is required to accommodate mammalian cells and guide their growth and tissue regeneration in three-dimension (3D). However, existing 3D scaffolds for TE proved less than ideal for actual applications because they lack mechanical strength, interconnected channels, and controlled porosity or pores distribution. In this paper, the authors review the application and advancement of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the design and creation of synthetic scaffolds for use in TE. We also review the advantages and benefits, and limitations and shortcomings of current RP techniques as well as the future direction of RP development in TE scaffold fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufeng Yang
- Design Research Center, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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29
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Langton CM, Njeh CF. Acoustic and ultrasonic tissue characterization--assessment of osteoporosis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 1999; 213:261-9. [PMID: 10420779 DOI: 10.1243/0954411991534960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, often termed the 'silent epidemic', has been defined as 'a decrease in bone mass and architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and consequent increase in fracture risk'. In the United Kingdom alone, the annual health costs are in excess of 750 million Pounds, with 60,000 patients suffering a hip fracture each year. A quarter of these will die within 12 months of their fracture, half of the remainder will never regain independent living. The established procedure for assessing the risk of osteoporotic fracture is via bone mineral density (BMD) assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, DXA is an expensive technique and is not widely available. Within the past 15 years, ultrasound assessment of bone has rapidly advanced in scientific understanding, technical development and clinical utility. Measurements of cancellous bone (particularly at the calcaneus) are generally performed in preference to those of cortical bone (tibial cortex). There are currently 15 commercial systems available and over 3500 systems are in use world-wide. The low cost and portability offered by ultrasound systems should enable an integrated community-based screening programme to be established in the near future. Ultrasound measurements of bone are generally obtained using transmission rather than pulse-echo techniques owing to its highly attenuating nature. Ultrasound velocity and attenuation measurements are utilized. For velocity, there are well-defined fundamental relationships describing the dependence upon the elasticity and density of bone.
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