1
|
Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Statins: A Sustainable Strategy for the Preparation of Valuable Drugs. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the largest selling class of drugs prescribed for the pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidaemia. Statins also possess other therapeutic effects, called pleiotropic, because the blockade of the conversion of HMG-CoA to (R)-mevalonate produces a concomitant inhibition of the biosynthesis of numerous isoprenoid metabolites (e.g., geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)). Thus, the prenylation of several cell signalling proteins (small GTPase family members: Ras, Rac, and Rho) is hampered, so that these molecular switches, controlling multiple pathways and cell functions (maintenance of cell shape, motility, factor secretion, differentiation, and proliferation) are regulated, leading to beneficial effects in cardiovascular health, regulation of the immune system, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, prevention and treatment of sepsis, treatment of autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, kidney and neurological disorders, or even in cancer therapy. Thus, there is a growing interest in developing more sustainable protocols for preparation of statins, and the introduction of biocatalyzed steps into the synthetic pathways is highly advantageous—synthetic routes are conducted under mild reaction conditions, at ambient temperature, and can use water as a reaction medium in many cases. Furthermore, their high selectivity avoids the need for functional group activation and protection/deprotection steps usually required in traditional organic synthesis. Therefore, biocatalysis provides shorter processes, produces less waste, and reduces manufacturing costs and environmental impact. In this review, we will comment on the pleiotropic effects of statins and will illustrate some biotransformations nowadays implemented for statin synthesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan Z, Ma H, Li Q, Pu L, Cao Y, Qu X, Zhu C, Ying H. Biosynthesis of optically pure chiral alcohols by a substrate coupled and biphasic system with a short-chain dehydrogenase from Streptomyces griseus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 93-94:191-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
3
|
Candida parapsilosis: A versatile biocatalyst for organic oxidation-reduction reactions. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:187-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Kratzer R, Woodley JM, Nidetzky B. Rules for biocatalyst and reaction engineering to implement effective, NAD(P)H-dependent, whole cell bioreductions. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1641-52. [PMID: 26343336 PMCID: PMC5414839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Access to chiral alcohols of high optical purity is today frequently provided by the enzymatic reduction of precursor ketones. However, bioreductions are complicated by the need for reducing equivalents in the form of NAD(P)H. The high price and molecular weight of NAD(P)H necessitate in situ recycling of catalytic quantities, which is mostly accomplished by enzymatic oxidation of a cheap co-substrate. The coupled oxidoreduction can be either performed by free enzymes in solution or by whole cells. Reductase selection, the decision between cell-free and whole cell reduction system, coenzyme recycling mode and reaction conditions represent design options that strongly affect bioreduction efficiency. In this paper, each option was critically scrutinized and decision rules formulated based on well-described literature examples. The development chain was visualized as a decision-tree that can be used to identify the most promising route towards the production of a specific chiral alcohol. General methods, applications and bottlenecks in the set-up are presented and key experiments required to "test" for decision-making attributes are defined. The reduction of o-chloroacetophenone to (S)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanol was used as one example to demonstrate all the development steps. Detailed analysis of reported large scale bioreductions identified product isolation as a major bottleneck in process design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kratzer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - John M Woodley
- CAPEC-PROCESS Research Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Venkataraman S, Chadha A. Preparation of enantiomerically enriched (S)-ethyl 3-hydroxy 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoate using whole cells of Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Liu X, Chen R, Yang Z, Wang J, Lin J, Wei D. Characterization of a putative stereoselective oxidoreductase from Gluconobacter oxydans and its application in producing ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ester. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:285-95. [PMID: 24113812 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding an NADH-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (gox2036) from Gluconobacter oxydans 621H was cloned and heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein (Gox2036) was purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. Gox2036 was a homotetramer with a subunit size of approximately 28 kDa. Gox2036 had a strict requirement for NAD⁺/NADH as the cofactor. Gox2036 displayed preference for oxidation of secondary alcohols and 2,3-diols as well as for reduction of α-diketones, hydroxy ketones, α-ketoesters, and β-ketoesters. However, Gox2036 was poorly active on 1,2-diols and acetoin and showed no activity on primary alcohols, polyols, and aldehydes. The optimum pH values for the oxidation and reduction reactions were 9 and 6, respectively. Gox2036 was highly selective in the reduction of various β-ketones and β-ketoesters. Among the substrates tested, ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate was reduced to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ester with an excellent conversion yield of 96.9 % and optical purity of >99 % e.e. using an efficient in situ NADH-recycling system involving glucose and a glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis (BsGDH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311#, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Q, Ye T, Ma Z, Chen