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Zhang X, Cai Q, Li L, Wang L, Hu Y, Chen X, Zhang D, Persson S, Yuan Z. OsMADS6-OsMADS32 and REP1 control palea cellular heterogeneity and morphogenesis in rice. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1379-1395.e5. [PMID: 38593802 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Precise regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation is vital for organ morphology. Rice palea, serving as sepal, comprises two distinct regions: the marginal region (MRP) and body of palea (BOP), housing heterogeneous cell populations, which makes it an ideal system for studying organ morphogenesis. We report that the transcription factor (TF) REP1 promotes epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation in the BOP, resulting in hard silicified protrusion cells, by regulating the cyclin-dependent kinase gene, OsCDKB1;1. Conversely, TFs OsMADS6 and OsMADS32 are expressed exclusively in the MRP, where they limit cell division rates by inhibiting OsCDKB2;1 expression and promote endoreduplication, yielding elongated epidermal cells. Furthermore, reciprocal inhibition between the OsMADS6-OsMADS32 complex and REP1 fine-tunes the balance between cell division and differentiation during palea morphogenesis. We further show the functional conservation of these organ identity genes in heterogeneous cell growth in Arabidopsis, emphasizing a critical framework for controlling cellular heterogeneity in organ morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Sci-Tech, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Sci-Tech, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya 572024, China.
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Abedi F, Keitel C, Khoddami A, Marttila S, Pattison AL, Roberts TH. Indigenous Australian grass seeds as grains: macrostructure, microstructure and histochemistry. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad071. [PMID: 38028748 PMCID: PMC10660417 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of grains of local grasses by Australia's First Nations people for food and connection to Country has largely been lost due to colonization. Native Australian grain production has the potential to deliver environmental, economic, nutritional and cultural benefits to First Nations people and the wider community. Revitalization of the native grain food system can only be achieved if relevant properties of the grains are elucidated. This study aimed to characterize the grain structure and histochemistry of four Australian native grasses: Dactyloctenium radulans (Button Grass), Astrebla lappacea (Curly Mitchell Grass), Panicum decompositum (Native Millet) and Microlaena stipoides (Weeping Grass). For these species, as well as wheat and sorghum, whole-grain images were obtained via stereo microscopy, starch and the embryo were visualized, and sections of fixed grains were imaged via bright-field and fluorescence microscopy. The shape, size and colour of the whole native grains varied between the species. The aleurone layer was one-cell thick in the native species, as in the domesticated grains, except for Weeping Grass, which had a two-cell-thick aleurone. In the native grains, endosperm cell walls appeared thinner than in wheat and sorghum. Starch granules in Button Grass, Curly Mitchell Grass and Native Millet were found mainly in the central region of the starchy endosperm, with very few granules in the sub-aleurone layer, whereas Weeping Grass had abundant starch in the sub-aleurone. Protein appeared most abundant in the aleurone and sub-aleurone layers of the native grains, although in Button Grass, the starchy endosperm was observed to be rich in protein, as in wheat and sorghum. As a proportion of the whole grain, the embryo was larger in the native species than in wheat. The differences found in the grain properties among the four native Australian species have important implications for the agri-food industry in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Abedi
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claudia Keitel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ali Khoddami
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Salla Marttila
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Resistance Biology Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Angela L Pattison
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Narrabri NSW 2390, Australia
| | - Thomas H Roberts
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Ren D, Cui Y, Hu H, Xu Q, Rao Y, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Peng Y, Zeng D, Hu J, Zhang G, Gao Z, Zhu L, Chen G, Shen L, Zhang Q, Guo L, Qian Q. AH2 encodes a MYB domain protein that determines hull fate and affects grain yield and quality in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:813-824. [PMID: 31357245 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The palea and lemma (hull) are grass-specific organs, and determine grain size and quality. In the study, AH2 encodes a MYB domain protein, and functions in the development of hull and grain. Mutation of AH2 produces smaller grains and alters grain quality including decreased amylose content and gel consistency, and increased protein content. Meantime, part of the hull lost the outer silicified cells, and induces a transformation of the outer rough epidermis to inner smooth epidermis cells, and the body of the palea was reduced in the ah2 mutant. We confirmed the function of AH2 by complementation, CRISPR-Cas9, and cytological and molecular tests. Additionally, AH2, as a repressor, repress transcription of the downstream genes. Our results revealed that AH2 plays an important role in the determination of hull epidermis development, palea identity, and grain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Ren
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjiang Cui
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Hu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiankun Xu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexing Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Youlin Peng
- Rice Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
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4
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Li Y, Zeng X, Zhuang H, Chen H, Zhang T, Zhang J, Zheng H, Tang J, Wang H, Ren S, Ling Y, He G. Characterization and fine mapping of nonstop glumes 2 ( nsg2) mutant in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:125-134. [PMID: 31768114 PMCID: PMC6854344 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, the grain number per panicle and the grain yield are greatly affected by the number of florets in a spikelet. In wild-type rice, a spikelet only produces one fertile floret and beneath the floret are a pair of sterile lemmas and a pair of rudimentary glumes. This study characterized a rice spikelet mutant nonstop glumes 2 (nsg2). In the nsg2 mutant, both the sterile lemmas and rudimentary glumes were elongated, and part of sterile lemma looked like a lemma in appearance, shape and size. Detailed histological analysis and qPCR analysis revealed that the sterile lemmas in the nsg2 mutant had homeotically transformed into lemma-like organs. This phenotype indicates that NSG2 is involved in the regulation of spikelet development and supports the long-held view that sterile lemmas were derived from the lemmas of the two lateral florets. This implies that the rice spikelet has the potential to be restored to the "three florets spikelet", which may have existed in its ancestors. Genetic analysis reveals that the nsg2 trait is controlled by a single recessive gene. The NSG2 gene was finally mapped between markers R-20 and R-39 on chromosome 7 with a physical region of 180 kb. The two MYB family factors LOC_Os07g44030 and LOC_Os07g44090 might be involved in the development of the spikelet and floral organ, and they were considered as candidate genes of NSG2. These results provide a foundation for map-based cloning and function analysis of NSG2, as well as evidence to support "three-florets spikelet" breeding in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zeng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Suxian Ren
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yinghua Ling
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guanghua He
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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5
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Genetic and Molecular Control of Floral Organ Identity in Cereals. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112743. [PMID: 31167420 PMCID: PMC6600504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasses represent a major family of monocots comprising mostly cereals. When compared to their eudicot counterparts, cereals show a remarkable morphological diversity. Understanding the molecular basis of floral organ identity and inflorescence development is crucial to gain insight into the grain development for yield improvement purposes in cereals, however, the exact genetic mechanism of floral organogenesis remains elusive due to their complex inflorescence architecture. Extensive molecular analyses of Arabidopsis and other plant genera and species have established the ABCDE floral organ identity model. According to this model, hierarchical combinatorial activities of A, B, C, D, and E classes of homeotic genes regulate the identity of different floral organs with partial conservation and partial diversification between eudicots and cereals. Here, we review the developmental role of A, B, C, D, and E gene classes and explore the recent advances in understanding the floral development and subsequent organ specification in major cereals with reference to model plants. Furthermore, we discuss the evolutionary relationships among known floral organ identity genes. This comparative overview of floral developmental genes and associated regulatory factors, within and between species, will provide a thorough understanding of underlying complex genetic and molecular control of flower development and floral organ identity, which can be helpful to devise innovative strategies for grain yield improvement in cereals.
