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Merzah M, Póliska S, Balogh L, Sándor J, Szász I, Natae S, Fiatal S. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Smoking-Induced Gene Expression Alterations in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13920. [PMID: 37762221 PMCID: PMC10530857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a well established risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Despite this, there have been no previous studies investigating the effects of smoking on blood gene expression in CAD patients. This single-centre cross-sectional study was designed with clearly defined inclusion criteria to address this gap. We conducted a high-throughput approach using next generation sequencing analysis with a single-end sequencing protocol and a read length of 75-cycles. Sixty-one patients with a median age of 67 years (range: 28-88 years) were recruited, and only 44 subjects were included for further analyses. Our investigation revealed 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between smokers and nonsmokers, with a fold change (FC) of ≥1.5 and a p-value < 0.05. Among these DEGs, 15 were upregulated and 105 were downregulated. Notably, when applying a more stringent adjusted FC ≥ 2.0, 31 DEGs (5 upregulated, annotated to immune response pathways, and 26 downregulated, involving oxygen and haem binding or activity, with FDR ≤ 0.03) remained statistically significant at an alpha level of <0.05. Our results illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying CAD, fortifying existing epidemiological evidence. Of particular interest is the unexplored overexpression of RCAN3, TRAV4, and JCHAIN genes, which may hold promising implications for the involvement of these genes in CAD among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Merzah
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.); (J.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Balogh
- Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery Clinic, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Sándor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.); (J.S.); (S.N.)
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.); (J.S.); (S.N.)
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Shewaye Natae
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.); (J.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Szilvia Fiatal
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.); (J.S.); (S.N.)
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Zhou J, Zhang H, Qin Y, Liu T. Severe Microcytic Anemia Caused by Complex Hereditary Spherocytosis and X-Linked Sideroblastic Anemia with Mutations in SPTB and ALAS2 Genes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051990. [PMID: 36902777 PMCID: PMC10004689 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of severe anemia caused by complex hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and X-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) with two mutations in the spectrin beta (SPTB) and 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS2) genes. The proband was a 16-year-old male with severe jaundice and microcytic hypochromic anemia since his childhood. He had more severe anemia requiring erythrocyte transfusion, and had no response to vitamin B6 treatment. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed double heterozygous mutations, one in exon 19 (c.3936G > A:p.W1312X) of the SPTB gene and another in exon 2 (c.37A > G:p.K13E) of the ALAS2 gene, and confirmed again by Sanger sequencing. The mutation of ALAS2 (c.37A > G) is inherited from his asymptomatic heterozygous mother, causing amino acid p.K13E, and the mutation has not yet been reported. The mutation of SPTB (c.3936G > A) is a nonsense mutation, leading to a premature termination codon in exon 19, and the mutation in the SPTB gene is not found in any of his relatives, which indicates a de novo monoallelic mutation. Conclusions: The double heterozygous mutations in the SPTB and ALAS2 genes lead to the joint occurrence of HS and XLSA in this patient, and are implicated in the more severe clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ting Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18980601240
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3
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Proteomic Analysis of Ferrochelatase Interactome in Erythroid and Non-Erythroid Cells. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020577. [PMID: 36836934 PMCID: PMC9958551 DOI: 10.3390/life13020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme is an essential cofactor for multiple cellular processes in most organisms. In developing erythroid cells, the demand for heme synthesis is high, but is significantly lower in non-erythroid cells. While the biosynthesis of heme in metazoans is well understood, the tissue-specific regulation of the pathway is less explored. To better understand this, we analyzed the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cell lines from the perspective of ferrochelatase (FECH), the terminal enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Affinity purification of FLAG-tagged-FECH, together with mass spectrometric analysis, was carried out to identify putative protein partners in human and murine cell lines. Proteins involved in the heme biosynthetic process and mitochondrial organization were identified as the core components of the FECH interactome. Interestingly, in non-erythroid cell lines, the FECH interactome is highly enriched with proteins associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Overall, our study shows that the mitochondrial heme metabolon in erythroid and non-erythroid cells has similarities and differences, and suggests new roles for the mitochondrial heme metabolon and heme in regulating metabolic flux and key cellular processes.
