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Positive nonlinear control of tumor growth using angiogenic inhibition * *This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 679681). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tsiapa I, Loudos G, Fragogeorgi EA, Bouziotis P, Psimadas D, Xanthopoulos S, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Palamaris L, Varvarigou AD, Karnabatidis D, Kagadis GC. Evaluation of ανβ3-mediated tumor expression with a 99mTc-labeled ornithine-modified RGD derivative during glioblastoma growth in vivo. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:444-50. [PMID: 25405951 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel way of distinguishing the intrinsic relationship between ανβ3 integrin targeting and detection of tumor growth by using a radiolabeled tracer based on a cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide was provided. The potential of the in vivo scintigraphic imaging of the developing vasculature from the early stage of tumor growth was evaluated. Alongside with the scintigraphic images, biodistribution studies were performed at distinct time points to validate this noninvasive imaging approach. The ability to noninvasively assess the tumor growth of ανβ3 integrin-positive glioblastoma tumors provides a method to better understand tumor angiogenesis in vivo and allows for a direct assessment of anti-integrin treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsiapa
- 1 Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Rion, Greece
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Tsiapa I, Efthimiadou EK, Fragogeorgi E, Loudos G, Varvarigou AD, Bouziotis P, Kordas GC, Mihailidis D, Nikiforidis GC, Xanthopoulos S, Psimadas D, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Palamaris L, Hazle JD, Kagadis GC. (99m)Tc-labeled aminosilane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for molecular imaging of ανβ3-mediated tumor expression and feasibility for hyperthermia treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 433:163-175. [PMID: 25128864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Dual-modality imaging agents, such as radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs), are promising candidates for cancer diagnosis and therapy. We developed and evaluated aminosilane coated Fe3O4 (10±2nm) as a tumor imaging agent in nuclear medicine through 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalization. We evaluated this multimeric system of targeted (99m)Tc-labeled nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with a new RGD derivate (cRGDfK-Orn3-CGG), characterized as NPs-RGD as a potential thermal therapy delivery vehicle. EXPERIMENTS Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the IO-NPs indicating their functionalization with peptides. Radiolabeled IO-NPs (targeted, non-targeted) were evaluated with regard to their radiochemical, radiobiological and imaging characteristics. In vivo studies were performed in normal and ανβ3-positive tumor (U87MG glioblastoma) bearing mice. We also demonstrated that this system could reach ablative temperatures in vivo. FINDINGS Both radiolabeled IO-NPs were obtained in high radiochemical yield (>98%) and proved stable in vitro. The in vivo studies for both IO-NPs have shown significant liver and spleen uptake at all examined time points in normal and U87MG glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice, due to their colloidal nature. We have confirmed through in vivo biodistribution studies that the non-targeted (99m)Tc-NPs poorly internalized in the tumor, while the targeted (99m)Tc-NPs-RGD, present 9-fold higher tumor accumulation at 1h p.i. Accumulation of both IO-NPs in other organs was negligible. Blocking experiments indicated target specificity for integrin receptors in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The preliminary in vivo study of applied alternating magnetic field showed that the induced hyperthermia is feasible due to the aid of IO-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsiapa
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patra, Greece; Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni K Efthimiadou
- Sol-Gel Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes, Nanotechnology & Microsystems, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Fragogeorgi
- Department of Biomedical Technology Engineering, TEI of Athens, Aigaleo-Athens, Greece; Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - George Loudos
- Department of Biomedical Technology Engineering, TEI of Athens, Aigaleo-Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra D Varvarigou
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - George C Kordas
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | | | - George C Nikiforidis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Stavros Xanthopoulos
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Psimadas
- Department of Biomedical Technology Engineering, TEI of Athens, Aigaleo-Athens, Greece; Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Paravatou-Petsotas
