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Garg A, Lim JK. A Pocket Guide to CCR5-Neurotropic Flavivirus Edition. Viruses 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38257729 PMCID: PMC10820758 DOI: 10.3390/v16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is among the most studied chemokine receptors due to its profound significance in human health and disease. The notion that CCR5 is a functionally redundant receptor was challenged through the demonstration of its unique protective role in the context of West Nile virus in both mice and humans. In the nearly two decades since this initial discovery, numerous studies have investigated the role of CCR5 in the context of other medically important neurotropic flaviviruses, most of which appear to support a broad neuroprotective role for this receptor, although how CCR5 exerts its protective effect has been remarkably varied. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which CCR5 controls neurotropic flaviviruses, as well as results from human studies evaluating a genetic link to CCR5, and propose unexplored areas of research that are needed to unveil even more exciting roles for this important receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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2
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Han S, Lu Y. Fluorine in anti-HIV drugs approved by FDA from 1981 to 2023. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115586. [PMID: 37393791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nowadays, FDA has approved over thirty antiretroviral drugs grouped in six categories. Interestingly, one-third of these drugs contain different number of fluorine atoms. The introduction of fluorine to obtain drug-like compounds is a well-accepted strategy in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we summarized 11 fluorine-containing anti-HIV drugs, focusing on their efficacy, resistance, safety, and specific roles of fluorine in the development of each drug. These examples may be of help for the discovery of new drug candidates bearing fluorine in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Goode-Romero G, Dominguez L. Computational study of the structural ensemble of CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and its interactions with different ligands. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275269. [PMID: 36251708 PMCID: PMC9576088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CC Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a member of the Superfamily of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), is an important effector in multiple physiopathological processes such as inflammatory and infectious entities, including central nervous system neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, recovery from nervous injuries, and in the HIV-AIDS infective processes. Thus, CCR5 is an attractive target for pharmacological modulation. Since maraviroc was described as a CCR5 ligand that modifies the HIV-AIDS progression, multiple efforts have been developed to describe the functionality of the receptor. In this work, we characterized key structural features of the CCR5 receptor employing extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) in its apo form and in complex with an endogenous agonist, the chemokine CCL5/RANTES, an HIV entry inhibitor, the partial inverse agonist maraviroc, and the experimental antagonists Compound 21 and 34, aiming to elucidate the structural features and mechanistic processes that constitute its functional states, contributing with structural details and a general understanding of this relevant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Goode-Romero
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Wang Z, Xia Q, Su W, Zhang M, Gu Y, Xu J, Chen W, Jiang T. The commonness in immune infiltration of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis: Screening for central targets via microarray data analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013531. [PMID: 36311761 PMCID: PMC9606677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although increasing evidence has reported an increased risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the communal molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is still far from being fully elucidated. Hence, this article aimed to explore the pathogenesis of RA complicated with AS. Methods Based on the strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, four gene datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the communal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and hub genes, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, including functional annotation, co-expression analysis, expression validation, drug-gene prediction, and TF-mRNA-miRNA regulatory network construction, was conducted. Moreover, the immune infiltration of RA and AS was analyzed and compared based on the CIBERSORT algorithm, and the correlation between hub genes and infiltrating immune cells was evaluated in RA and AS respectively. Results A total of 54 upregulated and 12 downregulated communal DEGs were screened between GSE100927 and GSE55457, and functional analysis of these genes indicated that the potential pathogenesis lies in immune terms. After the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, a total of six hub genes (CCR5, CCR7, IL7R, PTPRC, CD2, and CD3D) were determined as hub genes, and the subsequent comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the hub genes re-emphasized the importance of the immune system in RA and AS. Additionally, three overlapping infiltrating immune cells were found between RA and AS based on the CIBERSORT algorithm, including upregulated memory B cells, follicular helper T cells and γδT cells. Conclusions Our study uncover the communal central genes and commonness in immune infiltration between RA and AS, and the analysis of six hub genes and three immune cells profile might provide new insights into potential pathogenesis therapeutic direction of RA complicated with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyue Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Su
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weixiang Chen, ; Tingbo Jiang,
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weixiang Chen, ; Tingbo Jiang,
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5
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Yuan J, Ren H. C–C chemokine receptor 5 and acute graft‐versus‐host disease. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e687. [PMID: 36039647 PMCID: PMC9382859 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Hematology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang Hebei China
| | - Han‐yun Ren
- Department of Hematology Peking University First Hospital Beijing China
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6
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Margolis N, Moalem H, Meirson T, Galore-Haskel G, Markovits E, Baruch EN, Vizel B, Yeffet A, Kanterman-Rifman J, Debby A, Besser MJ, Schachter J, Markel G. Adenosine-deaminase-acting-on-RNA-1 facilitates T-cell migration toward human melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1127-1140. [PMID: 35731225 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of tumor/T-cell interactions on subsequent immune infiltration is undefined. Here we report that pre-exposure of melanoma cells to cognate T cells enhanced the chemotaxis of new T cells in vitro. The effect was HLA class I-restricted and IFNγ-dependent, as it was abolished by β2M-knockdown, MHC-blocking antibodies, JAK1 inhibitors, JAK1-silencing and IFNgR1-blocking antibodies. RNA-sequencing of 73 melanoma metastases showed a significant correlation between the interferon-inducible p150 isoform of adenosine-deaminase-acting-on-RNA-1 (ADAR1) enzyme and immune infiltration. Consistent with this, co-cultures of cognate melanoma/T-cell pairs led to IFNγ-dependent induction of ADAR1-p150 in the melanoma cells, as visualized in situ using dynamic cell blocks, in ovo using fertilized chick eggs, and in vitro with Western blots. ADAR1 staining and RNA-sequencing in patient-derived biopsies following immunotherapy showed a rise in ADAR1-p150 expression concurrently with CD8+ cell infiltration and clinical response. Silencing ADAR1-p150 abolished the IFNγ-driven enhanced T-cell migration, confirming its mechanistic role. Silencing and overexpression of the constitutive isoform of ADAR1, ADAR1-p110, decreased and increased T-cell migration, respectively. Chemokine arrays showed that ADAR1 controls the secretion of multiple chemokines from melanoma cells, probably through microRNA-mediated regulation. Chemokine receptor blockade eliminated the IFNγ-driven T-cell chemotaxis. We propose that the constitutive ADAR1 downregulation observed in melanoma contributes to immune exclusion, whereas antigen-specific T cells induce ADAR1-p150 by releasing IFNγ, which can drive T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Moalem
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Erez N Baruch
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bella Vizel
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gal Markel
- Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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7