R, Xie T, Yin X. Characterization and site-directed mutation of a novel aldo-keto reductase from Lodderomyces elongisporus NRRL YB-4239 with high production rate of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1609-16. [PMID: 25189809 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel aldo-keto reductase (LEK) from Lodderomyces elongisporus NRRL YB-4239 (ATCC 11503) was discovered by genome database mining for carbonyl reduction. LEK was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), purified to homogeneity and the catalytic properties were studied. Among the substrates, ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate was converted to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3- hydroxybutanoate ((R)-CHBE), an important pharmaceutical intermediate, with an excellent enantiomeric excess (e.e.) (>99 %). The mutants W28A and S209G obtained by site-directed mutation were identified with much higher molar conversion yields and lower Km values. Further, the constructed coenzyme regeneration system with glucose as co-substrate resulted in a yield of 100 %, an enantioselectivity of >99 %, and the calculated production rate of 56.51 mmol/L/H. These results indicated the potential of LEK for the industrial production of (R)-CHBE and other valuable chiral alcohols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 1378, Wenyixi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
You ZY, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Chemical and enzymatic approaches to the synthesis of optically pure ethyl (R)-4-cyano-3-hydroxybutanoate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:11-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
You ZY, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Characterization of a newly synthesized carbonyl reductase and construction of a biocatalytic process for the synthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate with high space-time yield. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1671-80. [PMID: 23793261 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carbonyl reductase (SCR2) gene was synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli after codon optimization to investigate its biochemical properties and application in biosynthesis of ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ((S)-CHBE), which is an important chiral synthon for the side chain of cholesterol-lowering drug. The recombinant SCR2 was purified and characterized using ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) as substrate. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 11.9 U mg(-1). The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 45 °C and pH 6.0, respectively. The half-lives of recombinant SCR2 were 16.5, 7.7, 2.2, 0.41, and 0.05 h at 30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C, and 50 °C, respectively, and it was highly stable in acidic environment. This SCR2 displayed a relatively narrow substrate specificity. The apparent K m and V max values of purified enzyme for COBE are 6.4 mM and 63.3 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The biocatalytic process for the synthesis of (S)-CHBE was constructed by this SCR2 in an aqueous-organic solvent system with a substrate fed-batch strategy. At the final COBE concentration of 1 M, (S)-CHBE with yield of 95.3% and e.e. of 99% was obtained after 6-h reaction. In this process, the space-time yield per gram of biomass (dry cell weight, DCW) and turnover number of NADP(+) to (S)-CHBE were 26.5 mmol L(-1) h(-1) g(-1) DCW and 40,000 mol/mol, respectively, which were the highest values as compared with other works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yu You
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaliaperumal T, Gummadi SN, Chadha A. Synthesis of both enantiomers of ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxbutanoate from a prochiral ketone using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Kurbanoglu EB, Zilbeyaz K, Kurbanoglu NI. Cryptococcus laurentii as a new biocatalyst for the asymmetric reduction of substituted acetophenones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Ye Q, Ouyang P, Ying H. A review—biosynthesis of optically pure ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ester: recent advances and future perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:513-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
13
|
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-ethyl-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate using Candida parapsilosis ATCC 7330. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 37:159-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Ribeiro JB, de Souza Ramos A, Fiaux SB, Leite SGF, Ramos MDCKV, de Aquino Neto FR, Antunes OA. Immobilized microorganisms in the reduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Houng JY, Tseng JC, Hsu HF, Wu JY. Kinetic investigation on asymmetric bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate catalyzed by baker’s yeast in an organic solvent-water biphasic system. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Katzberg M, Wechler K, Müller M, Dünkelmann P, Stohrer J, Hummel W, Bertau M. Biocatalytical production of (5S)-hydroxy-2-hexanone. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 7:304-14. [PMID: 19109675 DOI: 10.1039/b816364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytical approaches have been investigated in order to improve accessibility of the bifunctional chiral building block (5S)-hydroxy-2-hexanone ((S)-2). As a result, a new synthetic route starting from 2,5-hexanedione (1) was developed for (S)-2, which is produced with high enantioselectivity (ee >99%). Since (S)-2 can be reduced further to furnish (2S,5S)-hexanediol ((2S,5S)-3), chemoselectivity is a major issue. Among the tested biocatalysts the whole-cell system S. cerevisiae L13 surpasses the bacterial dehydrogenase ADH-T in terms of chemoselectivity. The use of whole-cells of S. cerevisiae L13 affords (S)-2 from prochiral 1 with 85% yield, which is 21% more than the value obtained with ADH-T. This is due to the different reaction rates of monoreduction (1-->2) and consecutive reduction (2-->3) of the respective biocatalysts. In order to optimise the performance of the whole-cell-bioreduction 1 2 with S. cerevisiae, the system was studied in detail, revealing interactions between cell-physiology and xenobiotic substrate and by-products, respectively. This study compares the whole-cell biocatalytic route with the enzymatic route to enantiopure (S)-2 and investigates factors determining performance and outcome of the bioreductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Katzberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sorgedrager M, van Rantwijk F, Huisman G, Sheldon R. Asymmetric Carbonyl Reductions with Microbial Ketoreductases. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