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Chongloi GL, Prakash S, Vijayraghavan U. Regulation of meristem maintenance and organ identity during rice reproductive development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1719-1736. [PMID: 30753578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grasses have evolved complex inflorescences, where the primary unit is the specialized short branch called a spikelet. Detailed studies of the cumulative action of the genetic regulators that direct the progressive change in axillary meristem identity and their terminal differentiation are crucial to understanding the complexities of the inflorescence and the development of a determinate floret. Grass florets also pose interesting questions concerning the morphologies and functions of organs as compared to other monocots and eudicots. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the regulation of the transitions that occur in grass inflorescence meristems, and of the specification of floret meristems and their determinate development. We primarily use rice as a model, with appropriate comparisons to other crop models and to the extensively studied eudicot Arabidopsis. The role of MADS-domain transcription factors in floral organ patterning is well documented in many eudicots and in grasses. However, there is evidence to suggest that some of these rice floral regulators have evolved distinctive functions and that other grass species-specific factors and regulatory pathways occur - for example the LOFSEP 'E' class genes OsMADS1 and OsMAD34, and ramosa genes. A better understanding of these systems and the epigenetic regulators and hormone signaling pathways that interact with them will provide new insights into the rice inflorescence meristem and the differentiation of its floret organs, and should indicate genetic tools that can be used to control yield-related traits in both rice and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Chongloi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sandhan Prakash
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Usha Vijayraghavan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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7
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Jia J, Zhao P, Cheng L, Yuan G, Yang W, Liu S, Chen S, Qi D, Liu G, Li X. MADS-box family genes in sheepgrass and their involvement in abiotic stress responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:42. [PMID: 29540194 PMCID: PMC5853078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MADS-box genes are categorized into A, B, C, D and E classes and are involved in floral organ identity and flowering. Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel) is an important perennial forage grass and adapts well to many adverse environments. However, there are few studies on the molecular mechanisms of flower development in sheepgrass, especially studies on MADS-domain proteins. RESULTS In this study, we cloned 11 MADS-box genes from sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel), and phylogenetic analysis of the 11 genes with their homologs revealed that they are divided into nine subclades. Tissue-specific expression profile analysis showed that most of these MADS-box genes were highly expressed in floral organs. LcMADS1 and LcMADS3 showed higher expression in the stamen than in the other tissues, and LcMADS7 showed high expression in the stamen, glume, lemma and palea, while expression of LcMADS2, LcMADS9 and LcMADS11 was higher in vegetative organs than floral organs. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid analyses showed that LcMADS2 interacted with LcMADS7 and LcMADS9. LcMADS3 interacted with LcMADS4, LcMADS7 and LcMADS10, while LcMADS1 could interact with only LcMADS7. Interestingly, the expression of LcMADS1 and LcMADS2 were significantly induced by cold, and LcMADS9 was significantly up-regulated by NaCl. CONCLUSION Hence, we proposed that LcMADS1, LcMADS2, LcMADS3, LcMADS7 and LcMADS9 play a pivotal role in sheepgrass sexual reproduction and may be involved in abiotic stress responses, and our findings provide useful information for further exploration of the functions of this gene family in rice, wheat and other graminaceous cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pincang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, Hunan 418000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxiao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Science of Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang China
| | - Shu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongshe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yin D, Liu X, Shi Z, Li D, Zhu L. An AT-hook protein DEPRESSED PALEA1 physically interacts with the TCP Family transcription factor RETARDED PALEA1 in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:487-492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Yu H, Ruan B, Wang Z, Ren D, Zhang Y, Leng Y, Zeng D, Hu J, Zhang G, Zhu L, Gao Z, Chen G, Guo L, Chen W, Qian Q. Fine Mapping of a Novel defective glume 1 ( dg1) Mutant, Which Affects Vegetative and Spikelet Development in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:486. [PMID: 28428794 PMCID: PMC5382164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, vegetative and spikelet development play important roles in grain yield and quality, but the genetic mechanisms that control vegetative and spikelet development remain poorly understood in rice. Here, we identified a new rice mutant, defective glume 1 (dg1) mutant from cultivar Zhonghua11 after ethyl methanesulfonate treatment. The dg1 mutant displayed the dwarfism with small, rolled leaves, which resulted from smaller cells and more bulliform cells. The dg1 mutant also had an enlarged leaf angle and defects in brassinosteroid signaling. In the dg1 mutant, both the rudimentary glume and sterile lemma (glumes) were transformed into lemma-like organ and acquired the lemma identity. Additionally, the dg1 mutant produced slender grains. Further analysis revealed that DG1 affects grain size by regulating cell proliferation and expansion. We fine mapped the dg1 locus to a 31-kb region that includes eight open reading frames. We examined the DNA sequence and expression of these loci, but we were not able to identify the DG1 gene. Therefore, more work will be needed for cloning and functional analysis of DG1, which would contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind whole-plant development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Yu
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of AgricultureShenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of AgricultureShenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Deyong Ren, Wenfu Chen, Qian Qian,
| | - Yu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of AgricultureShenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Northern Japonica Rice Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education and Liaoning Province/Key Laboratory of Northeast Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of AgricultureShenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Deyong Ren, Wenfu Chen, Qian Qian,
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Deyong Ren, Wenfu Chen, Qian Qian,
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10
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Smith AR, Zhao D. Sterility Caused by Floral Organ Degeneration and Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis and Cereal Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1503. [PMID: 27790226 PMCID: PMC5064672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural floral organ degeneration or abortion results in unisexual or fully sterile flowers, while abiotic stresses lead to sterility after initiation of floral reproductive organs. Since normal flower development is essential for plant sexual reproduction and crop yield, it is imperative to have a better understanding of plant sterility under regular and stress conditions. Here, we review the functions of ABC genes together with their downstream genes in floral organ degeneration and the formation of unisexual flowers in Arabidopsis and several agriculturally significant cereal grains. We further explore the roles of hormones, including auxin, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid, and ethylene, in floral organ formation and fertility. We show that alterations in genes affecting hormone biosynthesis, hormone transport and perception cause loss of stamens/carpels, abnormal floral organ development, poor pollen production, which consequently result in unisexual flowers and male/female sterility. Moreover, abiotic stresses, such as heat, cold, and drought, commonly affect floral organ development and fertility. Sterility is induced by abiotic stresses mostly in male floral organ development, particularly during meiosis, tapetum development, anthesis, dehiscence, and fertilization. A variety of genes including those involved in heat shock, hormone signaling, cold tolerance, metabolisms of starch and sucrose, meiosis, and tapetum development are essential for plants to maintain normal fertility under abiotic stress conditions. Further elucidation of cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms about regulation of fertility will improve yield and quality for many agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, MilwaukeeWI, USA
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11
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Ren D, Rao Y, Wu L, Xu Q, Li Z, Yu H, Zhang Y, Leng Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Gao Z, Dong G, Zhang G, Guo L, Zeng D, Qian Q. The pleiotropic ABNORMAL FLOWER AND DWARF1 affects plant height, floral development and grain yield in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:529-39. [PMID: 26486996 PMCID: PMC5064741 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Moderate plant height and successful establishment of reproductive organs play pivotal roles in rice grain production. The molecular mechanism that controls the two aspects remains unclear in rice. In the present study, we characterized a rice gene, ABNORMAL FLOWER AND DWARF1 (AFD1) that determined plant height, floral development and grain yield. The afd1 mutant showed variable defects including the dwarfism, long panicle, low seed setting and reduced grain yield. In addition, abnormal floral organs were also observed in the afd1 mutant including slender and thick hulls, and hull-like lodicules. AFD1 encoded a DUF640 domain protein and was expressed in all tested tissues and organs. Subcellular localization showed AFD1-green fluorescent fusion protein (GFP) was localized in the nucleus. Meantime, our results suggested that AFD1 regulated the expression of cell division and expansion related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Ren
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiankun Xu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zizhuang Li
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Haiping Yu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Lab for Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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12