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Zhu H, Tan J, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Wu Z, Li M. Potential Role of the Chemotaxis System in Formation and Progression of Intracranial Aneurysms Through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2217-2231. [PMID: 35250300 PMCID: PMC8893157 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s347420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the most common and is the main cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The underlying molecular mechanisms for preventing IA progression have not been fully identified. Our research aimed to identify the key genes and critical pathways of IA through gene co-expression networks. Methods Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE13353, GSE54083 and GSE75436 were used in the study. The genetic data were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Then the clinically significant modules were identified and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with the genes were intersected in these modules. GO (gene ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Gene and Genomic Encyclopedia) were used for gene enrichment analysis to determine the function or pathway. In addition, the composition of immune cells was analyzed by CIBERSORT algorithm. Finally, the hub genes and key genes were identified by GSE122897. Results A total of 266 DEGs and two modules with clinical significance were identified. The inflammatory response and immune response were identified by GO and KEGG. CCR5, CCL4, CCL20, and FPR3 were the key genes in the module correlated with IA. The proportions of infiltrating immune cells in IA and normal tissues were different, especially in terms of macrophages and mast cells. Conclusion The chemotactic system has been identified as a key pathway of IA, and interacting macrophages may regulate this pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiacong Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yeyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Meihua Li, Email
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8
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Zulu MZ, Sureshchandra S, Pinski AN, Doratt B, Shen W, Messaoudi I. Obesity Correlates With Pronounced Aberrant Innate Immune Responses in Hospitalized Aged COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760288. [PMID: 34707619 PMCID: PMC8542887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both age and obesity are leading risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Specifically, although most infections occur in individuals under the age of 55 years, 95% of hospitalizations, admissions to the intensive care unit, and deaths occur in those over the age of 55 years. Moreover, hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a higher prevalence of obesity. It is generally believed that chronic low-grade inflammation and dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses that are associated with aging and obesity are responsible for this elevated risk of severe disease. However, the impact of advanced age and obesity on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly defined. In this study, we assessed changes in the concentration of soluble immune mediators, IgG antibody titers, frequency of circulating immune cells, and cytokine responses to mitogen stimulation as a function of BMI and age. We detected significant negative correlations between BMI and myeloid immune cell subsets that were more pronounced in aged patients. Similarly, inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes was also negatively correlated with BMI in aged patients. These data suggest that the BMI-dependent impact on host response to SARS-CoV-2 is more pronounced on innate responses of aged patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zulu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Weining Shen
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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9
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Gustin A, Cromarty R, Schifanella L, Klatt NR. Microbial mismanagement: how inadequate treatments for vaginal dysbiosis drive the HIV epidemic in women. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101482. [PMID: 34120819 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Women and girls represent a key population driving new HIV infections and persistence of the HIV pandemic. A key determinant of HIV susceptibility is the composition of the vaginal microbiome, which can influence the local immune cell population, inflammation status, and HIV prevention drug levels. While a low-diversity composition dominated by Lactobacillus crispatus is associated with a decreased risk of HIV acquisition, high diversity environments associated with bacterial vaginosis increase risk of HIV. Given the important role of the vaginal microbiome in determining HIV susceptibility, altering the microbiome towards a Lactobacillus-dominated state is an attractive complementary strategy to reduce HIV incidence rates. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which the vaginal microbiome may contribute to HIV acquisition risk. Furthermore, we address the advantages and limitations of historical treatments and emerging technologies under investigation to modify the vaginal microbiome, including: antibiotics, bacteriophages, probiotics, topicals, and engineered bacteria. By addressing the current state of vaginal microbiome knowledge and strategies for manipulation, we hope to amplify the growing calls for increased resources and research into vaginal microbial health, which will be essential to accelerating preventative efforts amongst the world's most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gustin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross Cromarty
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nichole R Klatt
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Outcomes and Precision Medicine Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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10
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Wang ZM, Xu QR, Kaul D, Ismail M, Badakhshi H. Significance of tumor mutation burden and immune infiltration in thymic epithelial tumors. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1995-2006. [PMID: 34033229 PMCID: PMC8258363 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are relatively rare malignant thoracic tumors. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) and immune infiltration play important roles in tumorigenesis. Methods Research data was obtained using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to evaluate the landscape of tumor mutations, related factors, and relationship of prognosis. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to evaluate immune cell infiltration in TETs and its relationship with TMB. Immune‐related differentially expressed genes (irDEGs) were identified. Hub irDEGs independently related to prognosis were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. A survival signature was constructed from hub irDEGs. Results A total of 122 patients were included in this study. GTF2I was the most common gene mutation. Higher TMB was significantly associated with the later stage, more advanced pathological type, and older age. The overall survival (OS) of patients in the low‐TMB group was significantly better. There was no significant correlation between TMB levels and PD‐L1 expression. Enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly involved in the P13K–Akt signaling pathway. There were significant differences in macrophage and other types of immune cell infiltration between the high‐ and low‐TMB groups. CCR5, FASLG, and CD79A independently relating to prognosis were screened from 391 irDEGs. The low‐risk group had a significantly better prognosis than the high‐risk group based on the signature, which has a good predictive effect on OS. Conclusions In this study, TETs patients with high TMB had a significantly poor prognosis and an immune‐related gene signature was found to effectively evaluate the long‐term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Wang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qi-Rong Xu
- School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Kaul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Harun Badakhshi
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Hospital of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Inflammation, HIV, and Immune Quiescence: Leveraging on Immunomodulatory Products to Reduce HIV Susceptibility. AIDS Res Treat 2020; 2020:8672850. [PMID: 33178456 PMCID: PMC7609152 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8672850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and HIV has been a focus of research over the last decade. In HIV-infected individuals, increased HIV-associated immune activation significantly correlated to disease progression. While genital inflammation (GI) has been shown to significantly increase the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, immune correlates for reduced risk remain limited. In certain HIV-exposed seronegative individuals, an immune quiescent phenotype characterized reduced risk. Immune quiescence is defined by specific, targeted, highly regulated immune responses that hinder overt inflammation or immune activation. Targeted management of inflammation, therefore, is a plausible strategy to mitigate HIV risk and slow disease progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as hydroxychloroquine and aspirin have shown encouraging preliminary results in low-risk women by reducing systemic and genital immune activation. A topical NSAID, containing ibuprofen, is effective in treating vulvovaginal inflammation. Additionally, the glucocorticoids (GCs), prednisolone, and dexamethasone are used to treat HIV-associated immune activation. Collectively, these data inform on immune-modulating drugs to reduce HIV risk. However, the prolonged use of these pharmaceutical drugs is associated with adverse effects, both systemically and to a lesser extent topically. Natural products with their reduced side effects coupled with anti-inflammatory properties render them viable options. Lactic acid (LA) has immunomodulatory properties. LA regulates the genital microbiome by facilitating the growth of Lactobacillus species, while simultaneously limiting bacterial species that cause microbial dysbiosis and GI. Glycerol monolaurate, besides being anti-inflammatory, also inhibited SIV infections in rhesus macaques. The proposed pharmaceutical and natural products could be used in combination with either antiretrovirals for treatment or preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. This review provides a summary on the associations between inflammation, HIV risk, and disease progression. Furthermore, we use the knowledge from immune quiescence to exploit the use of pharmaceutical and natural products as strategic interventions to manage inflammation, toward mitigating HIV infections.