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Yan C, Zhang ZY, Lv Y, Wang Z, Jiang K, Li JT. Genome of Laudakia sacra Provides New Insights into High-Altitude Adaptation of Ectotherms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710081. [PMID: 36077479 PMCID: PMC9456099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anan’s rock agama (Laudakia sacra) is a lizard species endemic to the harsh high-altitude environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, a region characterized by low oxygen tension and high ultraviolet (UV) radiation. To better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying highland adaptation of ectotherms, we assembled a 1.80-Gb L. sacra genome, which contained 284 contigs with an N50 of 20.19 Mb and a BUSCO score of 93.54%. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that mutations in certain genes, including HIF1A, TIE2, and NFAT family members and genes in the respiratory chain, may be common adaptations to hypoxia among high-altitude animals. Compared with lowland reptiles, MLIP showed a convergent mutation in L. sacra and the Tibetan hot-spring snake (Thermophis baileyi), which may affect their hypoxia adaptation. In L. sacra, several genes related to cardiovascular remodeling, erythropoiesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and DNA repair may also be tailored for adaptation to UV radiation and hypoxia. Of note, ERCC6 and MSH2, two genes associated with adaptation to UV radiation in T. baileyi, exhibited L. sacra-specific mutations that may affect peptide function. Thus, this study provides new insights into the potential mechanisms underpinning high-altitude adaptation in ectotherms and reveals certain genetic generalities for animals’ survival on the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-T.L.)
| | - Yunyun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia-Tang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Mangkang Biodiversity and Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Changdu 854500, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Y.Z.); (J.-T.L.)
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Kastriti ME, Faure L, Von Ahsen D, Bouderlique TG, Boström J, Solovieva T, Jackson C, Bronner M, Meijer D, Hadjab S, Lallemend F, Erickson A, Kaucka M, Dyachuk V, Perlmann T, Lahti L, Krivanek J, Brunet J, Fried K, Adameyko I. Schwann cell precursors represent a neural crest-like state with biased multipotency. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108780. [PMID: 35815410 PMCID: PMC9434083 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) are nerve-associated progenitors that can generate myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells but also are multipotent like the neural crest cells from which they originate. SCPs are omnipresent along outgrowing peripheral nerves throughout the body of vertebrate embryos. By using single-cell transcriptomics to generate a gene expression atlas of the entire neural crest lineage, we show that early SCPs and late migratory crest cells have similar transcriptional profiles characterised by a multipotent "hub" state containing cells biased towards traditional neural crest fates. SCPs keep diverging from the neural crest after being primed towards terminal Schwann cells and other fates, with different subtypes residing in distinct anatomical locations. Functional experiments using CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function further show that knockout of the common "hub" gene Sox8 causes defects in neural crest-derived cells along peripheral nerves by facilitating differentiation of SCPs towards sympathoadrenal fates. Finally, specific tumour populations found in melanoma, neurofibroma and neuroblastoma map to different stages of SCP/Schwann cell development. Overall, SCPs resemble migrating neural crest cells that maintain multipotency and become transcriptionally primed towards distinct lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dorothea Von Ahsen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Johan Boström
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tatiana Solovieva
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Cameron Jackson
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Alek Erickson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
| | | | - Thomas Perlmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Laura Lahti
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jan Krivanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jean‐Francois Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale SupérieurePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain ResearchMedical University ViennaViennaAustria
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Palmieri F, Monné M, Fiermonte G, Palmieri L. Mitochondrial transport and metabolism of the vitamin B-derived cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD + , and related diseases: A review. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:592-617. [PMID: 35304818 PMCID: PMC9311062 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial matrix enzymes playing key roles in metabolism require cofactors for their action. Due to the high impermeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, these cofactors need to be synthesized within the mitochondria or be imported, themselves or one of their precursors, into the organelles. Transporters belonging to the protein family of mitochondrial carriers have been identified to transport the coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ , which are all structurally similar to nucleotides and derived from different B-vitamins. These mitochondrial cofactors bind more or less tightly to their enzymes and, after having been involved in a specific reaction step, are regenerated, spontaneously or by other enzymes, to return to their active form, ready for the next catalysis round. Disease-causing mutations in the mitochondrial cofactor carrier genes compromise not only the transport reaction but also the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes using that particular cofactor and the metabolic pathways in which the cofactor-dependent enzymes are involved. The mitochondrial transport, metabolism and diseases of the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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7