18
|
ZHANG F, NI Y, SUN Z, ZHENG P, LIN W, ZHU P, JU N. Asymmetric Reduction of Ethyl 4-Chloro-3-oxobutanoate to Ethyl (S)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate Catalyzed by Aureobasidium pullulans in an Aqueous/Ionic Liquid Biphase System. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(08)60051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Jing K, Xu Z, Liu Y, Jiang X, Peng L, Cen P. Efficient Production of Recombinant Aldehyde Reductase and its Application for Asymmetric Reduction of Ethyl 4‐Chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate to Ethyl (R)‐4‐Chloro‐3‐hydroxybutanoate. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 35:203-15. [PMID: 16109633 DOI: 10.1081/pb-200065622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (ALR, EC1.1.1.2) gene is cloned from Sporobolomyces salmonicolor ZJUB 105, and inserted into plasmid pQE30 to construct the expression plasmid (pQE30-ALR). A variety of E. coli strains were employed as hosts to obtain transformants with pQE30-ALR, respectively. Among these different types of transformants, the highest enzyme activity of ALR can be produced with E. coli M15 (pQE30-ALR). The bioactivity of ALR could be further improved significantly by the optimization of induction conditions. The results showed that the enzyme activity of ALR reached 6.48 U/mg protein, which is fifteen times higher than that of S. salmonicolor ZJUB 105. This recombinant strain was applied to the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3- hydroxybutanoate (CHBE). The results showed that the yield and optical purity of (R)-CHBE reached 98.5% and 99% e.e. (enantiomeric excess), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keju Jing
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu Z, Fang L, Lin J, Jiang X, Liu Y, Cen P. Efficient bioreduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to (S)-4-chloro-3-hydrobutanoate by whole cells ofCandida magnoliae in water/n-butyl acetate two-phase system. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02931868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Xu Z, Liu Y, Fang L, Jiang X, Jing K, Cen P. Construction of a two-strain system for asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ethyl ester. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 70:40-6. [PMID: 16175366 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli M15 (pQE30-car0210) was constructed to express carbonyl reductase (CAR) by cloning the car gene from Candida magnoliae and inserting it into pQE30. By cultivating E. coli M15 (pQE30-car0210) and M15 (pQE30-gdh0310), 8.2-fold and 12.3-fold enhancements in specific enzymatic activity over the corresponding original strain were achieved, respectively. After separate cultivations, these two strains were then mixed together at appropriate ratio to construct a novel two-strain system, in which M15 (pQE30-car0210) expressed CAR for ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) bioreduction and M15 (pQE30-gdh0310) expressed glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) regeneration. In this complex system, the effects of substrate concentration, the biomass ratio between two strains as well as reaction temperature were investigated for efficient bioreduction. The results showed that the bioreduction reaction could be completed effectively without any addition of GDH or NADPH/NADP(+). An optical purity of 99% (enantiometric efficiency) was obtained, and the yield of (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ethyl ester reached 96.6% when initial concentration of COBE was 36.9 mM. The coupling reactions between two different strains were further explored by determining the profile of NADPH in the reaction broth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Y, Xu Z, Jing K, Jiang X, Lin J, Wang F, Cen P. Asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate with two co-existing, recombinant Escherichia coli strains. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:119-25. [PMID: 15703875 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-7336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant strains, E. coli M15 (pQE30-alr0307) and E. coli M15 (pQE30-gdh0310), which were constructed to express, respectively, an NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase gene and a glucose dehydrogenase gene, were mixed in an appropriate ratio and used for the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate. The former strain acted as catalyst and the latter functioned in NADPH regeneration. The biotransformation was completed effectively without any addition of glucose dehydrogenase or NADP+/NADPH. An optical purity of 99% (ee) was obtained and the product yield reached 90.5% from 28.5 mM: substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Johanson T, Katz M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Strain engineering for stereoselective bioreduction of dicarbonyl compounds by yeast reductases. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5:513-25. [PMID: 15780652 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure chiral molecules are needed in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry as intermediates for the production of drugs or fine chemicals. Microorganisms represent an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis since they have the potential to generate single stereoisomers in high enantiomeric excess (ee). The baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can notably reduce dicarbonyl compounds (in particular alpha- and beta-diketones and keto esters) to chiral alcohols with high ee. However, products are formed at a low rate. Moreover, large amounts of co-substrate are required for the regeneration of NADPH that is the preferred co-factor in almost all the known dicarbonyl reductions. Traditionally, better ee, reduction rate and product titre have been achieved via process engineering. The advent of recombinant DNA technology provides an alternative strategy to improve productivity and yield by strain engineering. This review discusses two aspects of strain engineering: (i) the generation of strains with higher reductase activity towards dicarbonyl compounds and (ii) the optimisation of co-substrate utilisation for NADPH cofactor regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted Johanson