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12
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Smith JR, Ashander LM, Arruda SL, Cordeiro CA, Lie S, Rochet E, Belfort R, Furtado JM. Pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100882. [PMID: 32717377 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is a retinitis -almost always accompanied by vitritis and choroiditis- caused by intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Depending on retinal location, this condition may cause substantial vision impairment. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, with both sexual and asexual life cycles, and infection is typically contracted orally by consuming encysted bradyzoites in undercooked meat, or oocysts on unwashed garden produce or in contaminated water. Presently available anti-parasitic drugs cannot eliminate T. gondii from the body. In vitro studies using T. gondii tachyzoites, and human retinal cells and tissue have provided important insights into the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis. T. gondii may cross the vascular endothelium to access human retina by at least three routes: in leukocyte taxis; as a transmigrating tachyzoite; and after infecting endothelial cells. The parasite is capable of navigating the human neuroretina, gaining access to a range of cell populations. Retinal Müller glial cells are preferred initial host cells. T. gondii infection of the retinal pigment epithelial cells alters the secretion of growth factors and induces proliferation of adjacent uninfected epithelial cells. This increases susceptibility of the cells to parasite infection, and may be the basis of the characteristic hyperpigmented toxoplasmic retinal lesion. Infected epithelial cells also generate a vigorous immunologic response, and influence the activity of leukocytes that infiltrate the retina. A range of T. gondii genotypes are associated with human ocular toxoplasmosis, and individual immunogenetics -including polymorphisms in genes encoding innate immune receptors, human leukocyte antigens and cytokines- impacts the clinical manifestations. Research into basic pathogenic mechanisms of ocular toxoplasmosis highlights the importance of prevention and suggests new biological drug targets for established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine R Smith
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Sigrid L Arruda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cynthia A Cordeiro
- Cordeiro et Costa Ophtalmologie, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil; Formerly of Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais School of Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Shervi Lie
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elise Rochet
- Eye & Vision Health and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João M Furtado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Formerly of Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
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Kashem MA, Ren X, Li H, Liang B, Li L, Lin F, Plummer FA, Luo M. TILRR Promotes Migration of Immune Cells Through Induction of Soluble Inflammatory Mediators. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:563. [PMID: 32719797 PMCID: PMC7348050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TILRR has been identified as an important modulator of inflammatory responses. It is associated with NF-κB activation, and inflammation. Our previous study showed that TILRR significantly increased the expression of many innate immune responsive genes and increased the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by cervical epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of TILRR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the migration of immune cells. The effect of culture supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells on the migration of THP-1 monocytes and MOLT-4 T-lymphocytes was evaluated using Transwell assay and a novel microfluidic device. We showed that the culture supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed HeLa cells attracted significantly more THP-1 cells (11–40%, p = 0.0004–0.0373) and MOLT-4 cells (14–17%, p = 0.0010–0.0225) than that of controls. The microfluidic device-recorded image analysis showed that significantly higher amount with longer mean cell migration distance of THP-1 (p < 0.0001–0.0180) and MOLT-4 (p < 0.0001–0.0025) cells was observed toward the supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells compared to that of the controls. Thus, the cytokines/chemokines secreted by the TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells attracted immune cells, such as monocytes and T cells, and may potentially influence immune cell infiltration in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaoou Ren
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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Possible Mechanisms of Eosinophil Accumulation in Eosinophilic Pneumonia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040638. [PMID: 32326200 PMCID: PMC7226607 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP), including acute EP and chronic EP, is characterized by the massive pulmonary infiltration of eosinophils into the lung. However, the mechanisms underlying the selective accumulation of eosinophils in EP have not yet been fully elucidated. We reported that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from EP patients induced the transmigration of eosinophils across endothelial cells in vitro. The concentrations of eotaxin-2 (CCL24) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-4 (CCL13), which are CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 3 ligands, were elevated in the BALF of EP patients, and anti-CCR3 monoclonal antibody inhibited the eosinophil transmigration induced by the BALF of EP patients. The concentration of macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (CCL4), a CCR5 ligand that induces eosinophil migration, was increased in the BALF of EP patients. Furthermore, the concentration of interleukin (IL) 5 was increased in the BALF of EP patients, and it has been reported that anti-IL-5 antibody treatment resulted in remission and the reduction of glucocorticoid use in some cases of chronic EP. The concentrations of lipid mediators, such as leukotriene (LT) B4, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), such as uric acid, or extracellular matrix proteins, such as periostin, were also increased in the BALF of EP patients. These findings suggest that chemokines, such as CCR3/CCR5 ligands, cytokines, such as IL-5, lipid mediators, such as LTB4, DAMPs, and extracellular matrix proteins may play roles in the accumulation or activation of eosinophils in EP.
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15
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Phetsouphanh C, Aldridge D, Marchi E, Munier CML, Meyerowitz J, Murray L, Van Vuuren C, Goedhals D, Fidler S, Kelleher A, Klenerman P, Frater J. Maintenance of Functional CD57+ Cytolytic CD4+ T Cells in HIV+ Elite Controllers. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1844. [PMID: 31440240 PMCID: PMC6694780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolytic CD4+ T cells play a prominent role in chronic viral infection. CD4+ CTLs clones specific for HIV-1 Nef and Gag are capable of killing HIV-1 infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Additionally, HIV-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cell responses in acute HIV infection are predictive of disease progression. CD57 expression on CD4s identifies cytolytic cells. These cells were dramatically increased in chronic HIV infection. CD57 expression correlated with cytolytic granules, granzyme B and perforin expression. They express lower CCR5 compared to CD57- cells, have less HIV total DNA, and were a minor component of the HIV reservoir. A small percentage of CD57+ CD4+ CTLs from EC were HIV-specific, could upregulate IFNγ with Gag peptide stimulation, express cytolytic granule markers and maintain TbethighEomes+ transcription factor phenotype. This was not observed in viraemic controllers. The maintenance of HIV-specific CD4 cytolytic function in Elite controllers together with CD8 CTLs may be important for the control of HIV viraemia and of potential relevance to cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Aldridge
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C. Mee Ling Munier
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lyle Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dominique Goedhals
- National Health Laboratory Service, Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Anthony Kelleher
- Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Farcasanu M, Kwon DS. The Influence of Cervicovaginal Microbiota on Mucosal Immunity and Prophylaxis in the Battle against HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019. [PMID: 29516267 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Young women in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of the global HIV epidemic. In this review, we examine how cervicovaginal microbiota modulate structural and immune defenses in the female genital tract and influence HIV susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Highly diverse, anaerobic cervicovaginal microbiota prevalent in sub-Saharan African women increase HIV acquisition risk by over fourfold. These bacteria weaken the barrier properties of the vaginal mucosa and increase local inflammation and HIV target cell recruitment, creating an environment permissive to HIV. These communities also diminish the prophylactic efficacy of topical tenofovir and therefore may modulate both biological susceptibility to HIV and the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Cervicovaginal bacteria influence multiple reproductive health outcomes, including HIV acquisition. High-diversity, low Lactobacillus abundance cervicovaginal communities prevalent in many regions with high HIV incidence are associated with increased HIV susceptibility. A better understanding of the host-microbial interactions mediating this risk is important to reduce HIV infections, particularly among women living in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Farcasanu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Kobayashi Y, Konno Y, Kanda A, Yamada Y, Yasuba H, Sakata Y, Fukuchi M, Tomoda K, Iwai H, Ueki S. Critical role of CCL4 in eosinophil recruitment into the airway. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:853-860. [PMID: 30854716 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive eosinophil airway infiltration is a clinically critical condition in some cases. Eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) is a pulmonary condition involving eosinophil infiltration of the lungs. Although several chemokines, including eotaxin-1 (CCL11), RANTES (CCL5) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β or CCL4), have been detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with EP, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying EP, including potential relationships between eosinophils and CCL4, have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To examine the involvement of CCL4 in eosinophilic airway inflammation. METHODS We analysed supernatants of activated eosinophils and BALF from 16 patients with eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). Further, we examined the effects of CCL4 on eosinophil functions in vitro and those of anti-CCL4 neutralizing antibody in an in vivo model. RESULTS We found that purified human eosinophils stimulated with IL-5 predominantly secreted CCL4 and that patients with EP had elevated CCL11 and CCL4 levels in BALF compared with samples from individuals without EP. Because CCL4 levels were more strongly correlated with eosinophil count and expression of eosinophil granule proteins than CCL11, in vitro experiments using purified eosinophils concentrated on the former chemokine. Interestingly, CCL4 acted as a chemoattractant for eosinophils. In a mouse model, administration of a CCL4-neutralizing antibody attenuated eosinophilic airway infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, these findings highlight an important role of CCL4 in the mechanisms underlying eosinophil recruitment into the airway and may provide a novel insight into this potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kobayashi