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Ren D, Rao Y, Leng Y, Li Z, Xu Q, Wu L, Qiu Z, Xue D, Zeng D, Hu J, Zhang G, Zhu L, Gao Z, Chen G, Dong G, Guo L, Qian Q. Regulatory Role of OsMADS34 in the Determination of Glumes Fate, Grain Yield, and Quality in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1853. [PMID: 28018389 PMCID: PMC5156729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Grasses produce seeds on spikelets, a unique type of inflorescence. Despite the importance of grass crops for food, the genetic mechanisms that control spikelet development remain poorly understood. In this study, we used m34-z, a new mutant allele of the rice (Oryza sativa) E-class gene OsMADS34, to examine OsMADS34 function in determining the identities of glumes (rudimentary glume and sterile lemma) and grain size. In the m34-z mutant, both the rudimentary glume and sterile lemma were homeotically converted to the lemma-like organ and acquired the lemma identity, suggesting that OsMADS34 plays important roles in the development of glumes. In the m34-z mutant, most of the grains from the secondary panicle branches (spb) were decreased in size, compared with grains from wild-type, but no differences were observed in the grains from the primary panicle branches. The amylose content and gel consistency, and a seed-setting rate from the spb were reduced in the m34-z mutant. Interesting, transcriptional activity analysis revealed that OsMADS34 protein was a transcription repressor and it may influence grain yield by suppressing the expressions of BG1, GW8, GW2, and GL7 in the m34-z mutant. These findings revealed that OsMADS34 largely affects grain yield by affecting the size of grains from the secondary branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal UniversityZhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Zizhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityZhejiang, China
| | - Qiankun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityZhejiang, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Qian, Longbiao Guo,
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteZhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Qian, Longbiao Guo,
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13
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Yan D, Zhang X, Zhang L, Ye S, Zeng L, Liu J, Li Q, He Z. Curved chimeric palea 1 encoding an EMF1-like protein maintains epigenetic repression of OsMADS58 in rice palea development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:12-24. [PMID: 25647350 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Floral organ specification is controlled by various MADS-box genes in both dicots and monocots, whose expression is often subjected to both genetic and epigenetic regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little information is known about the role of epigenetic modification of MADS-box genes during rice flower development. Here, we report the characterization of a rice gene, curved chimeric palea 1 (CCP1) that functions in palea development. Mutation in CCP1 resulted in abnormal palea with ectopic stigmatic tissues and other pleiotropic phenotypes. We found that OsMADS58, a C-class gene responsible for carpel morphogenesis, was ectopically expressed in the ccp1 palea, indicating that the ccp1 palea was misspecified and partially acquired carpel-like identity. Constitutive expression of OsMADS58 in the wild-type rice plants caused morphological abnormality of palea similar to that of ccp1, whereas OsMADS58 knockdown by RNAi in ccp1 could rescue the abnormal phenotype of mutant palea, suggesting that the repression of OsMADS58 expression by CCP1 is critical for palea development. Map-based cloning revealed that CCP1 encodes a putative plant-specific emBRYONIC flower1 (EMF1)-like protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that the level of the H3K27me3 at the OsMADS58 locus was greatly reduced in ccp1 compared with that in the wild-type. Taken together, our results show that CCP1 plays an important role in palea development through maintaining H3K27me3-mediated epigenetic silence of the carpel identity-specifying gene OsMADS58, shedding light on the epigenetic mechanism in floral organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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14
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Zhang J, Tang W, Huang Y, Niu X, Zhao Y, Han Y, Liu Y. Down-regulation of a LBD-like gene, OsIG1, leads to occurrence of unusual double ovules and developmental abnormalities of various floral organs and megagametophyte in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:99-112. [PMID: 25324400 PMCID: PMC4265153 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The indeterminate gametophyte1 (ig1) mutation was first characterized to modulate female gametophyte development in maize (Zea mays). However, the function of its rice orthologue, OsIG1, remains unknown. For this, we first analysed OsIG1 localization from differential tissues in rice. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and histochemical staining results demonstrated that the expression signal of OsIG1 was strongly detected in young inflorescence, moderately in mature flower and weakly in leaf. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization analyses exhibited that OsIG1 was strongly expressed in inflorescence meristems, floral meristems, empty-glume- and floret- primordia, especially in the primordia of stamens and immature ovules, and the micropylar side of the mature ovary. In OsIG1-RNAi lines, wrinkled blade formation was accompanied by increased leaf inclination angle. Cross-section further showed that the number of bulliform cells located between the vasculatures was significantly increased, indicating that OsIG1 is involved in division and differentiation of bulliform cell and lateral growth during leaf development. OsIG1-RNAi suppression lines showed pleiotropic phenotypes, including degenerated palea, glume-like features and open hull. In addition, a single OsIG1-RNAi floret is characterized by frequently developing double ovules with abnormal embryo sac development. Additionally, down-regulation of OsIG1 differentially affected the expression of genes associated with the floral organ development including EG1, OsMADS6 and OsMADS1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OsIG1 plays an essential role in the regulation of empty-glume identity, floral organ number control and female gametophyte development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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15
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Jasmonic acid regulates spikelet development in rice. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3476. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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16
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Meskauskiene R, Laule O, Ivanov NV, Martin F, Wyss M, Gruissem W, Zimmermann P. Controlled vocabularies for plant anatomical parts optimized for use in data analysis tools and for cross-species studies. PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:33. [PMID: 23958387 PMCID: PMC3751485 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally accepted that controlled vocabularies are necessary to systematically integrate data from various sources. During the last decade, several plant ontologies have been developed, some of which are community specific or were developed for a particular purpose. In most cases, the practical application of these ontologies has been limited to systematically storing experimental data. Due to technical constraints, complex data structures and term redundancies, it has been difficult to apply them directly into analysis tools. RESULTS Here, we describe a simplified and cross-species compatible set of controlled vocabularies for plant anatomy, focussing mainly on monocotypledonous and dicotyledonous crop and model plants. Their content was designed primarily for their direct use in graphical visualization tools. Specifically, we created annotation vocabularies that can be understood by non-specialists, are minimally redundant, simply structured, have low tree depth, and we tested them practically in the frame of Genevestigator. CONCLUSIONS The application of the proposed ontologies enabled the aggregation of data from hundreds of experiments to visualize gene expression across tissue types. It also facilitated the comparison of expression across species. The described controlled vocabularies are maintained by a dedicated curation team and are available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Laule
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- NEBION AG, Hohlstrasse 515, Zurich 8048, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchatel 2003, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, Neuchatel 2003, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wyss
- NEBION AG, Hohlstrasse 515, Zurich 8048, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Zimmermann
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- NEBION AG, Hohlstrasse 515, Zurich 8048, Switzerland
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17
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Murai K. Homeotic Genes and the ABCDE Model for Floral Organ Formation in Wheat. PLANTS 2013; 2:379-95. [PMID: 27137382 PMCID: PMC4844379 DOI: 10.3390/plants2030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Floral organ formation has been the subject of intensive study for over 20 years, particularly in the model dicot species Arabidopsis thaliana. These studies have led to the establishment of a general model for the development of floral organs in higher plants, the so-called ABCDE model, in which floral whorl-specific combinations of class A, B, C, D, or E genes specify floral organ identity. In Arabidopsis, class A, B, C, D, E genes encode MADS-box transcription factors except for the class A gene APETALA2. Mutation of these genes induces floral organ homeosis. In this review, I focus on the roles of these homeotic genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), particularly with respect to the ABCDE model. Pistillody, the homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures, occurs in cytoplasmic substitution (alloplasmic) wheat lines that have the cytoplasm of the related wild species Aegilops crassa. This phenomenon is a valuable tool for analysis of the wheat ABCDE model. Using an alloplasmic line, the wheat ortholog of DROOPING LEAF (TaDL), a member of the YABBY gene family, has been shown to regulate pistil specification. Here, I describe the current understanding of the ABCDE model for floral organ formation in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murai
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan.
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18
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Ren D, Li Y, Zhao F, Sang X, Shi J, Wang N, Guo S, Ling Y, Zhang C, Yang Z, He G. MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1, which encodes an AP2/ERF protein, determines spikelet meristem fate and sterile lemma identity in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:872-84. [PMID: 23629832 PMCID: PMC3668076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.216044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The spikelet is a unique inflorescence structure of grass. The molecular mechanism that controls the development of the spikelet remains unclear. In this study, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet mutant, multi-floret spikelet1 (mfs1), that showed delayed transformation of spikelet meristems to floral meristems, which resulted in an extra hull-like organ and an elongated rachilla. In addition, the sterile lemma was homeotically converted to the rudimentary glume and the body of the palea was degenerated in mfs1. These results suggest that the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1 (MFS1) gene plays an important role in the regulation of spikelet meristem determinacy and floral organ identity. MFS1 belongs to an unknown function clade in the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family. The MFS1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein is localized in the nucleus. MFS1 messenger RNA is expressed in various tissues, especially in the spikelet and floral meristems. Furthermore, our findings suggest that MFS1 positively regulates the expression of LONG STERILE LEMMA and the INDETERMINATE SPIKELET1 (IDS1)-like genes SUPERNUMERARY BRACT and OsIDS1.
