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Indradi RB, Muhaimin M, Barliana MI, Khatib A. Potential Plant-Based New Antiplasmodial Agent Used in Papua Island, Indonesia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091813. [PMID: 37176870 PMCID: PMC10181418 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antimalarial medicine remains a threat to the global effort for malaria eradication. The World Health Organization recently reported that artemisinin partial resistance, which was defined as delayed parasite clearance, was detected in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Greater Mekong subregion, and in Africa, particularly in Rwanda and Uganda. Therefore, the discovery of a potential new drug is important to overcome emerging drug resistance. Natural products have played an important role in drug development over the centuries, including the development of antimalarial drugs, with most of it influenced by traditional use. Recent research on traditional medicine used as an antimalarial treatment on Papua Island, Indonesia, reported that 72 plant species have been used as traditional medicine, with Alstonia scholaris, Carica papaya, Andrographis paniculata, and Physalis minima as the most frequently used medicinal plants. This review aimed to highlight the current research status of these plants for potential novel antiplasmodial development. In conclusion, A. paniculata has the highest potential to be developed as an antiplasmodial, and its extract and known bioactive isolate andrographolide posed strong activity both in vitro and in vivo. A. scholaris and C. papaya also have the potential to be further investigated as both have good potential for their antiplasmodial activities in vivo. However, P. minima is a less studied medicinal plant; nevertheless, it opens the opportunity to explore the potential of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raden Bayu Indradi
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Muhaimin
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Herbal Study, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
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Lim XY, Chan JSW, Japri N, Lee JC, Tan TYC. Carica papaya L. Leaf: A Systematic Scoping Review on Biological Safety and Herb-Drug Interactions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5511221. [PMID: 34040647 PMCID: PMC8121580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Carica papaya L. leaf is gaining interest as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating dengue- and non-dengue-associated thrombocytopaenia. In that regard, safety considerations are as important as efficacy potential. The safety evaluation of botanical products for human use is complicated by variable formulations, complex phytochemical composition, and extrinsic toxicants. This review aimed to systematically collate related safety clinical and preclinical data, as well as reports on herb-drug interactions of C. papaya leaf consumption. METHODS A systematic search using predetermined keywords on electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Central, LILACS, and Web of Science) and grey literature was conducted. Relevant clinical and preclinical studies were identified, screened, and analysed to present an overall safety profile of C. papaya leaf consumption. RESULTS A total of 41 articles were included (23 clinical, 5 ongoing trials, and 13 preclinical) for descriptive analysis on study characteristics, adverse reactions, toxicity findings, and herb-drug interactions, from which 13 randomised controlled and quasiexperimental trials were further assessed for risk of bias and reporting quality. Overall, C. papaya leaf consumption (in the form of juice and standardised aqueous extract) was well tolerated by adult humans for short durations ( CONCLUSION C. papaya leaf consumption in adults is generally safe for short-term use though cautioned in pregnancy and people with liver impairment. It has potential herb-drug interactions with oral hypoglycaemic agents, p-glycoprotein substrates, and antibiotics with cation chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. S. W. Chan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - N. Japri
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. C. Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - T. Y. C. Tan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, nanoparticle fabrication, commercial products and waste utilization of Carica papaya L.: A comprehensive review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Carica papaya: comprehensive overview of the nutritional values, phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Oladeji OS, Oluyori AP, Bankole DT, Afolabi TY. Natural Products as Sources of Antimalarial Drugs: Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:7076139. [PMID: 32455050 PMCID: PMC7238349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7076139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, relevant information was procured from the inhabitants via a structured questionnaire to procure the general knowledge of antimalarial medicinal plants. Results and Discussion. A total of 90 interviewees (44 men and 46 women) were involved in this survey. A total of 59 medicinal species were identified, which were dispersed in 33 families (Asteraceae (6), Apocynaceae (5), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Poaceae, and Rubiaceae (3 each), Phyllanthaceae (2)) totaling 49% of the cited species. The most cited plants are Azadirachta indica (42), Mangifera indica (38), Carica papaya (28), Cymbopogon citratus (27), Cassia fistula (15), Morinda lucida (14), Anacardium occidentale and Vernonia amygdalina (13 each), Helianthus annuus (11), Enantia chlorantha (10), and Moringa oleifera (9) A total of 105 citations were recorded for the plant parts used (leaf (46), bark (17), fruits (9), root (9), latex (11), stem (11), and inflorescence (2)) while decoction (59%), maceration (25%), infusion (9%), and exudation (7%) were the methods of preparation. Use Values (UVs) of 0.47 to 0.11 were recorded for the frequently used antimalarial plants. The Efficiency Levels (ELs) of 11 different medicinal plants stated by the respondents were Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula and Morinda lucida (12), Chromolaena odorata (10), Mangifera indica, Enantia chlorantha and Helianthus annuus (8), Cymbopogon citratus (7), Gossypium arboretum (4), Landolphia dulcis (3), and Aloe vera (2) Cocos nucifera, Curcuma longa, Forkia biglobosa, and Musa acuminate are mentioned for the first time in the study area with little or no reported antiplasmodial activities. CONCLUSION The study appraised the commonly used antimalarial plants in the study areas. Therefore, commitment to scientifically explore the bioactive compounds, antimalarial potential and toxicological profile of these plants is inevitable as they could lead to novel natural products for effective malaria therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Solomon Oladeji