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Konno
- Department of General Medical Practice and Laboratory Diagnostic Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akira Kanda
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.,Allergy Center, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yasuba
- Department of Airway Medicine, Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sakata
- Central Research of Laboratory, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mineyo Fukuchi
- Department of General Medical Practice and Laboratory Diagnostic Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomoda
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwai
- Airway Disease Section, Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Medical Practice and Laboratory Diagnostic Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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18
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Toson B, Dos Santos EJ, Adelino JE, Sandrin-Garcia P, Crovella S, Louzada-Júnior P, Oliveira RDR, Pedroza LSRA, de Fátima Lobato Cunha Sauma M, de Lima CPS, Barbosa FB, Brenol CV, Xavier RM, Chies JAB, Veit TD. CCR5Δ32 and the genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in admixed populations: a multicentre study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 56:495-497. [PMID: 28082621 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Toson
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre
| | - Eduardo José Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém.,Serviço de Reumatologia, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará- CESUPA, Belém
| | | | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife
| | - Paulo Louzada-Júnior
- Serviço de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre
| | - Tiago Degani Veit
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.,Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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19
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CCR5Δ32 (rs333) polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: A case-control analysis based in disease resistance and susceptibility phenotypes. Cytokine 2017; 103:142-149. [PMID: 28969941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic and aggressive periodontitis are infectious diseases characterized by the irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues, which is mediated by the host inflammatory immune response triggered by periodontal infection. The chemokine receptor CCR5 play an important role in disease pathogenesis, contributing to pro-inflammatory response and osteoclastogenesis. CCR5Δ32 (rs333) is a loss-of-function mutation in the CCR5 gene, which can potentially modulate the host response and, consequently periodontitis outcome. Thus, we investigated the effect of the CCR5Δ32 mutation over the risk to suffer periodontitis in a cohort of Brazilian patients (total N=699), representative of disease susceptibility (chronic periodontitis, N=197; and aggressive periodontitis, N=91) or resistance (chronic gingivitis, N=193) phenotypes, and healthy subjects (N=218). Additionally, we assayed the influence of CCR5Δ32 in the expression of the biomarkers TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ and T-bet, and key periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola. In the association analysis of resistant versus susceptible subjects, CCR5Δ32 mutant allele-carriers proved significantly protected against chronic (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29-0.83; p-value 0.01) and aggressive (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.22-0.94; p-value 0.03) periodontitis. Further, heterozygous subjects exhibited significantly decreased expression of TNFα in periodontal tissues, pointing to a functional effect of the mutation in periodontal tissues during the progression of the disease. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in the presence or quantity of the periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola in the subgingival biofilm that could be attributable to the mutant genotype.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Women who have genital inflammation are at increased risk of sexual HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the mechanisms for this relationship, causes of genital inflammation, and strategies to manage this condition. RECENT FINDINGS We have recently shown in a cohort of South African women that HIV seroconversion was associated with persistently raised genital inflammatory cytokines (including MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IP-10). Elevated inflammatory cytokine concentrations may facilitate HIV infection by recruiting and activating HIV target cells and disrupting the mucosal epithelial barrier. Bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which are predominantly asymptomatic in women, cause lower genital tract inflammation and increased HIV acquisition risk. In Africa, where syndromic management of STIs and bacterial vaginosis is standard-of-care, the substantial burden of asymptomatic infections has likely contributed to high-HIV incidence rates. SUMMARY A genital inflammatory profile contributes to the high risk of HIV acquisition in African women. STIs and bacterial vaginosis are poorly managed in Africa and other developing nations and as such remain major drivers of persistent genital inflammation and HIV acquisition among these women.
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21
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Hosokawa Y, Hosokawa I, Shindo S, Ohta Y, Ozaki K, Matsuo T. Alkannin inhibits CCL3 and CCL5 production in human periodontal ligament cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1380-1385. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hosokawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Tokushima Japan
| | - Ikuko Hosokawa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Tokushima Japan
| | - Satoru Shindo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Tokushima Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences; University of Tokyo; Meguro-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazumi Ozaki
- Department of Oral Health Care Promotion; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Tokushima University Graduate School; Tokushima Tokushima Japan
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22
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Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Blake SJ, Makkouk A, Chester C, Kohrt HE, Smyth MJ. Anti-CD137 enhances anti-CD20 therapy of systemic B-cell lymphoma with altered immune homeostasis but negligible toxicity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1192740. [PMID: 27622048 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of sequential anti-CD137/anti-CD20 therapy have previously shown that the efficacy of anti-CD20 was heavily reliant upon anti-CD137; however, the exact mechanism of the anti-B-cell lymphoma efficacy, and whether this correlates with enhanced adverse effects or toxicity, had not been elucidated. Here, we observed that sequential anti-CD137 administration with anti-CD20 resulted in a synergistic therapy, largely dependent upon Fc receptors (FcR), to prolong survival in an experimental B-cell lymphoma therapy model. Tumor suppression was accompanied by B cell depletion, which was not dependent on one activating FcR. Surprisingly, the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) was elevated in the plasma of mice receiving anti-CD137 alone or in combination with anti-CD20, while a selective increase in some plasma cytokines was also noted and triggered by anti-CD137. These effects were independent of activating FcR. Sustained treatment of advanced lymphoma revealed increased lymphocyte infiltrates into the liver and a significant decrease in the metabolic capability of the liver in mice receiving anti-CD137. Importantly, these effects were not exacerbated in mice receiving the anti-CD20/CD137 combination, and elevations in classical liver damage markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were less than that caused by the lymphoma itself. Thus, combined anti-CD20/anti-CD137 treatment increases the therapeutic index of anti-CD20 or anti-CD137 alone. These mouse data were corroborated by ongoing clinical development studies to assess safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamic activity of human patients treated by this approach. Together, these data support the use of this sequential antibody therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of rituximab in B-cell lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Molecular Immunology Division, Walter & Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Amani Makkouk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cariad Chester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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23