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Engelking H, Pfaller R, Wich G, Weuster-Botz D. Stereoselective reduction of ethyl 4-chloro acetoacetate with recombinant Pichia pastoris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Yang ZH, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Improving the Stereoselectivity of Asymmetric Reduction of 3-Oxo Ester to 3-Hydroxy Ester with Pretreatments on Bakers' Yeast. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie034240+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Katz M, Johanson T, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Mild detergent treatment ofCandida tropicalis reveals a NADPH-dependent reductase in the crude membrane fraction, which enables the production of pure bicyclic exo-alcohol. Yeast 2004; 21:1253-67. [PMID: 15543528 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrated the occurrence of a NADPH-dependent exo-alcohol reductase in the crude membrane fraction of Candida tropicalis. Cytosolic endo-alcohol reductase activity could be separated from the membrane-bound exo-alcohol activity by means of detergent treatment, enabling the preparation of pure exo-alcohol via the enzymatic conversion of the bicyclic diketone, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2,6-dione. The exo-alcohol reductase is, to our knowledge, the first membrane-bound NADPH-dependent reductase accepting a xenobiotic carbonyl substrate that was not a steroid. When C. tropicalis was grown on D-sorbitol, a two-fold increase in the exo-reductase activity was observed as compared to when grown on glucose. An in silico comparison at the protein level between putative xenobiotic carbonyl reductases in Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed to explain why Candida species are often encountered when screening yeasts for novel stereoselective reduction properties. C. albicans contained more reductases with the potential to reduce xenobiotic carbonyl compounds than did S. cerevisiae. C. tropicalis had many membrane-bound reductases (predicted with the bioinformatics program, TMHMM), some of which had no counterpart in the two other organisms. The exo-reductase is suspected to be either a beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase or a polyol dehydrogenase from either the short chain dehydrogenase family or the dihydroflavonol reductase family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Katz
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ogawa J, Shimizu S. Industrial microbial enzymes: their discovery by screening and use in large-scale production of useful chemicals in Japan. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13:367-75. [PMID: 12323360 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of microbial enzymes to large-scale organic synthesis is currently attracting much attention, and has been uniquely developed especially in Japan. The discovery of new microbial enzymes through extensive and persistent screening has brought about many new and simple routes for synthetic processes. The application of these enzymes in so-called 'hybrid processes' of enzymatic and chemical reactions, provide one possible way to solve environmental problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ogawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Matsuyama A, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi Y. Practical Application of Recombinant Whole-Cell Biocatalysts for the Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Intermediates Such as Chiral Alcohols. Org Process Res Dev 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/op025514s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Matsuyama
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., 27 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamamoto H, Matsuyama A, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate with recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing (S)-specific secondary alcohol dehydrogenase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:481-3. [PMID: 11999433 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of ethyl (R)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate ((R)-ECHB) from ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate was studied using whole recombinant cells of Escherichia coli expressing a secondary alcohol dehydrogenase of Candida parapsilosis. Using 2-propanol as an energy source to regenerate NADH, the yield of (R)-ECHB reached 36.6 g/l (more than 99% ee, 95.2% conversion yield) without addition of NADH to the reaction mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research Center, Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hidalgo AR, Akond MA, Kita K, Kataoka M, Shimizu S. Isolation and primary structural analysis of two conjugated polyketone reductases from Candida parapsilosis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:2785-8. [PMID: 11826979 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two conjugated polyketone reductases (CPRs) were isolated from Candida parapsilosis IFO 0708. The primary structures of CPRs (C1 and C2) were analyzed by amino acid sequencing. The amino acid sequences of both enzymes had high similarity to those of several proteins of the aldo-keto-reductase (AKR) superfamily. However, several amino acid residues in the putative active sites of AKRs were not conserved in CPRs-C1 and -C2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Hidalgo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Improved stereoselectivity in dehydrogenase-mediated reductions has been achieved by rationally designed gene overexpression and knockouts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and by isolating and characterizing novel dehydrogenases from other organisms. Transaminases have been used to prepare unnatural amines and amino acids in good yields, particularly when the equilibria are shifted by selective product removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|