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In vitro optimization of retinoic acid–induced neuritogenesis and TH endogenous expression in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by the antioxidant Trolox. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:325-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Seth K, Agrawal AK. Zuckerkandl's organ improves long-term survival and function of neural stem cell derived dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsonian rats. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:608-23. [PMID: 18272152 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) derived dopamine (DA) neurons has emerged as an alternative approach to fetal neural cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, similar to fetal neural cell, survival of these neurons following transplantation is also limited due to limited striatal reinnervation (graft with dense neuronal core), limited host-graft interaction, poor axonal outgrowth, lack of continuous neurotrophic factors supply and principally an absence of cell adhesion molecules mediated appropriate developmental cues. In the present study, an attempt has been made to increase survival and function of NSC derived DA neurons, by co-grafting with Zuckerkandl's organ (a paraneural organ that expresses neurotrophic factors as well as cell adhesion molecules); to provide continuous NTF support and developmental cues to transplanted DA neurons in the rat model of PD. 24 weeks post transplantation, a significant number of surviving functional NSC derived DA neurons were observed in the co-transplanted group as evident by an increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons, TH-IR fiber density, TH-mRNA expression and TH-protein level at the transplantation site (striatum). Significant behavioral recovery (amphetamine induced stereotypy and locomotor activity) and neurochemical recovery (DA-D2 receptor binding and DA and DOPAC levels at the transplant site) were also observed in the NSC+ZKO co-transplanted group as compared to the NSC or ZKO alone transplanted group. In vivo results were further substantiated by in vitro studies, which suggest that ZKO increases the NSC derived DA neuronal survival, differentiation, DA release and neurite outgrowth as well as protects against 6-OHDA toxicity in co-culture condition. The present study suggests that long-term and continuous NTF support provided by ZKO to the transplanted NSC derived DA neurons, helped in their better survival, axonal arborization and integration with host cells, leading to long-term functional restoration in the rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box-80, M.G. Marg Lucknow-226001, India
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Kim YT, Bridge MJ, Tresco PA. The influence of the foreign body response evoked by fibroblast transplantation on soluble factor diffusion in surrounding brain tissue. J Control Release 2007; 118:340-7. [PMID: 17320236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of genetically engineered fibroblasts has been shown to be an effective approach for achieving continuous and site-specific delivery of therapeutic molecules to various regions of the central nervous system. However, to our knowledge no one has asked whether soluble factors released from the transplanted fibroblasts influence the delivery of therapeutic molecules from the engrafted cells. To address this issue, we used a newly developed cell encapsulation device to study the functional consequence of the foreign body response on soluble factor delivery from fibroblasts transplanted into adult brain tissue. We found that transplanted fibroblasts increased the level of inflammation and glial cell encapsulation at the transplantation site, and reduced the diffusion of a 70 kDa dextran probe through the reactive tissue. The response, however, did not prevent the diffusion of the 70 kDa dextran test probe indicating that the approach appears suitable for the delivery of neurotrophins and other therapeutic molecules with a molecular weight less than 70 kDa. The results suggest that less reactive cell types may be better suited for sustained delivery of therapeutic molecules into brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Kim
- The Keck Center for Tissue Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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Yasuhara T, Matsukawa N, Hara K, Yu G, Xu L, Maki M, Kim SU, Borlongan CV. Transplantation of human neural stem cells exerts neuroprotection in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12497-511. [PMID: 17135412 PMCID: PMC6674904 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3719-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess high potencies of self-renewal and neuronal differentiation. We explored here whether transplantation of human NSCs cloned by v-myc gene transfer, HB1.F3 cells, is a feasible therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease. In vivo, green fluorescent protein-labeled HB1.F3 cells (200,000 viable cells in 3 microl of PBS) when stereotaxically transplanted (same-day lesion-transplant paradigm) into the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum of rats significantly ameliorated parkinsonian behavioral symptoms compared with controls (vehicle, single bolus, or continuous minipump infusion of trophic factor, or killed cell grafts). Such graft-derived functional effects were accompanied by preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity along the nigrostriatal pathway. Grafted HB1.F3 cells survived in the lesioned brain with some labeled with neuronal marker mitogen-activated protein 2 and decorated with synaptophysin-positive terminals. Furthermore, endogenous neurogenesis was activated in the subventricular zone of transplanted rats. To further explore the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying HB1.F3 cell transplantation, we performed cell culture studies and found that a modest number of HB1.F3 cells were TH and dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 positive, although most cells were nestin positive, suggesting a mixed population of mature and immature cells. Administration of the HB1.F3 supernatant to human derived dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and fetal rat ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity by suppressing apoptosis through Bcl-2 upregulation, which was blocked by anti-stem cell factor antibody alone, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one] alone, or a combination of both. These results suggest that HB1.F3 cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects against dopaminergic depletion in vitro and in vivo because of trophic factor secretion and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Koichi Hara
