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Moon C, Gordon M, Moon D, Reynolds T. Microsatellite Instability Analysis (MSA) for Bladder Cancer: Past History and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312864. [PMID: 34884669 PMCID: PMC8657622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI), the spontaneous loss or gain of nucleotides from repetitive DNA tracts, is a diagnostic phenotype for gastrointestinal, endometrial, colorectal, and bladder cancers; yet a landscape of instability events across a wider variety of cancer types is beginning to be discovered. The epigenetic inactivation of the MLH1 gene is often associated with sporadic MSI cancers. Recent next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analyses have comprehensively characterized MSI-positive (MSI+) cancers, and several approaches to the detection of the MSI phenotype of tumors using NGS have been developed. Bladder cancer (here we refer to transitional carcinoma of the bladder) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Cystoscopy, a gold standard for the detection of bladder cancer, is invasive and sometimes carries unwanted complications, while its cost is relatively high. Urine cytology is of limited value due to its low sensitivity, particularly to low-grade tumors. Therefore, over the last two decades, several new "molecular assays" for the diagnosis of urothelial cancer have been developed. Here, we provide an update on the development of a microsatellite instability assay (MSA) and the development of MSA associated with bladder cancers, focusing on findings obtained from urine analysis from bladder cancer patients as compared with individuals without bladder cancer. In our review, based on over 18 publications with approximately 900 sample cohorts, we provide the sensitivity (87% to 90%) and specificity (94% to 98%) of MSA. We also provide a comparative analysis between MSA and other assays, as well as discussing the details of four different FDA-approved assays. We conclude that MSA is a potentially powerful test for bladder cancer detection and may improve the quality of life of bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulso Moon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Cancer Research Building II, 5M3, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 21093, USA; (M.G.); (D.M.)
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 21093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(443)-370-5056
| | - Maxie Gordon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 21093, USA; (M.G.); (D.M.)
- BCD Innovations USA, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 21093, USA
| | - David Moon
- HJM Cancer Research Foundation Corporation, 10606 Candlewick Road, Lutherville, MD 21093, USA; (M.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Thomas Reynolds
- NEXT Bio-Research Services, LLC, 11601 Ironbridge Road, Suite 101, Chester, VA 23831, USA;
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Xiao C, Jiang Y, Liang M. Using the information embedded in the mixed profiles to assist in determining the identity of the deceased and the suspect in a deficiency case. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:e13-e19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guang Y, Lei Z, Nan X, Hui L, Soufu X, Junting X. Analysis of quantitative genetic characteristics of schizophrenia using combined allele frequency as a genetic marker. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:722. [PMID: 25216559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao Nan
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liu Hui
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xie Soufu
- Dalian Seventh Hospital, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Xv Junting
- Dalian Seventh Hospital, Dalian 116000, China
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Foroughmand AM, Jari M, Kazeminezhad SR, Abdollahi A, Ahmadi L, Heidari M. Genetic analysis of two STR loci (VWA and TPOX) in the Iranian province of Khuzestan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:583-7. [PMID: 25422751 PMCID: PMC4240792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Short tandem repeat (STR) loci are the most informative DNA genetic markers for attempting to individualize biological material for application in paternity and forensic cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected and the total genomic DNA was extracted. The DNA samples were used for genotyping VWA and TPOX STR loci using PCR and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS This report presents allele frequency data and parameters of biological or legal interest, such as heterozygosity value, polymorphic information content (PIC), genetic diversity index (GD) and population parameter (θ) in Arab and non-Arab population of Khuzestan province (Iran) for the loci VWA and TPOX. Blood samples (N= 392 for VWA and N=308 for TPOX) were collected from individuals unrelated throughout Khuzestan province. The loci were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver staining. Chi-square test showed that neither STR loci were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. CONCLUSION The examined STR loci in this study have proven a relatively high genetic variation in the Iranian population. The data could be used for construction of a forensic genetic database for the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Foroughmand
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding author: Ali Mohammad Foroughmand. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Khuzestan Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-611-3338965;