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19
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Wang N, Li Y, Sang X, Ling Y, Zhao F, Yang Z, He G. nonstop glumes (nsg), a novel mutant affects spikelet development in rice. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Song X, Wang D, Ma L, Chen Z, Li P, Cui X, Liu C, Cao S, Chu C, Tao Y, Cao X. Rice RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 acts in small RNA biogenesis and spikelet development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:378-89. [PMID: 22443269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have evolved multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs), which work with Dicer-like (DCL) proteins to produce different classes of small RNAs with specialized molecular functions. Here we report that OsRDR6, the rice (Oryza sativa L.) homolog of Arabidopsis RDR6, acts in the biogenesis of various types and sizes of small RNAs. We isolated a rice osrdr6-1 mutant, which was temperature sensitive and showed spikelet defects. This mutant displays reduced accumulation of tasiR-ARFs, the conserved trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) derived from the TAS3 locus, and ectopic expression of tasiR-ARF target genes, the Auxin Response Factors (including ARF2 and ARF3/ETTIN). The loss of tasiR-mediated repression of ARFs in osrdr6-1 can explain its morphological defects, as expression of two non-targeted ARF3 gene constructs (ARF3muts) in a wild-type background mimics the osrdr6 and osdcl4-1 mutant phenotypes. Small RNA high-throughput sequencing also reveals that besides tasiRNAs, 21-nucleotide (nt) phased small RNAs are also largely dependent on OsRDR6. Unexpectedly, we found that osrdr6-1 has a strong impact on the accumulation of 24-nt phased small RNAs, but not on unphased ones. Our work uncovers the key roles of OsRDR6 in small RNA biogenesis and directly illustrates the crucial functions of tasiR-ARFs in rice development.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Gene Library
- Genetic Complementation Test
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Oryza/cytology
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/cytology
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/cytology
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Seedlings/cytology
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Temperature
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Houston K, Druka A, Bonar N, Macaulay M, Lundqvist U, Franckowiak J, Morgante M, Stein N, Waugh R. Analysis of the barley bract suppression gene Trd1. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 125:33-45. [PMID: 22395962 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A typical barley (Hordeum vulgare) floret consists of reproductive organs three stamens and a pistil, and non-reproductive organs-lodicules and two floral bracts, abaxial called 'lemma' and adaxial 'palea'. The floret is subtended by two additional bracts called outer or empty glumes. Together these organs form the basic structural unit of the grass inflorescence, a spikelet. There are commonly three spikelets at each rachis (floral stem of the barley spike) node, one central and two lateral spikelets. Rare naturally occurring or induced phenotypic variants that contain a third bract subtending the central spikelets have been described in barley. The gene responsible for this phenotype was called the THIRD OUTER GLUME1 (Trd1). The Trd1 mutants fail to suppress bract growth and as a result produce leaf-like structures that subtend each rachis node in the basal portion of the spike. Also, floral development at the collar is not always suppressed. In rice and maize, recessive mutations in NECK LEAF1 (Nl1) and TASSEL SHEATH1 (Tsh1) genes, respectively, have been shown to be responsible for orthologous phenotypes. Fine mapping of the trd1 phenotype in an F(3) recombinant population enabled us to position Trd1 on the long arm of chromosome 1H to a 10 cM region. We anchored this to a conserved syntenic region on rice chromosome Os05 and selected a set of candidate genes for validation by resequencing PCR amplicons from a series of independent mutant alleles. This analysis revealed that a GATA transcription factor, recently proposed to be Trd1, contained mutations in 10 out of 14 independent trd1 mutant alleles that would generate non-functional TRD1 proteins. Together with genetic linkage data, we confirm the identity of Trd1 as the GATA transcription factor ortholog of rice Nl1 and maize Tsh1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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22
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Sajo MG, Pabón-Mora N, Jardim J, Stevenson DW, Rudall PJ. Homologies of the flower and inflorescence in the early-divergent grass Anomochloa (Poaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:614-28. [PMID: 22434776 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The grass subfamily Anomochlooideae is phylogenetically significant as the sister group to all other grasses. Thus, comparison of their structure with that of other grasses could provide clues to the evolutionary origin of these characters. METHODS We describe the structure, embryology, and development of the flower and partial inflorescence of the monotypic Brazilian grass Anomochloa marantoidea. We compare these features with those of other early-divergent grasses such as Pharus and Streptochaeta and closely related Poales such as Ecdeiocolea. KEY RESULTS Anomochloa possesses several features that are characteristic of Poaceae, notably a scutellum, a solid style, reduced stamen number, and an ovary with a single ovule that develops into a single indehiscent fruit. Interpretation of floral patterning in Anomochloa is problematic because the ramification pattern of the florets places the bracts and axes in unusual positions relative to the primary inflorescence axis. Our study indicates that there is a single abaxial carpel in Anomochloa, probably due to a cryptic type of pseudomonomery in Anomochloa that resembles the pseudomonomery of other grasses. On the other hand, the Anomochloa flower differs from the "typical" grass flower in lacking lodicules and possessing four stamens, in contrast with the tristaminate condition that characterizes many other grasses. CONCLUSIONS Using the median part of the innermost bract as a locator, we tentatively homologize the inner bract of the Anomochloa partial inflorescence with the palea of other grasses. In this interpretation, the pattern of monosymmetry due to stamen suppression differs from that of Ecdeiocolea.
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23
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Lee DY, An G. Two AP2 family genes, supernumerary bract (SNB) and Osindeterminate spikelet 1 (OsIDS1), synergistically control inflorescence architecture and floral meristem establishment in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:445-61. [PMID: 22003982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Meristem identity is crucial in determining the inflorescence architecture of grass species. We previously reported that SUPERNUMERARY BRACT (SNB) regulates the transition of spikelet meristems into floral meristems in rice (Oryza sativa). Here we demonstrated that SNB and Oryza sativa INDETERMINATE SPIKELET 1 (OsIDS1) together play important roles in inflorescence architecture and the establishment of floral meristems. In snb osids1 double mutants, the numbers of branches and spikelets within a panicle are significantly decreased, and the transition to a floral meristem is further delayed compared with the snb single mutant. Expression analyses showed that SNB and OsIDS1 are required for spatio-temporal expression of B- and E-function floral organ identity genes in the lodicules. In addition, the AP2 family genes are important for determining the degree of ramification in branch meristems, regulating the spatio-temporal expression of spikelet meristem genes, such as FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP). Furthermore, overexpression of microRNA172 (miR172) causes reductions in SNB and OsIDS1 transcript levels, and phenotypes of the transgenic plants are more severe than for snb osids1. This indicates that additional gene(s) participate in the development of branch and floral meristems. Preferential expression of mature miR172s in the area around the spikelet meristems implies that depletion of the AP2 family genes in those meristems via miR172 is an important step in controlling inflorescence branching and the formation of floral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yeon Lee
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea
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An AT-hook gene is required for palea formation and floral organ number control in rice. Dev Biol 2011; 359:277-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Molecular aspects of flower development in grasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 24:247-82. [PMID: 21877128 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-011-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The grass family (Poaceae) of the monocotyledons includes about 10,000 species and represents one of the most important taxa among angiosperms. Their flower morphology is remarkably different from those of other monocotyledons and higher eudicots. The peculiar floral structure of grasses is the floret, which contains carpels and stamens, like eudicots, but lacks petals and sepals. The reproductive organs are surrounded by two lodicules, which correspond to eudicot petals, and by a palea and lemma, whose correspondence to eudicot organs remains controversial. The molecular and genetic analysis of floral morphogenesis and organ specification, primarily performed in eudicot model species, led to the ABCDE model of flower development. Several genes required for floral development in grasses correspond to class A, B, C, D, and E genes of eudicots, but others appear to have unique and diversified functions. In this paper, we outline the present knowledge on the evolution and diversification of grass genes encoding MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factors, based on information derived from studies in rice, maize, and wheat. Moreover, we review recent advances in studying the genes involved in the control of flower development and the extent of structural and functional conservation of these genes between grasses and eudicots.