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Guolong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mina Maki
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Korea
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1M9, and
| | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Research and Affiliations Service Line, Augusta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia 30904
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Pan Y, Berman Y, Haberny S, Meller E, Carr KD. Synthesis, protein levels, activity, and phosphorylation state of tyrosine hydroxylase in mesoaccumbens and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways of chronically food-restricted rats. Brain Res 2006; 1122:135-42. [PMID: 17010321 PMCID: PMC1693967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic food restriction (FR) enhances the rewarding and motor-activating effects of abused drugs, and is accompanied by changes in dopamine (DA) dynamics and increased D-1 DA receptor-mediated cell signaling and transcriptional responses in nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, little is known about effects of FR on DA synthetic activity in the mesoaccumbens and nigrostriatal pathways. In Experiment 1 of the present study, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression was measured in ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra, using real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization; no differences were observed between FR and ad libitum fed (AL) rats. In Experiment 2, TH protein levels, determined by Western blot, were found to be elevated in NAc and caudate-putamen (CPu) of FR relative to AL rats. In the absence of increased transcription, this may reflect a slowing of TH degradation. In Experiments 3 and 4, DA synthetic activity was assessed by Western blot measurement of TH phosphorylation at Ser40, and HPLC measurement of in vivo tyrosine hydroxylation rate, as reflected by DOPA accumulation following administration of a decarboxylase inhibitor (NSD-1015; 100 mg/kg, i.p.). Basal phospho-(Ser40)-TH levels did not differ between groups but DOPA accumulation was decreased by FR. Decreased DOPA synthesis, despite increased levels of TH protein, may reflect the inhibitory effect of increased DA binding to TH protein or decreased concentrations of cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. Finally, in response to D-amphetamine (0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), phospho-(Ser40)-TH was selectively decreased in NAc of FR rats. This suggests increased feedback inhibition of DA synthesis-a possible consequence of postsynaptic receptor hypersensitivity, or increased extracellular DA concentration. These results indicate that FR increases TH protein levels, but may decrease the capacity for DA synthesis by decreasing TH activity. According to this scheme, the previously observed upregulation of striatal cell signaling and transcriptional responses to DA receptor agonist administration may include compensatory neuroadaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Yemiliya Berman
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Sandra Haberny
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Emanuel Meller
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, 10016, USA
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Chuenkova MV, Pereiraperrin M. Enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity by Trypanosoma cruzi parasite-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain Res 2006; 1099:167-75. [PMID: 16806115 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A parasite-derived protein, PDNF, produced by the Chagas' disease agent Trypanosoma cruzi, functionally mimics mammalian neurotrophic factors by delaying apoptotic death and promoting survival and differentiation of neurons, including dopaminergic cells, through the activation of nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. Because it is well established that neurotrophic factors regulate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, we examined whether PDNF could also directly activate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine and other catecholamine neurotransmitters. We found that primary cultures of rat ventral mesencephalon responded to PDNF by increasing the number of TH-positive neurons and, most importantly, preserved expression of TH in neurons treated with Parkinson disease-inducing neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP(+)). In dopaminergic PC12 cells, PDNF induced TH transcription via CRE element in TH promoter followed by significant increase in TH protein and expansion of TH-positive cell population. Furthermore, PDNF stimulated TH enzymatic activity by enhancing phosphorylation of seryl residues 31 and 40 through the activation of MAPK/Erk1/2 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A signaling, respectively. Therefore, our results indicate that PDNF, in addition to its functioning as survival and differentiation-promoting factor for dopaminergic neuronal cells, can directly influence activity of the rate-limiting enzyme that underlies catecholamine biosynthetic cascade. This novel feature of PDNF should help understand the mechanism of neuronal function altered by T. cruzi infection, specifically neurotransmitter secretion. In addition, the findings have potential implications in the therapy of Chagas' and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Chuenkova