- Institute for Nuclear and Radiological Sciences, Energy, Technology and Safety, National Center of Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi-Athens, Greece
| | - Lazaros Palamaris
- Department of Biomedical Technology Engineering, TEI of Athens, Aigaleo-Athens, Greece
| | - John D Hazle
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - George C Kagadis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patra, Greece; Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Preparation of (99m)Tc carbonyl DTPA-bevacizumab and its bioevaluation in a melanoma model. Ann Nucl Med 2014; 28:911-6. [PMID: 25038907 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-014-0887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the potential of (99m)Tc carbonyl labeled DTPA-bevacizumab as a tumor imaging agent. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHODS Bevacizumab was conjugated with paraisothiocyanatobenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-DTPA) and subsequently radiolabeled with (99m)Tc via the (99m)Tc carbonyl synthon. The radioconjugate after purification was characterized by SE-HPLC and its in vitro stability was determined by histidine challenge experiments. Biodistribution studies to determine the uptake by tumors were carried out in melanoma model. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of (99m)Tc carbonyl labeled antibody was >98 %. The radiolabeled antibody exhibited good stability in the histidine challenge experiments up to 24 h when stored at 37 °C. Biodistribution studies in mice bearing melanoma showed significant tumor uptake (6.9 ± 2.2 % ID/g at 24 h p.i.) which was reduced to 1.6 ± 0.4 % ID/g on co-injection with cold Bevacizumab. CONCLUSIONS The (99m)Tc carbonyl-DTPA-bevacizumab conjugate with good radiochemical purity, excellent stability and good specificity for VEGF indicates its potential as a radioimmunoscintigraphy agent for various cancers.
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Auyeung KKW, Law PC, Ko JKS. Combined therapeutic effects of vinblastine and Astragalus saponins in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft via inhibition of tumor growth and proangiogenic factors. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:662-74. [PMID: 24660995 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.894093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study had demonstrated that Astragalus saponins (AST) could reduce the side effects of orthodox chemotherapeutic drugs, while concurrently promote antitumor activity. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the potential synergistic anticarcinogenic effects of AST and a vinca alkaloid vinblastine (VBL). Reduced expression of key proangiogenic and metastatic factors including VEGF, bFGF, metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 was detected in VBL-treated colon cancer cells, with further downregulation by combined VBL/AST treatment. Subsequently, VBL or AST decreased LoVo cell invasiveness, with further reduction when the drugs were cotreated. Significant growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase were achieved by either drug treatment with apparent synergistic effects. VBL-induced apoptosis was confirmed but found to be unrelated to induction of the novel apoptotic protein NSAID-activated gene 1. In vivo study in tumor xenograft indicates that combined VBL/AST treatment resulted in sustained regression of tumor growth, with attenuation of the neutropenic and anemic effects of VBL. In addition, downregulation of proangiogenic and proliferative factors was also visualized, with boosting effect by combined drug treatment. These findings have provided evidence that AST combined with adjuvant chemotherapeutics like VBL could alleviate cancer development through diversified modes of action, including the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K W Auyeung
- a Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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Tsiapa I, Loudos G, Varvarigou A, Fragogeorgi E, Psimadas D, Tsotakos T, Xanthopoulos S, Mihailidis D, Bouziotis P, Nikiforidis GC, Kagadis GC. Biological evaluation of an ornithine-modified (99m)Tc-labeled RGD peptide as an angiogenesis imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 40:262-72. [PMID: 23238128 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled RGD peptides that specifically target integrin α(ν)β(3) have great potential in early tumor detection through noninvasive monitoring of tumor angiogenesis. Based on previous findings of our group on radiopeptides containing positively charged aminoacids, we developed a new cyclic cRGDfK derivative, c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-CGG. This new peptide availing the polar linker (Orn)(3) and the (99m)Tc-chelating moiety CGG (Cys-Gly-Gly) is appropriately designed for (99m)Tc-labeling, as well as consequent conjugation onto nanoparticles. METHODS A tumor imaging agent, c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-[CGG-(99m)Tc], is evaluated with regard to its radiochemical, radiobiological and imaging characteristics. RESULTS The complex c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-[CGG-(99m)Tc] was