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Duan Y, Diao Z, Liu H, Cai M, Wang F, Lan T, Wu W. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of OsJAG gene based on a complete-deletion mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 74:605-615. [PMID: 20938801 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report an independent work of positional cloning and functional characterization of OsJAG gene in rice. The merit of our work is that we used a genuine null mutant, in which the wild-type allele was completely deleted. This allowed us to identify the mutant phenotypes accurately without the interference of residual function of the target gene. OsJAG is an important gene with pleiotropy, expressing almost throughout the plant and acting in both vegetative phase and reproductive phase. But its main and crucial roles are in regulating the development of all floral organs, especially in specifying the identity of stamens. Interestingly, OsJAG does not affect the number of floral organ primordial and so of floral organs in each whorl, suggesting that OsJAG does not influence the initiation of floral organ primordia, but affect the developmental fate of all floral organs after their primordia have initiated. Loss of OsJAG function results in maldevelopment of all floral organs, such as degenerated lemma and palea, elongated lodicules and deformed and sterile pistil. The stamen appears to be more sensitive to the mutation. All the six stamens in a mutant floret were thoroughly transformed into six pistil-like organs developed at the presumptive positions of the stamens in whorl 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Hong L, Qian Q, Zhu K, Tang D, Huang Z, Gao L, Li M, Gu M, Cheng Z. ELE restrains empty glumes from developing into lemmas. J Genet Genomics 2010; 37:101-15. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ohmori S, Kimizu M, Sugita M, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Uchida E, Nagato Y, Yoshida H. MOSAIC FLORAL ORGANS1, an AGL6-like MADS box gene, regulates floral organ identity and meristem fate in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3008-25. [PMID: 19820190 PMCID: PMC2782282 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Floral organ identity and meristem determinacy in plants are controlled by combinations of activities mediated by MADS box genes. AGAMOUS-LIKE6 (AGL6)-like genes are MADS box genes expressed in floral tissues, but their biological functions are mostly unknown. Here, we describe an AGL6-like gene in rice (Oryza sativa), MOSAIC FLORAL ORGANS1 (MFO1/MADS6), that regulates floral organ identity and floral meristem determinacy. In the flower of mfo1 mutants, the identities of palea and lodicule are disturbed, and mosaic organs were observed. Furthermore, the determinacy of the floral meristem was lost, and extra carpels or spikelets developed in mfo1 florets. The expression patterns of floral MADS box genes were disturbed in the mutant florets. Suppression of another rice AGL6-like gene, MADS17, caused no morphological abnormalities in the wild-type background, but it enhanced the phenotype in the mfo1 background, indicating that MADS17 has a minor but redundant function with that of MFO1. Whereas single mutants in either MFO1 or the SEPALLATA-like gene LHS1 showed moderate phenotypes, the mfo1 lhs1 double mutant showed a severe phenotype, including the loss of spikelet meristem determinacy. We propose that rice AGL6-like genes help to control floral organ identity and the establishment and determinacy of the floral meristem redundantly with LHS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Ohmori
- Rice Biotechnology Research Subteam (Hokuriku Region), National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimizu
- Rice Biotechnology Research Subteam (Hokuriku Region), National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
| | - Maiko Sugita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akio Miyao
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Eiji Uchida
- Rice Biotechnology Research Subteam (Hokuriku Region), National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- Rice Biotechnology Research Subteam (Hokuriku Region), National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Niigata 943-0193, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Reinheimer R, Kellogg EA. Evolution of AGL6-like MADS box genes in grasses (Poaceae): ovule expression is ancient and palea expression is new. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:2591-605. [PMID: 19749151 PMCID: PMC2768931 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AGAMOUS-like6 (AGL6) genes encode MIKC-type MADS box transcription factors and are closely related to SEPALLATA and AP1/FUL-like genes. Here, we focus on the molecular evolution and expression of the AGL6-like genes in grasses. We have found that AGL6-like genes are expressed in ovules, lodicules (second whorl floral organs), paleas (putative first whorl floral organs), and floral meristems. Each of these expression domains was acquired at a different time in evolution, indicating that each represents a distinct function of the gene product and that the AGL6-like genes are pleiotropic. Expression in the inner integument of the ovule appears to be an ancient expression pattern corresponding to the expression of the gene in the megasporangium and integument in gymnosperms. Expression in floral meristems appears to have been acquired in the angiosperms and expression in second whorl organs in monocots. Early in grass evolution, AGL6-like orthologs acquired a new expression domain in the palea. Stamen expression is variable. Most grasses have a single AGL6-like gene (orthologous to the rice [Oryza sativa] gene MADS6). However, rice and other species of Oryza have a second copy (orthologous to rice MADS17) that appears to be the result of an ancient duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Reinheimer
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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Shitsukawa N, Kinjo H, Takumi S, Murai K. Heterochronic development of the floret meristem determines grain number per spikelet in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:243-51. [PMID: 19491089 PMCID: PMC2710895 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inflorescence of grass species such as wheat, rice and maize consists of a unique reproductive structure called the spikelet, which is comprised of one, a few, or several florets (individual flowers). When reproductive growth is initiated, the inflorescence meristem differentiates a spikelet meristem as a lateral branch; the spikelet meristem then produces a floret meristem as a lateral branch. Interestingly, in wheat, the number of fertile florets per spikelet is associated with ploidy level: one or two florets in diploid, two or three in tetraploid, and more than three in hexaploid wheats. The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms that regulate the architecture of the inflorescence in wheat and its relationship to ploidy level. METHODS The floral anatomy of diploid (Triticum monococcum), tetraploid (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and hexaploid (T. aestivum) wheat species were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy to describe floret development and to clarify the timing of the initiation of the floret primordia. In situ hybridization analysis using Wknox1, a wheat knotted1 orthologue, was performed to determine the patterning of meristem formation in the inflorescence. KEY RESULTS The recessive natural mutation of tetraploid (T. turgidum ssp. turgidum) wheat, branching head (bh), which produces branched inflorescences, was used to demonstrate the utility of Wknox1 as a molecular marker for meristematic tissue. Then an analysis of Wknox1 expression was performed in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats and heterochronic development of the floret meristems was found among these wheat species. CONCLUSIONS It is shown that the difference in the number of floret primordia in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats is caused by the heterochronic initiation of floret meristem development from the spikelet meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shitsukawa
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kinjo
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takumi
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Murai
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka-Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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Wang Z, Xing S, Birkenbihl RP, Zachgo S. Conserved functions of Arabidopsis and rice CC-type glutaredoxins in flower development and pathogen response. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:323-35. [PMID: 19825617 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are ubiquitous oxidoreductases that play a crucial role in response to oxidative stress by reducing disulfides in various organisms. In planta, three different GRX classes have been identified according to their active site motifs. CPYC and CGFS classes are found in all organisms, whereas the CC-type class is specific for higher land plants. Recently, two Arabidopsis CC-type GRXs, ROXY1 and ROXY2, were shown to exert crucial functions in petal and anther initiation and differentiation. To analyze the function of CC-type GRXs in the distantly related monocots, we isolated and characterized OsROXY1 and OsROXY2-two rice homologs of ROXY1. Both genes are expressed in vegetative and reproductive stages. Although rice flower morphology is distinct from eudicots, OsROXY1/2 floral expression patterns are similar to their Arabidopsis counterparts ROXY1/2. Complementation experiments demonstrate that OsROXY1 and OsROXY2 can fully rescue the roxy1 floral mutant phenotype. Overexpression of OsROXY1, OsROXY2, and ROXY1 in Arabidopsis causes similar vegetative and reproductive plant developmental defects. ROXY1 and its rice homologs thus exert a conserved function during eudicot and monocot flower development. Strikingly, overexpression of these CC-type GRXs also leads to an increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide levels and hyper-susceptibility to infection from the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea, revealing the importance of balanced redox processes in flower organ development and pathogen defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Molecular Genetics, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Yuan Z, Gao S, Xue DW, Luo D, Li LT, Ding SY, Yao X, Wilson ZA, Qian Q, Zhang DB. RETARDED PALEA1 controls palea development and floral zygomorphy in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:235-44. [PMID: 18952859 PMCID: PMC2613737 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.128231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Poaceae, one of the largest flowering plant families in angiosperms, evolved distinct inflorescence and flower morphology diverging from eudicots and other monocots. However, the mechanism underlying the specification of flower morphology in grasses remains unclear. Here we show that floral zygomorphy along the lemma-palea axis in rice (Oryza sativa) is partially or indirectly determined by the CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like homolog RETARDED PALEA1 (REP1), which regulates palea identity and development. The REP1 gene is only expressed in palea primordium during early flower development, but during later floral stages is radially dispersed in