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Wolsk HM, Chawes BL, Følsgaard NV, Rasmussen MA, Brix S, Bisgaard H. Siblings Promote a Type 1/Type 17-oriented immune response in the airways of asymptomatic neonates. Allergy 2016; 71:820-8. [PMID: 26808998 DOI: 10.1111/all.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siblings have been shown to reduce the risk of childhood asthma and allergy, but the mechanism driving this association is unknown. The objective was to study whether siblings affect the airway immune response in healthy neonates, which could represent an underlying immune modulatory pathway. METHODS We measured 20 immune mediators related to the Type 1, Type 2, Type 17, or regulatory immune pathways in the airway mucosa of 571 one-month-old asymptomatic neonates from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010 birth cohort (COPSAC2010 ). The association between airway mediator levels and presence of siblings was investigated using conventional statistics and principle component analysis (PCA). RESULTS Neonates with siblings had an upregulated level of airway immune mediators, with predominance of Type 1- and Type 17-related mediators. This was supported by the PCA showing a highly significant difference between children with vs without siblings: P < 10(-10) , which persisted after adjustment for potential confounders including pathogenic airway bacteria and viruses: P < 0.0001. The immune priming effect was inversely associated with time since last childbirth: P = 0.0015. CONCLUSIONS Siblings mediate a Type 1/Type 17-related immune-stimulatory effect in the airways of asymptomatic neonates, also after adjustment for pathogenic bacteria and viruses, indicating that siblings exert a transferable early immune modulatory effect. These findings may represent an in utero immune priming effect of the fetal immune system caused by previous pregnancies as the effect was attenuated with time since last childbirth, or it could relate to the presence of unidentified microbes, but further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Wolsk
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. L. Chawes
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - N. V. Følsgaard
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. A. Rasmussen
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Food Science; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - S. Brix
- Department of Systems Biology; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - H. Bisgaard
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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24
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25
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Park EJ, Kim SW, Yoon C, Kim Y, Kim JS. Disturbance of ion environment and immune regulation following biodistribution of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles injected intravenously. Toxicol Lett 2015; 243:67-77. [PMID: 26687879 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is expected that accumulation of metal oxide nanoparticles that can induce redox reaction in the biological system may influence ion homeostasis and immune regulation through generation of free radicals, the relationship is still unclear. In this study, mice received magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (M-FeNPs, 2 and 4 mg/kg) a single via the tail vein, and their distribution in tissues was investigated over time (1, 4, and 13 weeks). In addition, we evaluated the effects on homeostasis of redox reaction-related elements, the ion environment and immune regulation. The iron level in tissues reached at the maximum on 4 weeks after injection and M-FeNPs the most distributed in the spleen at 13 weeks. Additionally, levels of redox reaction-related elements in tissues were notably altered since 1 week post-injection. While levels of K(+) and Na(+) in tissue tended to decrease with time, Ca(2+) levels reached to the maximum at 4 weeks post-injection. On 13 weeks post-injection, the increased percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils, the enhanced release of LDH, and the elevated secretion of IL-8 and IL-6 were clearly observed in the blood of M-FeNP-treated mice compared to the control. While expression of antigen presentation related-proteins and the maturation of dendritic cells were markedly inhibited following distribution of M-FeNPs, the expression of several chemokines, including CXCR2, CCR5, and CD123, was enhanced on the splenocytes of the treated groups. Taken together, we suggest that accumulation of M-FeNPs may induce adverse health effects by disturbing homeostasis of the immune regulation and ion environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 126-16, South Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, South Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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26
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Marques RE, Guabiraba R, Del Sarto JL, Rocha RF, Queiroz AL, Cisalpino D, Marques PE, Pacca CC, Fagundes CT, Menezes GB, Nogueira ML, Souza DG, Teixeira MM. Dengue virus requires the CC-chemokine receptor CCR5 for replication and infection development. Immunology 2015; 145:583-96. [PMID: 25939314 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that affects millions of people worldwide yearly. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment available. Further investigation on dengue pathogenesis is required to better understand the disease and to identify potential therapeutic targets. The chemokine system has been implicated in dengue pathogenesis, although the specific role of chemokines and their receptors remains elusive. Here we describe the role of the CC-chemokine receptor CCR5 in Dengue virus (DENV-2) infection. In vitro experiments showed that CCR5 is a host factor required for DENV-2 replication in human and mouse macrophages. DENV-2 infection induces the expression of CCR5 ligands. Incubation with an antagonist prevents CCR5 activation and reduces DENV-2 positive-stranded (+) RNA inside macrophages. Using an immunocompetent mouse model of DENV-2 infection we found that CCR5(-/-) mice were resistant to lethal infection, presenting at least 100-fold reduction of viral load in target organs and significant reduction in disease severity. This phenotype was reproduced in wild-type mice treated with CCR5-blocking compounds. Therefore, CCR5 is a host factor required for DENV-2 replication and disease development. Targeting CCR5 might represent a therapeutic strategy for dengue fever. These data bring new insights on the association between viral infections and the chemokine receptor CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Marques
- Immunopharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana L Del Sarto
- Immunopharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rebeca F Rocha
- Immunopharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Queiroz
- Immunopharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Microorganism/Host Interaction, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Immunobiophotonics, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Pacca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio T Fagundes
- Microorganism/Host Interaction, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Immunobiophotonics, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle G Souza
- Microorganism/Host Interaction, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Masson L, Passmore JAS, Liebenberg LJ, Werner L, Baxter C, Arnold KB, Williamson C, Little F, Mansoor LE, Naranbhai V, Lauffenburger DA, Ronacher K, Walzl G, Garrett NJ, Williams BL, Couto-Rodriguez M, Hornig M, Lipkin WI, Grobler A, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. Genital inflammation and the risk of HIV acquisition in women. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:260-9. [PMID: 25900168 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women in Africa, especially young women, have very high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence rates that cannot be fully explained by behavioral risks. We investigated whether genital inflammation influenced HIV acquisition in this group. METHODS Twelve selected cytokines, including 9 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, interferon-γ inducible protein-10 [IP-10], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, MIP-1β), hematopoietic IL-7, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and regulatory IL-10 were measured prior to HIV infection in cervicovaginal lavages from 58 HIV seroconverters and 58 matched uninfected controls and in plasma from a subset of 107 of these women from the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa 004 tenofovir gel trial. RESULTS HIV seroconversion was associated with raised genital inflammatory cytokines (including chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and IP-10). The risk of HIV acquisition was significantly higher in women with evidence of genital inflammation, defined by at least 5 of 9 inflammatory cytokines being raised (odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-7.9; P = .014). Genital cytokine concentrations were persistently raised (for about 1 year before infection), with no readily identifiable cause despite extensive investigation of several potential factors, including sexually transmitted infections and systemic cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Elevated genital concentrations of HIV target cell-recruiting chemokines and a genital inflammatory profile contributes to the high risk of HIV acquisition in these African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Masson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lenine J Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - Lise Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - Kelly B Arnold
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town
| | | | - Leila E Mansoor
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | | | - Katharina Ronacher
- National Research Foundation of South Africa/Department of Science and Technology Centre of Excellence for TB Biomedical Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- National Research Foundation of South Africa/Department of Science and Technology Centre of Excellence for TB Biomedical Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | | | | | | | | | - Anneke Grobler
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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28
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Lau G, Labrecque J, Metz M, Vaz R, Fricker SP. Specificity for a CCR5 Inhibitor Is Conferred by a Single Amino Acid Residue: ROLE OF ILE198. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11041-51. [PMID: 25767113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2b share 89% amino acid homology. CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV and CCR5 antagonists have been investigated as inhibitors of HIV infection. We describe the use of two CCR5 antagonists, Schering-C (SCH-C), which is specific for CCR5, and TAK-779, a dual inhibitor of CCR5 and CCR2b, to probe the CCR5 inhibitor binding site using CCR5/CCR2b chimeric receptors. Compound inhibition in the different chimeras was assessed by inhibition of chemokine-induced calcium flux. SCH-C inhibited RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) (CCL5)-mediated calcium flux on CCR5 with an IC50 of 22.8 nM but was inactive against monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2)-mediated calcium flux on CCR2b. However, SCH-C inhibited CCL2-induced calcium flux against a CCR5/CCR2b chimera consisting of transmembrane domains IV-VI of CCR5 with an IC50 of 55 nM. A sequence comparison of CCR5 and CCR2b identified a divergent amino acid sequence located at the junction of transmembrane domain V and second extracellular loop. Transfer of the CCR5 sequence KNFQTLKIV into CCR2b conferred SCH-C inhibition (IC50 of 122 nM) into the predominantly CCR2b chimera. Furthermore, a single substitution, R206I, conferred partial but significant inhibition (IC50 of 1023 nM) by SCH-C. These results show that a limited amino acid sequence is responsible for SCH-C specificity to CCR5, and we propose a model showing the interaction with CCR5 Ile(198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lau