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Reinwald H, Alvincz J, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Hollert H, Eilebrecht S. Toxicogenomic profiling after sublethal exposure to nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides reveals cardiac and neuronal developmental effects in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132746. [PMID: 34748799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For specific primary modes of action (MoA) in environmental non-target organisms, EU legislation restricts the usage of active substances of pesticides or biocides. Corresponding regulatory hazard assessments are costly, time consuming and require large numbers of non-human animal studies. Currently, predictive toxicology of development compounds relies on their chemical structure and provides little insights into toxicity mechanisms that precede adverse effects. Using the zebrafish embryo model, we characterized transcriptomic responses to a range of sublethal concentrations of six nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides with different MoA (abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid & methoxychlor). Our aim was to identify affected biological processes and suitable biomarker candidates for MoA-specific signatures. Abamectin showed the most divergent signature among the tested insecticides, linked to lipid metabolic processes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after imidacloprid exposure were primarily associated with immune system and inflammation. In total, 222 early responsive genes to either MoA were identified, many related to three major processes: (1) cardiac muscle cell development and functioning (tcap, desma, bag3, hspb1, hspb8, flnca, myoz3a, mybpc2b, actc2, tnnt2c), (2) oxygen transport and hypoxic stress (alas2, hbbe1.1, hbbe1.3, hbbe2, hbae3, igfbp1a, hif1al) and (3) neuronal development and plasticity (npas4a, egr1, btg2, ier2a, vgf). The thyroidal function related gene dio3b was upregulated by chlorpyrifos and downregulated by higher abamectin concentrations. Important regulatory genes for cardiac muscle (tcap) and forebrain development (npas4a) were the most frequently ifferentially expressed across all insecticide treatments. We consider the identified gene sets as useful early warning biomarker candidates, i.e. for developmental toxicity targeting heart and brain in aquatic vertebrates. Our findings provide a better understanding about early molecular events in response to the analyzed MoA. Perceptively, this promotes the development for sensitive and informative biomarker-based in vitro assays for toxicological MoA prediction and AOP refinement, without the suffering of adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Alvincz
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Bailey HJ, Bezerra GA, Marcero JR, Padhi S, Foster WR, Rembeza E, Roy A, Bishop DF, Desnick RJ, Bulusu G, Dailey HA, Yue WW. Human aminolevulinate synthase structure reveals a eukaryotic-specific autoinhibitory loop regulating substrate binding and product release. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2813. [PMID: 32499479 PMCID: PMC7272653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5'-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) catalyzes the first step in heme biosynthesis, generating 5'-aminolevulinate from glycine and succinyl-CoA. Inherited frameshift indel mutations of human erythroid-specific isozyme ALAS2, within a C-terminal (Ct) extension of its catalytic core that is only present in higher eukaryotes, lead to gain-of-function X-linked protoporphyria (XLP). Here, we report the human ALAS2 crystal structure, revealing that its Ct-extension folds onto the catalytic core, sits atop the active site, and precludes binding of substrate succinyl-CoA. The Ct-extension is therefore an autoinhibitory element that must re-orient during catalysis, as supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Our data explain how Ct deletions in XLP alleviate autoinhibition and increase enzyme activity. Crystallography-based fragment screening reveals a binding hotspot around the Ct-extension, where fragments interfere with the Ct conformational dynamics and inhibit ALAS2 activity. These fragments represent a starting point to develop ALAS2 inhibitors as substrate reduction therapy for porphyria disorders that accumulate toxic heme intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Bailey
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gustavo A Bezerra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jason R Marcero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Siladitya Padhi
- TCS Innovation Labs-Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - William R Foster
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Elzbieta Rembeza
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Arijit Roy
- TCS Innovation Labs-Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - David F Bishop
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Robert J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Bulusu
- TCS Innovation Labs-Hyderabad (Life Sciences Division), Tata Consultancy Services Ltd, Hyderabad, 500081, India
| | - Harry A Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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9