stamens and the vascular bundles of the lemma and palea. The development of palea is significantly retarded in the rep1 mutant and its palea has five vascular bundles, which is similar to the vascular pattern of the wild-type lemma. Furthermore, ectopic expression of REP1 caused the asymmetrical overdifferentiation of the palea cells, altering their floral asymmetry. This work therefore extends the function of the TCP gene family members in defining the diversification of floral morphology in grasses and suggests that a common conserved mechanism controlling floral zygomorphy by CYC-like genes exists in both eudicots and the grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yuan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Liu B, Chen Z, Song X, Liu C, Cui X, Zhao X, Fang J, Xu W, Zhang H, Wang X, Chu C, Deng X, Xue Y, Cao X. Oryza sativa dicer-like4 reveals a key role for small interfering RNA silencing in plant development. THE PLANT CELL 2007; 19:2705-18. [PMID: 17905898 PMCID: PMC2048709 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.052209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are two classes of small regulatory RNAs derived from different types of precursors and processed by distinct Dicer or Dicer-like (DCL) proteins. During evolution, four Arabidopsis thaliana DCLs and six rice (Oryza sativa) DCLs (Os DCLs) appear to have acquired specialized functions. The Arabidopsis DCLs are well characterized, but those in rice remain largely unstudied. Here, we show that both knockdown and loss of function of rice DCL4, the homolog of Arabidopsis DCL4, lead to vegetative growth abnormalities and severe developmental defects in spikelet identity. These phenotypic alterations appear to be distinct from those observed in Arabidopsis dcl4 mutants, which exhibit accelerated vegetative phase change. The difference in phenotype between rice and Arabidopsis dcl4 mutants suggests that siRNA processing by DCL4 has a broader role in rice development than in Arabidopsis. Biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that Os DCL4 is the major Dicer responsible for the 21-nucleotide siRNAs associated with inverted repeat transgenes and for trans-acting siRNA (ta-siRNA) from the endogenous TRANS-ACTING siRNA3 (TAS3) gene. We show that the biogenesis mechanism of TAS3 ta-siRNA is conserved but that putative direct targets of Os DCL4 appear to be differentially regulated between monocots and dicots. Our results reveal a critical role of Os DCL4-mediated ta-siRNA biogenesis in rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yadav SR, Prasad K, Vijayraghavan U. Divergent regulatory OsMADS2 functions control size, shape and differentiation of the highly derived rice floret second-whorl organ. Genetics 2007; 176:283-94. [PMID: 17409064 PMCID: PMC1893039 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.071746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional diversification of duplicated genes can contribute to the emergence of new organ morphologies. Model eudicot plants like Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus have a single PI/GLO gene that together with AP3/DEF regulate petal and stamen formation. Lodicules of grass flowers are morphologically distinct reduced organs occupying the position of petals in other flowers. They serve a distinct function in partial and transient flower opening to allow stamen emergence and cross-pollination. Grasses have duplicated PI/GLO-like genes and in rice (Oryza sativa) one these genes, OsMADS2, controls lodicule formation without affecting stamen development. In this study, we investigate the mechanistic roles played by OsMADS2. We ascribe a function for OsMADS2 in controlling cell division and differentiation along the proximal-distal axis. OsMADS2 is required to trigger parenchymatous and lodicule-specific vascular development while maintaining a small organ size. Our data implicate the developmentally late spatially restricted accumulation of OsMADS2 transcripts in the differentiating lodicule to control growth of these regions. The global architecture of transcripts regulated by OsMADS2 gives insights into the regulation of cell division and vascular differentiation that together can form this highly modified grass organ with important functions in floret opening and stamen emergence independent of the paralogous gene OsMADS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Lee DY, Lee J, Moon S, Park SY, An G. The rice heterochronic gene SUPERNUMERARY BRACT regulates the transition from spikelet meristem to floral meristem. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:64-78. [PMID: 17144896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulating the transition of meristem identity is a critical step in reproductive development. After the shoot apical meristem (SAM) acquires inflorescence meristem identity, it goes through a sequential transition to second- and higher-order meristems that can eventually give rise to floral organs. Despite ample information on the molecular mechanisms that control the transition from SAM to inflorescence meristems, little is known about the mechanism for inflorescence development, especially in monocots. Here, we report the identification of the SUPERNUMERARY BRACT (SNB) gene controlling the transition from spikelet meristem to floral meristem and the floral organ development. This gene encodes a putative transcription factor carrying two AP2 domains. The SNB:GFP fusion protein is localized to the nucleus. SNB is expressed in all the examined tissues, but most strongly in the newly emerging spikelet meristems. In SNB knockout plants, the transition from spikelet meristems to floral meristems is delayed, resulting in the production of multiple rudimentary glumes in an alternative phyllotaxy. The development of additional bracts interferes with subsequent floral architecture. In some spikelets, the empty glumes and lodicules are transformed into lemma/palea-like organs. Occasionally, the number of stamens and carpels is altered and an ectopic floret occurs in the axil of the rachilla. These phenotypes suggest that snb is a heterochronic mutant, affecting the phase transition of spikelet meristems, the pattern formation of floral organs and spikelet meristem determinancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yeon Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Yi G, Choi JH, Jeong EG, Chon NS, Jena KK, Ku YC, Kim DH, Eun MY, Jeon JS, Nam MH. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new frizzy panicle mutant, "fzp-9(t)", in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Hereditas 2006; 142:92-7. [PMID: 16970618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2005.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spikelet identity gene "fzp" (frizzy panicle) is required for transformation of the floral meristems to inflorescent shoots. In fzp mutants, spikelets are replaced by branches and spikelet meristems produce massive numbers of branch meristems. We have isolated and characterized a new fzp mutant derived from anther culture lines in rice and designated as fzp-9(t). The fzp-9(t) mutant showed retarded growth habit and developed fewer tillers than those of the wild-type plant. The primary and secondary rachis branches of fzp-9(t) appeared to be normal, but higher-order branches formed continuous bract-like structures without developing spikelets. The genetic segregation of fzp-9(t) showed a good fit to the expected ratio of 3: 1. The sequence analysis of fzp-9(t) revealed that there is a single nucleotide base change upstream of the ERF (ethylene-responsive element-binding factor) domain compare to wild-type plant. The mutation point of fzp-9(t) (W66G) was one of the six amino acids of the ERF domain that contributed to GCC box-specific binding. The premature formation of a stop codon at the beginning of the ERF domain might cause a non-functional product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihwan Yi
- Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute, NICS, RDA, Milyang, Korea
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Chen ZX, Wu JG, Ding WN, Chen HM, Wu P, Shi CH. Morphogenesis and molecular basis on naked seed rice, a novel homeotic mutation of OsMADS1 regulating transcript level of AP3 homologue in rice. PLANTA 2006; 223:882-90. [PMID: 16254725 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The floral organs are formed from floral meristem with a regular initiation pattern in angiosperm species. Flowers of naked seed rice (nsr) were characterized by the overdeveloped lemma and palea, the transformation of lodicules to palea-/lemma-like organs, the decreased number of stamens and occasionally extra pistils. Some nsr spikelets contained additional floral organs of four whorls and/or abnormal internal florets. The floral primordium of nsr spikelet is differentiated under an irregular pattern and an incomplete determination. And molecular analysis indicated that nsr was a novel homeotic mutation in OsMADS1, suggesting that OsMADS1 played a distinct role in regulating the differentiation pattern of floral primordium and in conferring the determination of flower meristem. The gain-of-function of OsMADS1 transgenic lines presented the transformation of outer glumes to lemma-/palea-like organs and no changes in length of lemma and palea, but loss-of-function of OsMADS1 transgenic lines displayed the overdeveloped lemma and palea. Both findings revealed that OsMADS1 played a role in specifying lemma and palea and acted as a repressor of overdevelopment of lemma and palea. Moreover, it was indicated that OsMADS1 upregulated the transcript level of AP3 homologue OsMADS16, using real-time PCR analysis on gain- and loss-of-function of OsMADS1 transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310029, People's Republic of China
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Yamaguchi T, Lee DY, Miyao A, Hirochika H, An G, Hirano HY. Functional diversification of the two C-class MADS box genes OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:15-28. [PMID: 16326928 PMCID: PMC1323481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The C-class MADS box gene AGAMOUS (AG) plays crucial roles in Arabidopsis thaliana development by regulating the organ identity of stamens and carpels, the repression of A-class genes, and floral meristem determinacy. To examine the conservation and diversification of C-class gene function in monocots, we analyzed two C-class genes in rice (Oryza sativa), OSMADS3 and OSMADS58, which may have arisen by gene duplication before divergence of rice and maize (Zea mays). A knockout line of OSMADS3, in which the gene is disrupted by T-DNA insertion, shows homeotic transformation of stamens into lodicules and ectopic development of lodicules in the second whorl near the palea where lodicules do not form in the wild type but carpels develop almost normally. By contrast, RNA-silenced lines of OSMADS58 develop astonishing flowers that reiterate a set of floral organs, including lodicules, stamens, and carpel-like organs, suggesting that determinacy of the floral meristem is severely affected. These results suggest that the two C-class genes have been partially subfunctionalized during rice evolution (i.e., the functions regulated by AG have been partially partitioned into two paralogous genes, OSMADS3 and OSMADS58, which were produced by a recent gene duplication event in plant evolution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dong Yeon Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Akio Miyao