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Jean Labrecque
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Markus Metz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Roy Vaz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Simon P Fricker
- Sanofi-Genzyme Research and Development Center, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
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29
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Abe C, Tanaka S, Nishimura M, Ihara F, Xuan X, Nishikawa Y. Role of the chemokine receptor CCR5-dependent host defense system in Neospora caninum infections. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:5. [PMID: 25558986 PMCID: PMC4455913 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neospora caninum, a Toxoplasma gondii-like obligate intracellular parasite, causes
abortion in cattle and neurological signs in canines. To understand neosporosis
better, studies on host cell migration and host immune responses during the early
phase of infection are important. Although the C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)
plays a crucial role in immune cell migration, the role played by it in protective
immunity against N. caninum is poorly
understood. Methods CCR5−/− mice were used to investigate
their sensitivity levels to N. caninum
infection and their ability to activate immune cells against this parasite. Results Increased mortality and neurological impairment were observed in the
N. caninum-infected
CCR5−/− mice. In comparison with wild-type mice,
CCR5−/− mice experienced poor migration of dendritic
cells and natural killer T cells to the site of infection. Dendritic cells in an
in vitro culture from
CCR5−/− mice could not be activated upon infection
with N. caninum. Furthermore, higher levels of
IFN-γ and CCL5 expression, which are associated with brain tissue damage, were
observed in the brain tissue of CCR5−/− mice during the
acute phase of the infection, while there was no significant difference in the
parasite load between the wild-type and CCR5−/−
animals. Additionally, a primary microglia culture from
CCR5−/− mice showed lower levels of IL-6 and IL-12
production against N. caninum parasites. Conclusions Our findings show that migration and activation of immune cells via
CCR5 is required for controlling N. caninum
parasites during the early phase of the infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0620-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Abe
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-Minowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Maki Nishimura
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Ihara
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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30
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Török N, Molnár K, Füvesi J, Karácsony M, Zsiros V, Fejes-Szabó A, Fiatal S, Ádány R, Somogyvári F, Stojiljković O, Vécsei L, Bencsik K. Chemokine receptor V Δ32 deletion in multiple sclerosis patients in Csongrád County in Hungary and the North-Bácska region in Serbia. Hum Immunol 2014; 76:59-64. [PMID: 25500253 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of chemokine receptor V (CCR5) and its polymorphism, rs333 in multiple sclerosis (MS) are controversial. We investigated the receptor and its deletion in a large MS (428) and a numerous control (831) population in Csongrád County (Hungary) and North-Bácska (Serbia). Taqman probes firstly were used for the allele discrimination. There was no significant difference in genotype (OR=1.092, 95% CI=0.807-1.478, p=0.568 for wt/wt (wt=wild type allele) vs wt/Δ32, Δ32/Δ32 (Δ32=Δ32 base pair deletion allele)) or allele frequency (OR=0.914, 95% CI=0.692-1.207, p=0.525). Neither the deletion nor the wt allele affected the Expanded Disability Status Scale score or the age at onset. Our results indicate no association between the CCR5 Δ32 allele and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Török
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Füvesi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Karácsony
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Zsiros
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Ádány
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Kassai u 26, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olivera Stojiljković
- Department of Neurology, Public Hospital of Subotica, 3 Izvorska, Subotica, Serbia
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
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31
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Lee YH, Song GG. Association between chemokine receptor 5 delta32 polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer: a meta-analysis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:509-15. [PMID: 25203595 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.960934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether the functional chemokine receptor 5 delta32 (CCR5-Δ32) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to cancer. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted on the association between the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and cancer using (i) allele contrast and (ii) the dominant model. RESULTS Thirteen articles, including 16 comparative studies on a total of 3087 patients and 3735 controls, were included in the meta-analysis. These studies encompassed breast cancer (n = 3), bladder cancer (n = 3), cervical cancer (n = 2), pancreatic cancer (n = 2), prostate cancer (n = 2), head and neck cancer (n = 2), lymphoma (n = 1), gallbladder cancer (n = 1), skin cancer (n = 1) and mixed cancer (n = 1). The meta-analysis revealed an association between cancer and the CCR5-Δ32 allele (OR = 1.368, 95% CI = 1.064-1.758, p = 0.014), and stratification by ethnicity showed an association between the CCR5-Δ32 allele and cancer in Indians (OR = 2.480, 95% CI = 1.247-4.932, p = 0.010). The meta-analysis also revealed an association between breast cancer and the CCR5-Δ32 allele (OR = 1.689, 95% CI = 1.012-2.821, p = 0.045). However, allele contrast and the dominant model failed to reveal an association between the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and bladder cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and head and neck cancer. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to cancer in Indians and is associated with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Lee
- a Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- a Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Korea
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32
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Adler G, Valjevac A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Mackic-Djurovic M, Parczewski M, Urbańska A, Salkic NN. Frequency of CCR5Δ32 allele in healthy Bosniak population. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2014; 14:150-4. [PMID: 25172974 PMCID: PMC4334000 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2014.3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated the role of CCR5Δ32 in a variety of human diseases: from infectious and inflammatory diseases to cancer. Several studies have confirmed that genetic variants in chemokine receptor CCR5 gene are correlated with susceptibility and resistance to HIV infection. A 32-nucleotide deletion within the CCR5 reading frame is associated with decreased susceptibility to HIV acquisition and a slower progression to AIDS. Mean frequency of CCR5Δ32 allele in Europe is approximately 10%. The highest allele frequency is observed among Nordic populations (about 12%) and lower in the regions of Southeast Mediterranean (about 5%). Although the frequency of CCR5Δ32 was determined in numerous European populations, there is a lack of studies on this variant in the Bosnia and Hercegovina population. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the frequency of CCR5Δ32 allele in the cohort of Bosniaks and compare the results with European reports. CCR5Δ32 was detected by sequence-specific PCR in a sample of 100 healthy subjects from Bosnia and Herzegovina (DNA collected 2011-2013). Mean age of the cohort being 58.8 (± 10.7) years, with 82% of women. We identified 17 heterozygotes and one mutant homozygote in study group, with mean ∆32 allele frequency of 9.5%. CCR5∆32 allele frequency among Bosniaks is comparable to that found in Caucasian populations and follows the pattern of the north-southern gradient observed for Europe. Further studies on larger cohorts with adequate female-to-male ratio are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Adler
- The Department of Gerontobiology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland.
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Pazzola G, Boiardi L, Casali B, Farnetti E, Nicoli D, Pipitone N, Padovano I, Caruso A, Catanoso M, Salvarani C. CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in Italian patients with giant cell arteritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Chemokine receptor modeling: an interdisciplinary approach to drug design. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:91-114. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are integral components of the immune response, regulating lymphocyte development, homing and trafficking, and playing a key role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Chemokine receptors have, therefore, become the target for both small-molecule, peptide and antibody therapeutics. Chemokine receptors belong to the family of seven transmembrane receptor class A G protein-coupled receptors. The publication of the crystal structure of the archetypal class A seven transmembrane receptor protein rhodopsin, and other G protein-coupled receptors, including C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 and C-C chemokine receptor 5, provided the opportunity to create homology models of chemokine receptors. In this review, we describe an interdisciplinary approach to chemokine receptor modeling and the utility of this approach for structure-based drug design of chemokine receptor inhibitors.