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Pedrosa-Gerasmio IR, Kondo H, Hirono I. Molecular cloning, characterization and gene expression analysis of aminolevulinic acid synthase in Litopenaeus vannamei. Gene 2020; 736:144421. [PMID: 32018014 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of heme, a prosthetic group that is found in hemoproteins, including those involved in molting. To better understand the roles of ALAS in L. vannamei (LvALAS), we analyzed its sequence and tissue distribution, the effects of age and bacterial infection on its gene expression, and the effects of LvALAS gene silencing. We also examined the expressions of three hemoproteins, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX I) and subunit IV (COX IV) and catalase. Three LvALAS splicing variants were found in the hepatopancreas, with the main splicing variant having an open reading frame that encodes 532 aa. LvALAS transcripts were found in each of the eleven tissues tested in this study, with the highest gene expression in the intestine. The transcript abundances of LvALAS, COX I and COX IV in the hepatopancreas and stomach tended to decrease with age. LvALAS and catalase gene expressions significantly increased in the stomach after V. parahaemolyticus infection. LvALAS gene expression in the hepatopancreas, stomach and intestine (12- and 24-hours post-injection) was relatively lower in dsALAS-injected shrimp than in PBS-injected shrimp. All the PBS-injected shrimp molted after 8-10 days while no molting activity was observed in the dsALAS-injected shrimp group within the 14 days post-injection period. Our results provide evidence that (1) only the housekeeping form of ALAS exists in L. vannamei; LvALAS gene expression (2) decreases with age and (3) increases after bacterial infection; and (4) an ALAS-dependent pathway is necessary for proper molting in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivane R Pedrosa-Gerasmio
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Marine Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Wang G, Durussel J, Shurlock J, Mooses M, Fuku N, Bruinvels G, Pedlar C, Burden R, Murray A, Yee B, Keenan A, McClure JD, Sottas PE, Pitsiladis YP. Validation of whole-blood transcriptome signature during microdose recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) administration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:817. [PMID: 29143667 PMCID: PMC5688496 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) can improve human performance and is therefore frequently abused by athletes. As a result, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) introduced the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) as an indirect method to detect blood doping. Despite this progress, challenges remain to detect blood manipulations such as the use of microdoses of rHuEpo. METHODS Forty-five whole-blood transcriptional markers of rHuEpo previously derived from a high-dose rHuEpo administration trial were used to assess whether microdoses of rHuEpo could be detected in 14 trained subjects and whether these markers may be confounded by exercise (n = 14 trained subjects) and altitude training (n = 21 elite runners and n = 4 elite rowers, respectively). Differential gene expression analysis was carried out following normalisation and significance declared following application of a 5% false discovery rate (FDR) and a 1.5 fold-change. Adaptive model analysis was also applied to incorporate these markers for the detection of rHuEpo. RESULTS ALAS2, BCL2L1, DCAF12, EPB42, GMPR, SELENBP1, SLC4A1, TMOD1 and TRIM58 were differentially expressed during and throughout the post phase of microdose rHuEpo administration. The CD247 and TRIM58 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, immediately following exercise when compared with the baseline both before and after rHuEpo/placebo. No significant gene expression changes were found 30 min after exercise in either rHuEpo or placebo groups. ALAS2, BCL2L1, DCAF12, SLC4A1, TMOD1 and TRIM58 tended to be significantly expressed in the elite runners ten days after arriving at altitude and one week after returning from altitude (FDR > 0.059, fold-change varying from 1.39 to 1.63). Following application of the adaptive model, 15 genes showed a high sensitivity (≥ 93%) and specificity (≥ 71%), with BCL2L1 and CSDA having the highest sensitivity (93%) and specificity (93%). CONCLUSIONS Current results provide further evidence that transcriptional biomarkers can strengthen the ABP approach by significantly prolonging the detection window and improving the sensitivity and specificity of blood doping detection. Further studies are required to confirm, and if necessary, integrate the confounding effects of altitude training on blood doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Jérôme Durussel
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Martin Mooses
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Georgie Bruinvels
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Richard Burden
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Andrew Murray
- Centre for Sports and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Anne Keenan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John D McClure
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK. .,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
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11