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hikohiko Hirochika
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Gynheung An
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiro-Yuki Hirano
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail ; fax 81-3-5841-4056
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39
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YI GIHWAN, CHOI JUNHO, JEONG EUNGIGI, CHON NAMSOO, JENA KSHIRODK, KU YEONCHUNG, KIM DOHHOON, EUN MOOYOUNG, JEON JONGSEONG, NAM MINHEE. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new frizzy panicle mutant, "fzp-9(t)", in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Hereditas 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2005.0018-0661.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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40
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Prasad K, Parameswaran S, Vijayraghavan U. OsMADS1, a rice MADS-box factor, controls differentiation of specific cell types in the lemma and palea and is an early-acting regulator of inner floral organs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 43:915-28. [PMID: 16146529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Grass flowers are highly derived compared to their eudicot counterparts. To delineate OsMADS1 functions in rice floret organ development we have examined its evolution and the consequences of its knockdown or overexpression. Molecular phylogeny suggests the co-evolution of OsMADS1 with grass family diversification. OsMADS1 knockdown perturbs the differentiation of specific cell types in the lemma and palea, creating glume-like features, with severe derangements in lemma differentiation. Conversely, ectopic OsMADS1 expression suffices to direct lemma-like differentiation in the glume. Strikingly, in many OsMADS1 knockdown florets glume-like organs occupy all the inner whorls. Such effects in the second and third whorl are unexplained, as wild-type florets do not express OsMADS1 in these primordia and because transcripts for rice B and C organ-identity genes are unaffected by OsMADS1 knockdown. Through a screen for OsMADS1 targets we identify a flower-specific Nt-gh3 type gene, OsMGH3, as a downstream gene. The delayed transcription activation of OsMGH3 by dexamethasone-inducible OsMADS1 suggests indirect activation. The OsMGH3 floret expression profile suggests a novel role for OsMADS1 as an early-acting regulator of second and third whorl organ fate. We thus demonstrate the differential contribution of OsMADS1 for lemma versus palea development and provide evidence for its regulatory function in patterning inner whorl organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalika Prasad
- Department of MCB, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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41
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Bommert P, Satoh-Nagasawa N, Jackson D, Hirano HY. Genetics and evolution of inflorescence and flower development in grasses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:69-78. [PMID: 15659432 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescences and flowers in the grass species have characteristic structures that are distinct from those in eudicots. Owing to the availability of genetic tools and their genome sequences, rice and maize have become model plants for the grasses and for the monocots in general. Recent studies have provided much insight into the genetic control of inflorescence and flower development in grasses, especially in rice and maize. Progress in elucidating the developmental mechanisms in each of these plants may contribute greatly to our understanding of the evolution of development in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bommert
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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42
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Ma H. Molecular genetic analyses of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in flowering plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2005; 56:393-434. [PMID: 15862102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, male reproductive development requires the formation of the stamen, including the differentiation of anther tissues. Within the anther, male meiosis produces microspores, which further develop into pollen grains, relying on both sporophytic and gametophytic gene functions. The mature pollen is released when the anther dehisces, allowing pollination to occur. Molecular studies have identified a large number of genes that are expressed during stamen and pollen development. Genetic analyses have demonstrated the function of some of these genes in specifying stamen identity, regulating anther cell division and differentiation, controlling male meiosis, supporting pollen development, and promoting anther dehiscence. These genes encode a variety of proteins, including transcriptional regulators, signal transduction proteins, regulators of protein degradation, and enzymes for the biosynthesis of hormones. Although much has been learned in recent decades, much more awaits to be discovered and understood; the future of the study of plant male reproduction remains bright and exciting with the ever-growing tool kits and rapidly expanding information and resources for gene function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- Department of Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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43
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Kramer EM, Jaramillo MA, Di Stilio VS. Patterns of gene duplication and functional evolution during the diversification of the AGAMOUS subfamily of MADS box genes in angiosperms. Genetics 2004; 166:1011-23. [PMID: 15020484 PMCID: PMC1470751 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.166.2.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the AGAMOUS (AG) subfamily of MIKC-type MADS-box genes appear to control the development of reproductive organs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. To understand the evolution of this subfamily in the flowering plants, we have identified 26 new AG-like genes from 15 diverse angiosperm species. Phylogenetic analyses of these genes within a large data set of AG-like sequences show that ancient gene duplications were critical in shaping the evolution of the subfamily. Before the radiation of extant angiosperms, one event produced the ovule-specific D lineage and the well-characterized C lineage, whose members typically promote stamen and carpel identity as well as floral meristem determinacy. Subsequent duplications in the C lineage resulted in independent instances of paralog subfunctionalization and maintained functional redundancy. Most notably, the functional homologs AG from Arabidopsis and PLENA (PLE) from Antirrhinum are shown to be representatives of separate paralogous lineages rather than simple genetic orthologs. The multiple subfunctionalization events that have occurred in this subfamily highlight the potential for gene duplication to lead to dissociation among genetic modules, thereby allowing an increase in morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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44
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Fornara F, Parenicová L, Falasca G, Pelucchi N, Masiero S, Ciannamea S, Lopez-Dee Z, Altamura MM, Colombo L, Kater MM. Functional characterization of OsMADS18, a member of the AP1/SQUA subfamily of MADS box genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:2207-19. [PMID: 15299121 PMCID: PMC520791 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.045039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
MADS box transcription factors controlling flower development have been isolated and studied in a wide variety of organisms. These studies have shown that homologous MADS box genes from different species often have similar functions. OsMADS18 from rice (Oryza sativa) belongs to the phylogenetically defined AP1/SQUA group. The MADS box genes of this group have functions in plant development, like controlling the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, determination of floral organ identity, and regulation of fruit maturation. In this paper we report the functional analysis of OsMADS18. This rice MADS box gene is widely expressed in rice with its transcripts accumulated to higher levels in meristems. Overexpression of OsMADS18 in rice induced early flowering, and detailed histological analysis revealed that the formation of axillary shoot meristems was accelerated. Silencing of OsMADS18 using an RNA interference approach did not result in any visible phenotypic alteration, indicating that OsMADS18 is probably redundant with other MADS box transcription factors. Surprisingly, overexpression of OsMADS18 in Arabidopsis caused a phenotype closely resembling the ap1 mutant. We show that the ap1 phenotype is not caused by down-regulation of AP1 expression. Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that some of the natural partners of AP1 interact with OsMADS18, suggesting that the OsMADS18 overexpression phenotype in Arabidopsis is likely to be due to the subtraction of AP1 partners from active transcription complexes. Thus, when compared to AP1, OsMADS18 during evolution seems to have conserved the mechanistic properties of protein-protein interactions, although it cannot complement the AP1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fornara
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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45
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Malcomber ST, Kellogg EA. Heterogeneous expression patterns and separate roles of the SEPALLATA gene LEAFY HULL STERILE1 in grasses. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:1692-706. [PMID: 15208396 PMCID: PMC514154 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.021576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SEPALLATA (SEP) genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression and function in the grass species rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), suggesting that the role of the genes has changed during the evolution of the family. Here, we examine expression of the SEP-like gene LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (LHS1) in phylogenetically disparate grasses, reconstruct the pattern of gene expression evolution within the family, and then use the expression patterns to test hypotheses of gene function. Our data support a general role for LHS1 in specifying determinacy of the spikelet meristem and also in determining the identity of lemmas and paleas; these two functions are separable, as is the role of the gene in specifying floret meristems. We find no evidence that LHS1 determines flower number; it is strongly expressed in all spikelet meristems even as they are producing flowers, and expression is not correlated with eventual flower number. LHS1 expression in only the upper flowers of the spikelet appears to be the ancestral state; expression in all flowers is derived in subfamily Pooideae. LHS1 expression in pistils, stamens, and lodicules varies among the cereals. We hypothesize that LHS1 may have affected morphological diversification of grass inflorescences by mediating the expression of different floral identity genes in different regions of the floret and spikelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Malcomber
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 63121, USA.