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola Peter Oluyori
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Deborah Temitope Bankole
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Tokunbo Yemisi Afolabi
- Natural Products Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Montazeri M, Mirzaee F, Daryani A, Naeimayi R, Moradi Karimabad S, Khalilzadeh Arjmandi H, Esmaealzadeh N, Shahani S. Anti- Toxoplasma Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Some Brassicaceae Species. Adv Biomed Res 2020; 9:5. [PMID: 32055539 PMCID: PMC7003551 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_206_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. The conventional anti-Toxoplasma treatments cause significant toxicity. Brassicaceae family contains several medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, insecticide, antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract of some Brassicaceae species was investigated against T. gondiiin vitro. Materials and Methods: Seeds of Alyssum homolocarpum, Lepidium perfoliatum, Lepidium sativum, and aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale and Capsellabursa-pastoris were extracted by maceration method using 80% ethanol. Vero cells were treated with different concentrations (5–600 μg/mL) of the extracts and pyrimethamine (as positive control), and the cellular viability was verified. Next, Vero cells were infected by T. gondii tachyzoites (RH strain), and the viability of the infected cells was measured by a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: The 50% inhibitory concentration values were 5.1, 14.67, 32.49, 37.31, 71.35, and 2.63 μg/mL, and the selectivity indices were 8.06, 2.59, 0.74, 0.78, 0.65 (P < 0.05 compared with positive control), and 3.03 for L. sativum, L. perfoliatum, N. officinale, A. homolocarpum, C. bursa-pastoris, and pyrimethamine, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extracts of L. sativum and L. perfoliatum have the promising anti-Toxoplasma activity by growth inhibition of T. gondii tachyzoites in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaee
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Raheleh Naeimayi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shohre Moradi Karimabad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Khalilzadeh Arjmandi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shahani
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Rahayu R, Darmis A, Jannatan R. Potency of Papaya Leaf (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) as Toxicant and Repellent against German Cockroach (<i>Blattella germanica</i> L.). Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:126-131. [PMID: 31944071 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.126.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Papaya leaves have the potency to be developed as alternative insecticide to control the German cockroaches that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to determine the potency of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf as toxicant and repellent against 2 populations of German cockroaches which are known resistant to synthetic insecticide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The methods that used was contact toxicity test and repellency test. The ethanolic extract of papaya leaf residues were used in contact toxicity test of 4 residues and a sub-lethal residue in repellency test. Three populations of German cockroach were collected in field and kept in laboratory. RESULTS Lethal residue 50% (LR50) of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf between 2.97-4.72 mg cm-2 while lethal residue 90% (LR90) between 6.05-8.92 mg cm-2 and very effective killed all population of German cockroach. Repellency value of ethanolic extract of papaya leaf with a sub-lethal residue of 0.39 mg cm-2 between 88.89 -94.74% and level of repellency was very repellent. CONCLUSION Ethanolic extract of papaya leaf could be formulated as a potent natural insecticide to control populations of German cockroach that have been resistant to synthetic insecticides.
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Abstract
Background:
Carica papaya, a tree-like herb, is cultivated in more than 50 tropical
and subtropical countries worldwide. The parts [leaves, fruit (ripe and unripe), seeds and
latex] are used as food as well as traditional medicine in several ways for a number of diseases.
Papaya, with a variety of phytochemicals like carotenoids, polyphenols, benzyl isothiocynates,
benzyl glucosinates, prunasin (cyanogenic substrate), papain and chymopapain, alkaloids,
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, E), carotenoids, cyanogenicglucosides,
cystatin, and glucosinolates exhibits significant health benefits ranging from digestive
to immune modulation. These compounds have antioxidant, chemoprotective, anti-diabetic,
anti-bacterial, anti-plasmodial and anti-fungal activities. Papaya aqueous leaf extract was
evaluated for immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities through cytokine modulation
with Th1 type shift in human immune system through molecular studies. The platelet augmenting
potential of aqueous leaf extract has been reported in numerous clinical studies and
deserves special mention.