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Fratz EJ, Clayton J, Hunter GA, Ducamp S, Breydo L, Uversky VN, Deybach JC, Gouya L, Puy H, Ferreira GC. Human Erythroid 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase Mutations Associated with X-Linked Protoporphyria Disrupt the Conformational Equilibrium and Enhance Product Release. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5617-31. [PMID: 26300302 PMCID: PMC4573335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) is at the origin of balanced heme production in mammals. Mutations in the C-terminal region of human erythroid-specific ALAS (hALAS2) are associated with X-linked protoporphyria (XLPP), a disease characterized by extreme photosensitivity, with elevated blood concentrations of free protoporphyrin IX and zinc protoporphyrin. To investigate the molecular basis for this disease, recombinant hALAS2 and variants of the enzyme harboring the gain-of-function XLPP mutations were constructed, purified, and analyzed kinetically, spectroscopically, and thermodynamically. Enhanced activities of the XLPP variants resulted from increases in the rate at which the product 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) was released from the enzyme. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the XLPP mutations altered the microenvironment of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor, which underwent further and specific alterations upon succinyl-CoA binding. Transient kinetic analyses of the variant-catalyzed reactions and protein fluorescence quenching upon binding of ALA to the XLPP variants demonstrated that the protein conformational transition step associated with product release was predominantly affected. Of relevance is the fact that XLPP could also be modeled in cell culture. We propose that (1) the XLPP mutations destabilize the succinyl-CoA-induced hALAS2 closed conformation and thus accelerate ALA release, (2) the extended C-terminus of wild-type mammalian ALAS2 provides a regulatory role that allows for allosteric modulation of activity, thereby controlling the rate of erythroid heme biosynthesis, and (3) this control is disrupted in XLPP, resulting in porphyrin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Fratz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Jerome Clayton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Gregory A. Hunter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Sarah Ducamp
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes CEDEX, France
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Université Paris Diderot, Site Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Leonid Breydo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Deybach
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes CEDEX, France
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Université Paris Diderot, Site Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes CEDEX, France
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Université Paris Diderot, Site Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92701 Colombes CEDEX, France
- INSERM U1149, CNRS ERL 8252, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Université Paris Diderot, Site Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Gloria C. Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
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12
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Abstract
Heme, which is composed of iron and the small organic molecule protoporphyrin, is an essential component of hemoglobin as well as a variety of physiologically important hemoproteins. During erythropoiesis, heme synthesis is induced before, and is essential for, globin synthesis. Although all cells possess the ability to synthesize heme, there are distinct differences between regulation of the pathway in developing erythroid cells and all other types of cells. Disorders that compromise the ability of the developing red cell to synthesize heme can have profound medical implications. The biosynthetic pathway for heme and key regulatory features are reviewed herein, along with specific human genetic disorders that arise from defective heme synthesis such as X-linked sideroblastic anemia and erythropoietic protoporphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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13
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Heme levels are increased in human failing hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1884-93. [PMID: 23500306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to characterize the regulation of heme and non-heme iron in human failing hearts. BACKGROUND Iron is an essential molecule for cellular physiology, but in excess it facilitates oxidative stress. Mitochondria are the key regulators of iron homeostasis through heme and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis. Because mitochondrial function is depressed in failing hearts and iron accumulation can lead to oxidative stress, we hypothesized that iron regulation may also be impaired in heart failure (HF). METHODS We measured mitochondrial and cytosolic heme and non-heme iron levels in failing human hearts retrieved during cardiac transplantation surgery. In addition, we examined the expression of genes regulating cellular iron homeostasis, the heme biosynthetic pathway, and micro-RNAs that may potentially target iron regulatory networks. RESULTS Although cytosolic non-heme iron levels were reduced in HF, mitochondrial iron content was maintained. Moreover, we observed a significant increase in heme levels in failing hearts, with corresponding feedback inhibition of the heme synthetic enzymes and no change in heme degradation. The rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase 2 (ALAS2), was significantly upregulated in HF. Overexpression of ALAS2 in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts resulted in increased heme levels, and hypoxia and erythropoietin treatment increased heme production through upregulation of ALAS2. Finally, increased heme levels in cardiac myoblasts were associated with excess production of reactive oxygen species and cell death, suggesting a maladaptive role for increased heme in HF. CONCLUSIONS Despite global mitochondrial dysfunction, heme levels are maintained above baseline in human failing hearts.