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46
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Kramer EM, Jaramillo MA, Di Stilio VS. Patterns of Gene Duplication and Functional Evolution During the Diversification of the AGAMOUS Subfamily of MADS Box Genes in Angiosperms. Genetics 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/genetics/166.2.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Members of the AGAMOUS (AG) subfamily of MIKC-type MADS-box genes appear to control the development of reproductive organs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. To understand the evolution of this subfamily in the flowering plants, we have identified 26 new AG -like genes from 15 diverse angiosperm species. Phylogenetic analyses of these genes within a large data set of AG-like sequences show that ancient gene duplications were critical in shaping the evolution of the subfamily. Before the radiation of extant angiosperms, one event produced the ovule-specific D lineage and the well-characterized C lineage, whose members typically promote stamen and carpel identity as well as floral meristem determinacy. Subsequent duplications in the C lineage resulted in independent instances of paralog subfunctionalization and maintained functional redundancy. Most notably, the functional homologs AG from Arabidopsis and PLENA (PLE) from Antirrhinum are shown to be representatives of separate paralogous lineages rather than simple genetic orthologs. The multiple subfunctionalization events that have occurred in this subfamily highlight the potential for gene duplication to lead to dissociation among genetic modules, thereby allowing an increase in morphological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - M Alejandra Jaramillo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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47
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Yamaguchi T, Nagasawa N, Kawasaki S, Matsuoka M, Nagato Y, Hirano HY. The YABBY gene DROOPING LEAF regulates carpel specification and midrib development in Oryza sativa. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:500-9. [PMID: 14729915 PMCID: PMC341919 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report that carpel specification in the Oryza sativa (rice) flower is regulated by the floral homeotic gene DROOPING LEAF (DL) that is distinct from the well-known ABC genes. Severe loss-of-function mutations of DL cause complete homeotic transformation of carpels into stamens. Molecular cloning reveals that DL is a member of the YABBY gene family and is closely related to the CRABS CLAW (CRC) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. DL is expressed in the presumptive region (carpel anlagen), where carpel primordia would initiate, and in carpel primordia. These results suggest that carpel specification is regulated by DL in rice flower development. Whereas CRC plays only a partial role in carpel identity, DL may have been recruited to have the more essential function of specifying carpels during the evolution of rice. We also show that DL interacts antagonistically with class B genes and controls floral meristem determinacy. In addition, severe and weak dl alleles fail to form a midrib in the leaf. The phenotypic analysis of dl mutants, together with analyses of the spatial expression patterns and ectopic expression of DL, demonstrate that DL regulates midrib formation by promoting cell proliferation in the central region of the rice leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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48
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Kyozuka J, Shimamoto K. Ectopic expression of OsMADS3, a rice ortholog of AGAMOUS, caused a homeotic transformation of lodicules to stamens in transgenic rice plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:130-135. [PMID: 11828031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the evolutionary relationship of floral organs between grasses and dicots, we expressed OsMADS3, a rice (Oryza sativa L.) AGAMOUS(AG) ortholog, in rice plants under the control of an Actin1 promoter. As a consequence of the ectopic expression of the OsMADS3, lodicules were homeotically transformed into stamens. In total, the transformation of lodicules to staminoid organs was observed in 18 out of 26 independent transgenic lines. In contrast to the almost complete transformation occurring in lodicules, none of the transgenic plants exhibited any morphological alterations in the palea or the lemma. Our results confirmed the prediction that the lodicule is an equivalent of a dicot petal and that the ABC model can be applied to rice at least for organ specification in lodicules and stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kyozuka
- Laboratory for Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0101 Japan.
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49
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Abstract
Rapid progress in rice genomics is making it possible to undertake detailed structural and functional comparisons of genes involved in various biological processes among rice and other plant species, such as Arabidopsis. In this review, we summarize the current status of rice genomics. We then select two important areas of research, reproductive development and defense signaling, and compare the functions of rice and orthologous genes in other species involved in these processes. The analysis revealed that apparently orthologous genes can also display divergent functions. Changes in functions and regulation of orthologous genes may represent a basis for diversity among plant species. Such comparative genomics in other plant species will provide important information for future work on the evolution of higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 630-0101 Japan.
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50
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Murai K, Takumi S, Koga H, Ogihara Y. Pistillody, homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures, caused by nuclear-cytoplasm interaction in wheat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 29:169-181. [PMID: 11851918 DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7412.2001.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures (pistillody) has been observed in a cytoplasmic substitution (alloplasmic) line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Norin 26, which has the cytoplasm of a wild relative species, Aegilops crassa L. On the other hand, an alloplasmic line of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (CS) with Ae. crassa cytoplasm has normal flowers. This is due to the presence in the CS nucleus of a fertility-restoring gene, Rfd1. Deletion mapping analysis revealed that Rfd1 is located on the middle part of the long arm of chromosome 7B. To investigate the function of the Rfd1 gene by a loss-of-function strategy, we produced alloplasmic lines of CS ditelosomic 7BS [(cr)-CSdt7BS] and CS monotelodisomic 7BS [(cr)-CSmd7BS] with the Ae. crassa cytoplasm, and characterized their phenotypes. The line (cr)-CSdt7BS without Rfd1 exhibited pistillody in all florets, and also female sterility. Scanning electron microscopy of the young spikes revealed that the pistillody was induced at an early stage of stamen development. The pistillate stamens often developed incomplete ovule-like structures with integuments instead of tapetum and pollen grains. It is possible that MADS box genes are associated with the induction of pistillody, because the expression of wheat APETALA3 homologue (WAP3) was reduced in the young spikes of (cr)-CSdt7BS. In addition, a histological study indicated that the female sterility in (cr)-CSdt7BS is due to the abnormality of the ovule, which fails to form an inner epidermis and integuments in the chalaza region. The line (cr)-CSmd7BS, hemizygous for Rfd1, showed partial pistillody (51%) and restored female fertility up to 72%. These results suggest that the induction of both pistillody and ovule deficiency caused by the Ae. crassa cytoplasm is inhibited by the Rfd1 gene in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Murai
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Matsuoka-cho, Fukui 910-1195, Japan.
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