| | - Maryam Jari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Arezu Abdollahi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Heidari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Liu J, Li SY, Yin JY, Zhang W, Gao B, Guo L, Qi R. Genetic analysis of 15 STR loci from a Xibe population in Liaoning, Northeast of China. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 41:244-8. [PMID: 24215563 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.852245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of their high level of variability, autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) are very useful as markers in the disciplines of forensic and population genetics studies. AIM To investigate the diversity distributions of allelic frequencies of 15 loci from a sample from the Chinese Xibe ethnic group in Liaoning. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifteen STR loci for 150 unrelated Xibe individuals from Liaoning, China were amplified simultaneously in a fluorescence-based reaction using a 2720 Thermal cycler (ABI). Separation and detection of the amplified product were conducted with the Li-COR 4300 DNA Analyzer. RESULTS In total, 117 alleles were observed, with the corresponding allele frequencies ranging from 0.001 to 0.507. D18S51 had the highest polymorphism (PIC = 0.840) among all 15 STR loci, whereas TPOX had the lowest (PIC = 0.590). The power of discrimination ranged from 0.801 for TH01 locus to 0.957 for D18S51 locus, whereas the power of exclusion ranged from a minimum 0.316 for TPOX locus to a maximum 0.720 for D21S11 locus. The phylogenetic tree established among worldwide populations showed that the Xibe population is far from other populations. CONCLUSION Databases for the 15 STR loci will be useful for personal identification and paternity tests in the Xibe population and for the establishment of phylogenetic relationships between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College , Shenyang, Liaoning , PR China
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Allele frequencies of 19 autosomal STR loci in Manchu population of China with phylogenetic structure among worldwide populations. Gene 2013; 529:282-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Huang Q, Escriña López JC, Baeza C, Arroyo-Pardo E, López-Parra AM. Genetic polymorphism of 15 STR loci in Chinese Han population from Shanghai municipality in East China. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 7:e31-4. [PMID: 23131316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the allelic frequencies of the fifteen STRs included in AmpFlSTR(®) Identifiler(®) PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) in a sample of 186 unrelated individuals resident in Shanghai. Allelic frequencies and forensic parameters were calculated. All loci showed no departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The obtained frequencies were compared with other previously reported population data.
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Tamura T, Osawa M, Kimura R, Inaoka Y, Tanaka S, Satoh F, Sato I. Evaluation of the allele-sharing approach, known as the IBS method, in kinship analysis. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 20:112-6. [PMID: 23357397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To infer relatedness from genetic data based on short tandem repeats, the exact method, in which shared allele frequencies are applied to relevant equations, has been conventionally used. An alternative approach is the IBS method that is based on the number of shared alleles between individuals. In the present study, the performance of the IBS method in pairwise kinship analysis was compared with the exact method using simulated data of 10,000 genotype pairs for 15 loci in the ABI Identifiler system. The likelihood ratio in allele-sharing of zero, one and two was calculated from joint probabilities based on allele frequencies of the Japanese population. Whereas the IBS method generally produced lower values of combined indices, smaller deviations of the distributions were evident. The threshold for identification of full siblings relative to non-relatives was comparable with that of the exact method, indicating that both inference powers were almost identical. The likelihood ratio in the IBS method depends on the heterozygosity at a locus, and heterozygosities of the 15 loci were consistent across various population groups, particularly in East Asians. The convenience of fixed LR values in the IBS method is beneficial for cases with uncertain allele frequencies and rare alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Tamura
- Scientific Crime Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police, Yamashitacho 155, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0023, Japan
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Song XB, Zhou Y, Ying BW, Wang LL, Li YS, Liu JF, Bai XG, Zhang L, Lu XJ, Wang J, Ye YX. Short-tandem repeat analysis in seven Chinese regional populations. Genet Mol Biol 2010; 33:605-9. [PMID: 21637565 PMCID: PMC3036133 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572010000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the application of 13 short tandem repeat (STR) loci (D13S317, D7S820, TH01, D16S539, CSFIPO, VWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA, D3S1358, D21S11, D18S51 and D5S818) routinely used in forensic analysis, for delineating population relationships among seven human populations representing the two major geographic groups, namely the southern and northern Chinese. The resulting single topology revealed pronounced geographic and population partitioning, consistent with the differences in geographic location, languages and eating habits. These findings suggest that forensic STR loci might be particularly powerful tools in providing the necessary fine resolution for reconstructing recent human evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Bo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan P.R. China
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Graydon M, Cholette F, Ng LK. Inferring ethnicity using 15 autosomal STR loci—Comparisons among populations of similar and distinctly different physical traits. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2009; 3:251-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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