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14
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Bishop DF, Tchaikovskii V, Hoffbrand AV, Fraser ME, Margolis S. X-linked sideroblastic anemia due to carboxyl-terminal ALAS2 mutations that cause loss of binding to the β-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SUCLA2). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28943-55. [PMID: 22740690 PMCID: PMC3436539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.306423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the erythroid-specific aminolevulinic acid synthase gene (ALAS2) cause X-linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) by reducing mitochondrial enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, a patient with the classic XLSA phenotype had a novel exon 11 mutation encoding a recombinant enzyme (p.Met567Val) with normal activity, kinetics, and stability. Similarly, both an expressed adjacent XLSA mutation, p.Ser568Gly, and a mutation (p.Phe557Ter) lacking the 31 carboxyl-terminal residues also had normal or enhanced activity, kinetics, and stability. Because ALAS2 binds to the β subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase (SUCLA2), the mutant proteins were tested for their ability to bind to this protein. Wild type ALAS2 bound strongly to a SUCLA2 affinity column, but the adjacent XLSA mutant enzymes and the truncated mutant did not bind. In contrast, vitamin B6-responsive XLSA mutations p.Arg452Cys and p.Arg452His, with normal in vitro enzyme activity and stability, did not interfere with binding to SUCLA2 but instead had loss of positive cooperativity for succinyl-CoA binding, an increased K(m) for succinyl-CoA, and reduced vitamin B6 affinity. Consistent with the association of SUCLA2 binding with in vivo ALAS2 activity, the p.Met567GlufsX2 mutant protein that causes X-linked protoporphyria bound strongly to SUCLA2, highlighting the probable role of an ALAS2-succinyl-CoA synthetase complex in the regulation of erythroid heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Bishop
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Vassili Tchaikovskii
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - A. Victor Hoffbrand
- the Department of Haematology, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom, and
| | - Marie E. Fraser
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Steven Margolis
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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15
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Hamza I, Dailey HA. One ring to rule them all: trafficking of heme and heme synthesis intermediates in the metazoans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1617-32. [PMID: 22575458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of heme, an organic ring surrounding an iron atom, in evolution forever changed the efficiency with which organisms were able to generate energy, utilize gasses and catalyze numerous reactions. Because of this, heme has become a near ubiquitous compound among living organisms. In this review we have attempted to assess the current state of heme synthesis and trafficking with a goal of identifying crucial missing information, and propose hypotheses related to trafficking that may generate discussion and research. The possibilities of spatially organized supramolecular enzyme complexes and organelle structures that facilitate efficient heme synthesis and subsequent trafficking are discussed and evaluated. Recently identified players in heme transport and trafficking are reviewed and placed in an organismal context. Additionally, older, well established data are reexamined in light of more recent studies on cellular organization and data available from newer model organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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16
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Joehanes R, Johnson AD, Barb JJ, Raghavachari N, Liu P, Woodhouse KA, O'Donnell CJ, Munson PJ, Levy D. Gene expression analysis of whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines from the Framingham Heart Study. Physiol Genomics 2011; 44:59-75. [PMID: 22045913 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00130.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing number of reports of gene expression analysis from blood-derived RNA sources, there have been few systematic comparisons of various RNA sources in transcriptomic analysis or for biomarker discovery in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a pilot study of the Systems Approach to Biomarker Research (SABRe) in CVD Initiative, this investigation used Affymetrix Exon arrays to characterize gene expression of three blood-derived RNA sources: lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), whole blood using PAXgene tubes (PAX), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Their performance was compared in relation to identifying transcript associations with sex and CVD risk factors, such as age, high-density lipoprotein, and smoking status, and the differential blood cell count. We also identified a set of exons that vary substantially between participants, but consistently in each RNA source. Such exons are thus stable phenotypes of the participant and may potentially become useful fingerprinting biomarkers. In agreement with previous studies, we found that each of the RNA sources is distinct. Unlike PAX and PBMC, LCL gene expression showed little association with the differential blood count. LCL, however, was able to detect two genes related to smoking status. PAX and PBMC identified Y-chromosome probe sets similarly and slightly better than LCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Joehanes