obtained in high radiochemical yield (>98%) and was stable in vitro and ex vivo. It presented identical to the respective, fully analytically characterized (185/187)Re complex retention time in RP-HPLC. In contrary to other RGD derivatives, we showed that the new radiopeptide exhibits kidney uptake and urine excretion due to the ornithine linker. High tumor uptake (3.87±0.48% ID/g at 60 min p.i.) was observed and was maintained relatively high even at 24 h p.i. (1.83±0.05 % ID/g), thus providing well-defined scintigraphic imaging. Accumulation in other organs was negligible. Blocking experiments indicated target specificity for integrin receptors in U87MG glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION Due to its relatively high tumor uptake, renal elimination and negligible abdominal localization, the new (99m)Tc-RGD peptide is considered promising in the field of imaging α(ν)β(3)-positive tumors. However, the preparation of multifunctional SPECT/MRI contrast agents (RGD-conjugated nanoparticles) for dual modality imaging of integrin expressing tumors should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsiapa
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, University of Patras, P.O. BOX: 132 73, GR 265 04, Rion, Greece
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Auyeung KKW, Law PC, Ko JKS. Novel anti-angiogenic effects of formononetin in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2188-94. [PMID: 23023137 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formononetin is a novel herbal isoflavonoid isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, a medicinal plant that possesses antitumorigenic properties. Our previous findings demonstrated that formononetin initiates growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic activities in human colon cancer cells. In the present study, we aimed to further examine the potential of formononetin in controlling angiogenesis and tumor cell invasiveness in human colon cancer cells and tumor xenografts. The results showed that formononetin downregulated the expression of the key pro-angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases. We also discovered that the invasiveness of metastatic colon cancer cells was alleviated following drug treatment. The potential anti-angiogenic effect of formononetin was examined in nude mouse xenografts. The tumor size and the number of proliferating cells were reduced in the tumor tissues obtained from the formononetin-treated group. The serum VEGF level was also reduced in the drug-treated animals when compared to the controls. These findings suggest that formononetin inhibits angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, and thus support its use in the treatment of advanced and metastatic colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Ka-Wai Auyeung
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Yang X, Luo P, Yang B, He Q. Antiangiogenesis response of endothelial cells to the antitumour drug 10-methoxy-9-nitrocamptothecin. Pharmacol Res 2006; 54:334-40. [PMID: 16931034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
10-Methoxy-9-nitrocamptothecin (MONCPT), a topoisomerase I inhibitor, exhibited high anticancer activity in solid tumour xenograft animal models in our previous study. We hypothesized that this phenomenon was associated with antiangiogenesis response. In the present study, we found that MONCPT exhibited high antiproliferation action in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells and the IC(50) value was 0.13+/-0.04microM (MTT assay). With AO/EB stain, MONCPT (50-5000nM)-mediated apoptosis was observed in EA.hy926 cells, and the similar results were shown in flow cytometry assay, the percentage of apoptotic cells induced by MONCPT (50-5000nM) was 9.2-58.5%. In Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, MONCPT (1-5microg) resulted in a dose-dependent angiogenic inhibition. In addition, MONCPT significantly inhibited chemotactic-migration invasion on gelatin and tube formation on Matrigel of HUVECs. These results suggest that MONCPT has potential property for inhibiting angiogenesis which is involved in its antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yanan Rd. 353#, Hangzhou 310031, PR China
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Liu Y, Yang H, Otaka K, Takatsuki H, Sakanishi A. Effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and chondroitin sulfate A on human monocytic THP-1 cell migration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 43:216-20. [PMID: 15978788 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis serves as a crucial factor in disease development and progression, such as cancer metastasis, and monocyte migration is one of the key steps for angiogenesis. Therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis is a promising new therapeutic avenue under investigation. In this study, effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and chondroitin sulfate A on monocyte migration were investigated. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were from Riken Cell Bank (Tsukuba, Japan) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) were obtained from swine thoracic aorta. The migration experimental system was adapted from Falcontrade mark Cell Culture Inserts with pore sizes of 3 and 8 microm cultured endothelial cells or not on the insert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes. Four VEGF concentrations (0, 10, 50 and 100 ng/ml) and three concentrations of chondroitin sulfate A (0, 1.25 and 5.0 mg/ml) were used to investigate their effects on THP-1 cell migration ability through PET membranes and VECs monolayer. The THP-1 cell migration was evaluated by counting the number of migrated cells related to the total number of cells under a microscope. We counted the migration cells every 1 h on a Tatai-type hemocytometer using an inverted microscope for total 7 h. For inserts with pore sizes of 3 and 8 microm, the THP-1 cell migration increased with VEGF concentrations; however, cell migration decreased with the chondroitin sulfate A concentration. Our results demonstrated that VEGF accelerated monocyte migration through endothelial monolayer and chondroitin sulfate A is an effective inhibitor of monocyte migration for angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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Kim SH, Lee TH, Yang DC, Kim HM, Kim JB, Park MK, Bae YS. Shiquandabutangjiaweibang inhibits tumor metastasis and angiogenesis via regulation of topoisomerase-1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:157-162. [PMID: 15763377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shiquandabutangjiaweibang (SDJ) is a traditional medicine prescription used for increasing body resistance against cancer. In the present study, the effect of SDJ extract on tumor metastasis and angiogenesis was evaluated. SDJ showed cytotoxicity against P388 (leukemia cells) and B16-F10 (murine melanoma cells) to 60% of control at 1 mg. SDJ significantly inhibited lung metastasis and also restored the number of platelets in C57BL/6 mice with thrombocytopenia induced by intravenous injection of B16-F10 cells. SDJ significantly disrupted chick embryonic angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Interestingly, SDJ suppressed DNA topoisomerase I in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that SDJ can be a potent inhibitor of metastasis and angiogenesis, at least in part, via regulation of topoisomerase I.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chorioallantoic Membrane/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia P388/pathology
- Leukemia P388/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Medicine, East Asian Traditional
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Transplantation/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Plant Preparations/analysis
- Plant Preparations/chemistry
- Plant Preparations/pharmacology
- Staining and Labeling
- Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced
- Thrombocytosis/chemically induced
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seochunri, Yongin 449-701, South Korea.
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Gijsbers K, Gouwy M, Struyf S, Wuyts A, Proost P, Opdenakker G, Penninckx F, Ectors N, Geboes K, Van Damme J. GCP-2/CXCL6 synergizes with other endothelial cell-derived chemokines in neutrophil mobilization and is associated with angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors. Exp Cell Res 2005; 303:331-42. [PMID: 15652347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The precise role of chemokines in neovascularization during inflammation or tumor growth is not yet fully understood. We show here that the chemokines granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2/CXCL6), interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) are co-induced in microvascular endothelial cells after stimulation with pro-inflammatory stimuli. In contrast with its weak proliferative effect on endothelial cells, GCP-2 synergized with MCP-1 in neutrophil chemotaxis. This synergy may represent a mechanism for tumor development and metastasis by providing efficient leukocyte infiltration in the absence of exogenous immune modulators. To mimic endothelial cell-derived GCP-2 in vivo, GCP-2 was intravenously injected and shown to provoke a dose-dependent systemic response, composed of an immediate granulopenia, followed by a profound granulocytosis. By immunohistochemistry, GCP-2 was further shown to be expressed by endothelial cells from human patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. GCP-2 staining correlated with leukocyte infiltration into the tumor and with the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B). Together with previous findings, these data suggest that the production of GCP-2 by endothelial cells within the tumor can contribute to tumor development through neovascularization due to endothelial cell chemotaxis and to tumor cell invasion and metastasis by attracting and activating neutrophils loaded with proteases that promote matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Gijsbers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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