- Parasitology Research Center, Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Chaturvedi RK, Shukla S, Seth K, Chauhan S, Sinha C, Shukla Y, Agrawal AK. Neuroprotective and neurorescue effect of black tea extract in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:421-34. [PMID: 16480889 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the neuroprotective and neuroreparative (neurorescue) effect of black tea extract (BTE) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the neuroprotective (BTE + 6-OHDA) and neurorescue (6-OHDA + BTE) experiments, the rats were given 1.5% BTE orally prior to and after intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion respectively. A significant recovery in d-amphetamine induced circling behavior (stereotypy), spontaneous locomotor activity, dopamine (DA)-D2 receptor binding, striatal DA and 3-4 dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) level, nigral glutathione level, lipid peroxidation, striatal superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, antiapoptotic and proapoptotic protein level was evident in BTE + 6-OHDA and 6-OHDA + BTE groups, as compared to lesioned animals. BTE treatment, either before or after 6-OHDA administration protected the dopaminergic neurons, as evident by significantly higher number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons, increased TH protein level and TH mRNA expression in substantia nigra. However, the degree of improvement in motor and neurochemical deficits was more prominent in rats receiving BTE before 6-OHDA. Results suggest that BTE exerts both neuroprotective and neurorescue effects against 6-OHDA-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, suggesting that possibly daily intake of BTE may slow down the PD progression as well as delay the onset of neurodegenerative processes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box-80, M.G. Marg Lucknow-226001, India
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Shamekh R, Cameron DF, Willing AE, Saporta S. The role of connexins in the differentiation of NT2 cells in Sertoli-NT2 cell tissue constructs grown in the rotating wall bioreactor. Exp Brain Res 2005; 170:277-84. [PMID: 16328273 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-005-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural transplantation is developing as a successful treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The human Ntera-2/D1 (NT2) cell line is an attractive alternative to the use of human fetal neurons as a cell source for transplantation. We have explored combining NT2 cells, as a neuronal source, and Sertoli cells, which may act as a graft facilitator to enhance neuronal survival and differentiation, and ameliorate the host immune response, into a tissue construct for use in cell replacement therapy for neurodegenerative disease. This Sertoli-NT2-aggregated cell (SNAC) tissue construct is formed in the high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) bioreactor. NT2 cells differentiate to dopaminergic NT2N neurons within the SNAC tissue construct without retinoic acid. We report here that the gap junction protein connexin 43 is decreased among differentiated NT2N neurons. Inhibition of connexin 43 with 18beta glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone, a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative, during formation of the SNAC tissue constructs disrupts the differentiation of NT2 cells. Therefore, connexin 43 is important in the differentiation of NT2 cells in the SNAC tissue construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shamekh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Pizzo DP, Coufal NG, Lortie MJ, Gage FH, Thal LJ. Regulatable acetylcholine-producing fibroblasts enhance cognitive performance. Mol Ther 2005; 13:175-82. [PMID: 16185935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatable gene therapy systems provide a method to alter neurotransmitter levels in vivo. We developed a rodent fibroblast cell line expressing the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) cDNA that is silenced by doxycycline (DOX) administration. The ability of the cell line to improve cognition was tested by grafting after cholinergic lesions. Ibotenic acid was injected bilaterally into the nucleus basalis of rats, which were distributed into three groups. One group received no treatment, while the second group received cortical transplants (Graft). The third group received identical grafts but was treated with DOX to turn off ChAT expression (Graft/DOX). An unlesioned group served as control. Water maze acquisition was significantly better in the Graft group compared to the Graft/DOX group, an effect also seen in the retention and spatial probe trials. However, cognitive enhancement was restricted to spatial tasks, as inhibitory avoidance or open-field activity measures were unchanged. Molecular and biochemical analyses confirmed that DOX regulated transgene transcription and ACh levels. This study demonstrates that regulatable gene therapy has therapeutic value for single-gene disorders and also provides a mechanism to deliver small molecules in a spatiotemporal pattern to delineate the role of these compounds in discrete behavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P Pizzo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, VA Medical Center MC 9151, La Jolla, CA 92093-9157, USA
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Eberhardt O, Schulz JB. Gene therapy in Parkinson?s disease. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 318:243-60. [PMID: 15322915 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy in Parkinson's disease appears to be at the brink of the clinical study phase. Future gene therapy protocols will be based on a substantial amount of preclinical data regarding the use of ex vivo and in vivo genetic modifications with the help of viral or non-viral vectors. To date, the supplementation of neurotrophic factors and substitution for the dopaminergic deficit have formed the focus of trials to achieve relief in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Newer approaches include attempts to influence detrimental cell signalling pathways and to inhibit overactive basal ganglia structures. Nevertheless, current models of Parkinson's disease do not mirror all aspects of the human disease, and important issues with respect to long-term protein expression, choice of target structures and transgenes and safety remain to be solved. Here, we thoroughly review available animal data of gene transfer in models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eberhardt
- Department of General Neurology, Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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