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35
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Al-Mahruqi SH, Zadjali F, Koh CY, Balkhair A, Said EA, Al-Balushi MS, Hasson SS, Al-Jabri AA. New genetic variants in the CCR5 gene and the distribution of known polymorphisms in Omani population. Int J Immunogenet 2013; 41:20-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Al-Mahruqi
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - F. Zadjali
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - C. Y. Koh
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - A. Balkhair
- Infectious Diseases Unit; Department of Medicine; Sultan Qaboos University Hospital; Muscat Oman
| | - E. A. Said
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - M. S. Al-Balushi
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - S. S. Hasson
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
| | - A. A. Al-Jabri
- Division of Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; Sultan Qaboos University; Muscat Oman
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Brancato SK, Thomay AA, Daley JM, Crane MJ, Reichner JS, Sabo E, Albina JE. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling regulates the acute local inflammatory response to injury and the fibrosis/neovascularization of sterile wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:624-633. [PMID: 23758142 PMCID: PMC4469904 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the regulation of inflammation and fibrosis in sterile wounds was investigated in TLR4 signal-deficient (C3H/HeJ or TLR4(-/-) ) and control mice using the subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponge wound model. Total and differential wound cell counts 1, 3, and 7 days after injury did not differ between C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeOuJ animals. Blood monocytes from both strains expressed CCR2 equally. Day one wounds in C3H/HeJ mice contained fewer Gr-1(high) wound macrophages, CCL3, and CCL5, and more CCL17 than those in controls. The accumulation of CCL2, CX3CL1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and interferon-γ in wound fluids was not TLR4 dependent. Wound macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeOuJ mice expressed CCR4 and CCR5, but not CCR1 or CCR3. Wound macrophage recruitment was not altered in CCR5(-/-) mice or in C3H/HeOuJ animals injected with neutralizing anti-CCL3 and anti-CCL5 antibodies. Neutralization of the CCR4 ligand CCL17 in C3H/HeJ mice did not alter wound macrophage populations. There was a twofold increase in collagen content and number of neovessels in 21-day-old wounds in C3H/HeJ vs. C3H/HeOuJ mice. There were no differences between strains in the number of myofibroblasts in the wounds 7 or 21 days postwounding. The increased fibrosis and angiogenesis in wounds from /HeJ mice correlated with higher concentrations of transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor 2 in wound fluids from these animals. Wound fluids did not contain detectable lipopolysaccharide and did not induce IκBα degradation in J774.A1 macrophages. Results support a role for endogenous ligands of TLR4 in the regulation of inflammation and repair in sterile wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samielle K Brancato
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alan A Thomay
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jean M Daley
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Meredith J Crane
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jonathan S Reichner
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jorge E Albina
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the causative pathogen of AIDS, the world's biggest infectious disease killer. About 33 million people are infected worldwide, with 2.1 million deaths a year as a direct consequence. The devastating nature of AIDS has prompted widespread research, which has led to an extensive array of therapies to suppress viral replication and enable recovery of the immune system to prolong and improve patient life substantially. However, the genetic plasticity and replication rate of HIV-1 are considerable, which has lead to rapid drug resistance. This, together with the need for reducing drug side effects and increasing regimen compliance, has led researchers to identify antiretroviral drugs with new modes of action. OBJECTIVE This review describes the discovery and clinical development of CCR5 antagonists and the recent approval of maraviroc as a breakthrough in anti-HIV-1 therapy. CONCLUSION CCR5 inhibitors target a human cofactor to disable HIV-1 entry into the cells, and thereby provide a new hurdle for the virus to overcome. The status and expert opinion of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV-1 infection are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dorr
- Senior Principal Scientist Pfizer Global R&D, Primary Pharmacology, Sandwich Laboratories, CT13 9NJ, Kent, UK +44 0 1304648034 ; +44 0 1304651817 ;
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Lal JA, Malogajski J, Verweij SP, de Boer P, Ambrosino E, Brand A, Ouburg S, Morré SA. Chlamydia trachomatis infections and subfertility: opportunities to translate host pathogen genomic data into public health. Public Health Genomics 2013; 16:50-61. [PMID: 23548718 DOI: 10.1159/000346207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections in women can result in tubal pathology (TP). Worldwide 10-15% of all couples are subfertile, meaning they did not get pregnant after 1 year. Part of the routine subfertility diagnostics is the Chlamydia Antibody Test (CAT) to decide for laparoscopy or not in order to diagnose TP. The CAT positive and negative predictive value is such that many unneeded laparoscopies are done and many TP cases are missed. Addition of host genetic markers related to infection susceptibility and severity could potentially improve the clinical management of couples who suffer from subfertility. In the present study, the potential translational and clinical value of adding diagnostic host genetic marker profiles on the basis of infection and inflammation to the current clinical management of subfertility was investigated. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art of host genetic markers in relation to CT infection, proposes a new clinical diagnostic approach, and investigates how the Learning-Adapting-Leveling model (LAL, a public health genomic (PHG) model) can be of value and provide insight to see whether these host genetic markers can be translated into public health. This review shows that the preliminary basis of adding host genetic marker profiles to the current diagnostic procedures of subfertility is present but has to be further developed before implementation into health care can be achieved. CT infection is an example in the field of PHG with potential diagnostic to be taken up in the future in the field of subfertility diagnosis with a time line for integration to be dependent on enhanced participation of many stakeholders in the field of PHG which could be advanced through the LAL model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lal
- Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pazzola G, Boiardi L, Casali B, Farnetti E, Nicoli D, Pipitone N, Padovano I, Caruso A, Catanoso M, Salvarani C. CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in Italian patients with giant cell arteritis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:851-5. [PMID: 23001713 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the potential role of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)Δ32 polymorphism in the susceptibility to giant cell arteritis (GCA) in a cohort of Italian patients. METHODS 176 consecutive Italian patients with biopsy-proven GCA and 180 healthy age- and sex-matched blood donors were molecularly genotyped for the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism. RESULTS No statistically significant difference in the Δ32CCR5 allele frequency between GCA patients (5.1 %) and controls (2.8 %) was observed (p = 0.109). Carriers of the CCR5Δ32 allele (Δ32/Δ32 + CCR5/Δ32) were similarly represented in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a role for the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism in determining susceptibility to GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pazzola
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Arcispedale S Maria Nuova, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Viale Risorgimento n 80, 42100, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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40
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Schnur E, Noah E, Ayzenshtat I, Sargsyan H, Inui T, Ding FX, Arshava B, Sagi Y, Kessler N, Levy R, Scherf T, Naider F, Anglister J. The conformation and orientation of a 27-residue CCR5 peptide in a ternary complex with HIV-1 gp120 and a CD4-mimic peptide. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:778-97. [PMID: 21763489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120/CD4 complex involves its amino-terminal domain (Nt-CCR5) and requires sulfation of two to four tyrosine residues in Nt-CCR5. The conformation of a 27-residue Nt-CCR5 peptide, sulfated at Y10 and Y14, was studied both in its free form and in a ternary complex with deglycosylated gp120 and a CD4-mimic peptide. NMR experiments revealed a helical conformation at the center of Nt-CCR5(1-27), which is induced upon gp120 binding, as well as a helical propensity for the free peptide. A well-defined structure for the bound peptide was determined for residues 7-23, increasing by 2-fold the length of Nt-CCR5's known structure. Two-dimensional saturation transfer experiments and measurement of relaxation times highlighted Nt-CCR5 residues Y3, V5, P8-T16, E18, I23 and possibly D2 as the main binding determinant. A calculated docking model for Nt-CCR5(1-27) suggests that residues 2-22 of Nt-CCR5 interact with the bases of V3 and C4, while the C-terminal segment of Nt-CCR5(1-27) points toward the target cell membrane, reflecting an Nt-CCR5 orientation that differs by 180° from that of a previous model. A gp120 site that could accommodate (CCR5)Y3 in a sulfated form has been identified. The present model attributes a structural basis for binding interactions to all gp120 residues previously implicated in Nt-CCR5 binding. Moreover, the strong interaction of sulfated (CCR5)Tyr14 with (gp120)Arg440 revealed by the model and the previously found correlation between E322 and R440 mutations shed light on the role of these residues in HIV-1 phenotype conversion, furthering our understanding of CCR5 recognition by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Schnur
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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41
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Role of the CCR5/Δ32CCR5 polymorphism in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:458-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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Chemokine expression from oncolytic vaccinia virus enhances vaccine therapies of cancer. Mol Ther 2011; 19:650-7. [PMID: 21266959 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor vaccines can induce robust immune responses targeting tumor antigens in the clinic, but antitumor effects have been disappointing. One reason for this is ineffective tumor infiltration of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced. Oncolytic viruses are capable of selectively replicating within tumor tissue and can induce a strong immune response. We therefore sought to determine whether these therapies could be rationally combined such that modulation of the tumor microenvironment by the viral therapy could help direct beneficial CTLs induced by the vaccine. As such, we examined the effects of expressing chemokines from oncolytic vaccinia virus, including CCL5 (RANTES), whose receptors are expressed on CTLs induced by different vaccines, including type-1-polarized dendritic cells (DC1). vvCCL5, an oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing CCL5, induced chemotaxis of lymphocyte populations in vitro and in vivo, and displayed improved safety in vivo. Interestingly, enhanced therapeutic benefits with vvCCL5 in vivo correlated with increased persistence of the viral agent exclusively within the tumor. When tumor-bearing mice were both vaccinated with DC1 and treated with vvCCL5 a further significant enhancement in tumor response was achieved which correlated with increased levels of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. This approach therefore represents a novel means of combining biological therapies for cancer treatment.