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Whatley SD, Ducamp S, Gouya L, Grandchamp B, Beaumont C, Badminton MN, Elder GH, Holme SA, Anstey AV, Parker M, Corrigall AV, Meissner PN, Hift RJ, Marsden JT, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, Deybach JC, Puy H. C-terminal deletions in the ALAS2 gene lead to gain of function and cause X-linked dominant protoporphyria without anemia or iron overload. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:408-14. [PMID: 18760763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
All reported mutations in ALAS2, which encodes the rate-regulating enzyme of erythroid heme biosynthesis, cause X-linked sideroblastic anemia. We describe eight families with ALAS2 deletions, either c.1706-1709 delAGTG (p.E569GfsX24) or c.1699-1700 delAT (p.M567EfsX2), resulting in frameshifts that lead to replacement or deletion of the 19-20 C-terminal residues of the enzyme. Prokaryotic expression studies show that both mutations markedly increase ALAS2 activity. These gain-of-function mutations cause a previously unrecognized form of porphyria, X-linked dominant protoporphyria, characterized biochemically by a high proportion of zinc-protoporphyrin in erythrocytes, in which a mismatch between protoporphyrin production and the heme requirement of differentiating erythroid cells leads to overproduction of protoporphyrin in amounts sufficient to cause photosensitivity and liver disease.
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18
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Juusola J, Ballantyne J. mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by multiplex quantitative RT-PCR. J Forensic Sci 2007; 52:1252-62. [PMID: 17868268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An alternative approach to conventional protein-based body fluid identification is gene expression profiling analysis. In the present work, we report the development of sensitive and robust multiplex quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assays for the identification of blood, saliva, semen, and menstrual blood. Each body fluid assay comprises a triplex system that detects transcripts from two body fluid-specific genes and a housekeeping gene GAPDH. The body fluid-specific genes include erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2) and beta-spectrin (SPTB) for blood, statherin (STATH) and histatin 3 (HTN3) for saliva, protamine 1 (PRM1) and protamine 2 (PRM2) for semen, and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) and matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10) for menstrual blood. Normalization of both body fluid-specific genes to the housekeeping gene by means of appropriate cycle threshold metrics ensures the high specificity of each assay for its cognate body fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Juusola
- Graduate Program in Biomolecular Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, USA
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19
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Furuyama K, Harigae H, Heller T, Hamel BCJ, Minder EI, Shimizu T, Kuribara T, Blijlevens N, Shibahara S, Sassa S. Arg452 substitution of the erythroid-specific 5-aminolaevulinate synthase, a hot spot mutation in X-linked sideroblastic anaemia, does not itself affect enzyme activity. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:33-41. [PMID: 16343269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the erythroid-specific 5-aminolaevulinate synthase (ALAS2) gene are known to be responsible for X-linked sideroblastic anaemia (XLSA). An amino acid (AA) substitution for arginine at the 452 AA position of the ALAS2 protein is the most frequent mutation, which has been found in approximately one-quarter of patients with XLSA. Despite its high frequency, there has been no report on the enzymatic activity of Arg452 mutant proteins. In this study, we examined enzymatic activity in vitro of two Arg452 mutants, Arg452Cys and Arg452His, which were found in two new pedigrees of XLSA. While these mutations must be responsible for the clinical phenotype of XLSA in patients, the enzymatic activity and stability of these mutant proteins studied in vitro are indistinguishable from those of the wild type protein. These findings suggest that the Arg452 mutation of the ALAS2 gene by itself does not decrease the enzymatic activity or the stability in vitro, and that there may be an additional factor(s) in the bone marrow, which ensures the full ALAS2 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Furuyama
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan.
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