Objective:
The scientific knowledge of carica papaya in the post-genomic era including molecular
studies and clinical trials is discussed in the review.
Methods:
The published literature on botany, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology,
and uses of papaya in food and medical industry was searched through databases like Pub-
Med, Scopus, and Google scholar to comprehend the benefits of Carica papaya for human
use with around more than 600 published peer- reviewed papers.
Results:
Many traditional and novel uses of Carica papaya for the human benefit are detailed
in the review that significantly adds to the scientific knowledge of curious readers.
Conclusion:
Each component of the papaya plant is rich in phytochemicals and is economically
important. Most of the phytochemicals are linked to biological functions and influence
a variety of cellular processes; hence they have implications in refining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Heena
- Directorate of Research & Innovation, Nirma University, Ahmedabad - 382 481, India
| | - Trivedi Sunil
- FRIGE's Institute of Human Genetics, Ahmedabad - 380015, India
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Mahomoodally MF, Protab K, Aumeeruddy MZ. Medicinal plants brought by Indian indentured immigrants: A comparative review of ethnopharmacological uses between Mauritius and India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 234:245-289. [PMID: 30658182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mauritius is famous for its floricultural diversity and traditions practiced across the island by various ethnic groups. During the British rule in the 1835s, Indian indentured labourers migrated to Mauritius and played a very important role in shaping the Mauritian culture. They brought along their high heritage of traditional knowledge of certain medicinal herbs and spices. Nonetheless, there has been no comparative study to investigate whether these past traditional knowledge are still preserved in Mauritius and India. AIM OF THE STUDY To document and compare the traditional uses of medicinal herbs and spices brought by Indian indentured labourers with their current uses in Mauritius and India, and to review pharmacological studies of such plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locally published textbooks, research dissertations, and relevant records from the 'Mauritiana' section of the University of Mauritius library were scrutinised for possible early records of such herbs and spices brought by Indian indentured immigrants. Field trips and site visits to Mauritius Herbarium and The National Folk Museum were conducted to gather data on their traditional uses as practiced by the Indian indentured immigrants. A literature search was performed to gather the current ethnomedicinal uses of these plants in Mauritius and India using key databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed, as well as thesis from local university website. Pharmacological studies on these plants were also reviewed in an attempt to compare the ethnomedicinal uses against reported ailments. RESULTS Indian labourers brought 18 medicinal plants for medicinal purposes as documented at the folk museum of Indian Immigration. Piper betle L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., and Curcuma longa L. were common plants used by Indian indentured immigrants against a wide range of ailments. Data obtained from recent ethnomedicinal surveys revealed that A. indica and C. longa were the most traditionally used plants in India, while in Mauritius, C. longa was the most popular plant followed by Allium sativum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. It was also found that all these plants are currently being used against a wide range of diseases in both countries. In addition, several studies have highlighted the pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-pyretic, and anti-diabetic for some plants. CONCLUSION This investigation can be considered as a first attempt to document and compare traditional knowledge of medicinal plants brought by Indian immigrants. We observed that some of these knowledge are preserved and still practiced in Mauritius. It is anticipated that this study will revive the interest in safeguarding and promoting the ancestral knowledge on the uses of such plants.
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Teng WC, Chan W, Suwanarusk R, Ong A, Ho HK, Russell B, Rénia L, Koh HL. In vitro Antimalarial Evaluations and Cytotoxicity Investigations of Carica papaya Leaves and Carpaine. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1901400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimalarial property of Carica papaya L. leaf extracts and the cytotoxicity of active samples. C. papaya leaves were extracted and screened against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out. The dichloromethane extract of C. papaya leaves showed significant antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2. Successful bioassay-guided fractionation afforded a fraction three to seven times more active than the dichloromethane extract. Carpaine was isolated from the most active alkaloidal extract and identified in the active fraction and dichloromethane leaf extract. The cytotoxicity of active samples was evaluated against NL20 cells. A haemolysis assay was performed on carpaine. Carpaine exhibited good activity against both strains of P. falciparum with IC50 of 2.01 ± 0.18 μg/mL (4.21 μM) and 2.19 ± 0.60 μg/mL (4.57 μM) against 3D7 and Dd2 strains respectively. It exhibited high selectivity for the parasite and was non-toxic to healthy uninfected human red blood cells. This is the first study investigating the haemolysis potential of carpaine. The results provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of C. papaya leaves for malaria treatment. More work is required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of carpaine for further development into potential new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Chien Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Alice Ong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Han-Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Hwee-Ling Koh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Saliasi I, Llodra JC, Bravo M, Tramini P, Dussart