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Boiardi L, Vaglio A, Nicoli D, Farnetti E, Palmisano A, Pipitone N, Maritati F, Casali B, Martorana D, Moroni G, Gallelli B, Buzio C, Salvarani C. CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in chronic periaortitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:1025-32. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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44
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Sorce S, Myburgh R, Krause KH. The chemokine receptor CCR5 in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:297-311. [PMID: 21163326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression and the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 have been mainly studied in the context of HIV infection. However, this protein is also expressed in the brain, where it can be crucial in determining the outcome in response to different insults. CCR5 expression can be deleterious or protective in controlling the progression of certain infections in the CNS, but it is also emerging that it could play a role in non-infectious diseases. In particular, it appears that, in addition to modulating immune responses, CCR5 can influence neuronal survival. Here, we summarize the present knowledge about the expression of CCR5 in the brain and highlight recent findings suggesting its possible involvement in neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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45
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Baron B, Schembri-Wismayer P. Using the distribution of the CCR5-Δ32 allele in third-generation Maltese citizens to disprove the Black Death hypothesis. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 38:139-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Laisk T, Peters M, Saare M, Haller-Kikkatalo K, Karro H, Salumets A. Association of CCR5, TLR2, TLR4 and MBL genetic variations with genital tract infections and tubal factor infertility. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 87:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Berglund M, Melgar S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, Hörnquist EH, Hultgren OH. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase M downregulates DSS-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1778-86. [PMID: 20848470 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is associated with increased colon permeability resulting in bacterial translocation into the lamina propria. We investigate the importance of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) regulating protein IL-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) using the erosive dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of colitis. METHODS IRAK-M-competent and -incompetent mice were treated with 3% DSS for 5 days followed by 2 days of regular drinking water. Clinical signs of disease were followed for 7 days. At day 7 the mice were sacrificed and plasma and tissue were collected for histopathological examination and analyses of the production of cytokines and chemokines as well as expression of T-cell transcription factors. RESULTS At day 7 IRAK-M-deficient mice display a reduced total body weight (77.1 ± 2.1 versus 88.5 ± 2.0, *P = 0.002) and an increased macroscopical (2.7 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.1, *P = 0.002) and histopathological (6.0 ± 0 versus 3.3 ± 0.5, *P = < 0.001) colon score compared to wildtype mice. Furthermore, IRAK-M-deficient mice have increased colon mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increased tumor necrosis factor concentrations (41.1 ± 13.5 versus 12.8 ± 2.0 pg/mL, *P = 0.010) in plasma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report examining the role of IRAK-M in colitis. We find that IRAK-M is of critical importance in downregulating induction and progression of DSS colitis, and thereby suggesting that IRAK-M might be a target for future interventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berglund
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden.
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48
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Yang H, Rotstein DM. Novel CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection: a review of compounds patented in 2006 - 2008. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:325-54. [PMID: 20180619 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903575674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HIV/AIDS epidemic and the resultant therapeutic efforts have continued to evolve over the last several years. The continued challenges in vaccine development, the growing longevity of the patient population and the emergence of resistant strains to current highly active antiretroviral therapy necessitate the development of new, effective therapeutics which target novel mechanism of actions. CCR5, a member of the GPCR superfamily, plays a key role as a co-receptor during the HIV viral entry process. The utility of CCR5 antagonists in the clinical setting has been validated, culminating in the launch of maraviroc (Selzentry by Pfizer (New York, NY, USA) in 2007. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review covers patent applications for small-molecule CCR5 selective antagonists published between 2006 and 2008 and related literature, with a focus on the treatment of HIV infection. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain information on patent literature from 2006 to 2008 on CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection. TAKE HOME MESSAGE A variety of new chemotypes have emerged over this period. These efforts support the potential to develop the next generation of CCR5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV with improved potency, tolerability and convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbiao Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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49
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Mansfield R, Able S, Griffin P, Irvine B, James I, Macartney M, Miller K, Mills J, Napier C, Navratilova I, Perros M, Rickett G, Root H, van der Ryst E, Westby M, Dorr P. CCR5 pharmacology methodologies and associated applications. Methods Enzymol 2009; 460:17-55. [PMID: 19446719 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)05202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled chemokine (C-C motif) receptor, CCR5, was originally characterized as a protein responding functionally to a number of CC chemokines. As with chemokine receptors in general, studies indicate that CCR5 plays a role in inflammatory responses to infection, although its exact role in normal immune function is not completely defined. The vast majority of research into CCR5 has been focused on its role as an essential and predominant coreceptor for HIV-1 entry into host immune cells. Discovery of this role was prompted by the elucidation that individuals homozygous for a 32 bp deletion in the CCR5 gene do not express the receptor at the cell surface, and as a consequence, are remarkably resistant to HIV-1 infection, and apparently possess no other clear phenotype. Multiple studies followed with the ultimate aim of identifying drugs that functionally and physically blocked CCR5 to prevent HIV-1 entry, and thus provide a completely new approach to treating infection and AIDS, the world's biggest infectious disease killer. To this end, functional antagonists with potent anti-HIV-1 activity have been discovered, as best exemplified by maraviroc, the first new oral drug for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in 10 years. In this chapter, the specific methods used to characterize CCR5 primary pharmacology and apply the data generated to enable drug discovery, notably maraviroc, for the treatment of HIV infection and potentially inflammatory-based indications, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Mansfield
- Pfizer GRD-Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
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50
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Blader IJ, Saeij JP. Communication between Toxoplasma gondii and its host: impact on parasite growth, development, immune evasion, and virulence. APMIS 2009; 117:458-76. [PMID: 19400868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect most warm-blooded animals and cause severe and life-threatening disease in developing fetuses and in immune-compromised patients. Although Toxoplasma was discovered over 100 years ago, we are only now beginning to appreciate the importance of the role that parasite modulation of its host has on parasite growth, bradyzoite development, immune evasion, and virulence. The goal of this review is to highlight these findings, to develop an integrated model for communication between Toxoplasma and its host, and to discuss new questions that arise out of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Blader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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