C, Viennot S, Carrouel F. Effect of a Toothpaste/Mouthwash Containing Carica papaya Leaf Extract on Interdental Gingival Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122660. [PMID: 30486374 PMCID: PMC6313435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clinical research on herbal-based dentifrice +/− mouth rinse products is very limited compared with the plethora of research on conventional oral care products under normal oral hygiene conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel plant Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) on interdental bleeding in healthy subjects. In this randomized, single-blind parallel-design study, the eligible subjects were generally healthy non-smokers, aged 18–26, who exhibited healthy periodontal conditions upon study entry. The participants were equally randomized into the following four groups: CPLE dentifrice, CPLE dentifrice and mouthwash, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free enzyme-containing dentifrice and SLS-free enzyme-containing dentifrice with essential oil (EO) mouthwash. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day without changing their other brushing habits. Interdental bleeding (BOIP) was measured from inclusion (T0) until the fourth week (T4) of the study. Clinical efficacy was assessed after one, two, three and four weeks of home use. The analyses compared BOIP between groups and were then restricted to participants with ≥70% and then ≥80% bleeding sites at T0. Pairwise comparisons between groups were performed at T0 and T4, and a logistic regression identified correlates of gingival bleeding (T4). Among 100 subjects (2273 interdental sites), the median percentage of bleeding sites per participant at T0 was 65%. The bleeding sites dramatically decreased in all groups between T0 and T4 (relative variations from −54% to −75%, p < 0.01 for all). Gingival bleeding did not significantly differ between the CPLE dentifrice and the SLS-free dentifrice +/− EO mouthwash groups (from p = 0.05 to p = 0.86), regardless of the baseline risk level. Among the CPLE dentifrice users, fewer bleeding sites were observed when toothpaste and mouthwash were combined compared to bleeding sites in those who used toothpaste alone (21% vs. 32%, p = 0.04). CPLE dentifrice/mouthwash provides an efficacious and natural alternative to SLS-free dentifrice +/−EO-containing mouthwash when used as an adjunct to mechanical oral care to reduce interdental gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Saliasi
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain.
| | - Paul Tramini
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Stéphane Viennot
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory "Systemic Health Care", EA4129, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Novel and classical renal biomarkers as evidence for the nephroprotective effect of Carica papaya leaf extract. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181187. [PMID: 30206132 PMCID: PMC6147914 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed at utilization of novel and classical kidney function biomarkers to evaluate the nephroprotective potential of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in gentamicin nephrotoxicity model in albino rats. The used classical biomarkers were urea and creatinine; while the new biomarkers were Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Clusterin. Forty-five male albino rats were assigned into five groups and subjected to different treatments for nine consecutive days (vehicles; gentamicin, 100 mg/kg, subcutaneously; ascorbic acid, 200 mg/kg, orally; CPLE, 150 and 300 mg/kg b wt., orally). Three rats/group were killed on days 3, 6, and 9 for blood and tissue samples for renal and oxidation markers. Gentamicin resulted in significant increase in urea and creatinine only by the end of the experimental course; while the novel biomarkers were evident as early as 3 days upon gentamicin injection. When concurrently administered with gentamicin, CPLE significantly protected kidney tissues against gentamicin nephrotoxic effects indicated by decrement of both the novel and the classical standard biomarkers, in a dose-dependent manner. CPLE-mediated protection was attributed to its antioxidant potential indicated by significant inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both serum and kidney homogenates. The results were further supported by histopathological examination that revealed considerable amelioration of the pathological microscopic alterations induced by repeated gentamicin injection. Phytochemical analysis of CPLE indicated presence of tannins and flavonoids. These data may suggest CPLE, based on improvement of both classical and novel renal markers, as a highly potent nephroprotective and antioxidant from natural source that could be a good remedy in conditions associated with renal disorders.
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Murugan K, Suresh U, Panneerselvam C, Rajaganesh R, Roni M, Aziz AT, Hwang JS, Sathishkumar K, Rajasekar A, Kumar S, Alarfaj AA, Higuchi A, Benelli G. Managing wastes as green resources: cigarette butt-synthesized pesticides are highly toxic to malaria vectors with little impact on predatory copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10456-10470. [PMID: 28913784 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel mosquito control tools is a key prerequisite to build effective and reliable Integrated Vector Management strategies. Here, we proposed a novel method using cigarette butts for the synthesis of Ag nanostructures toxic to young instars of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, chloroquine (CQ)-resistant malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and microbial pathogens. The non-target impact of these nanomaterials in the aquatic environment was evaluated testing them at sub-lethal doses on the predatory copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis. Cigarette butt-synthesized Ag nanostructures were characterized by UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as by EDX, SEM and XRD analyses. Low doses of cigarette butt extracts (with and without tobacco) showed larvicidal and pupicidal toxicity on An. stephensi. The LC50 of cigarette butt-synthesized Ag nanostructures ranged from 4.505 ppm (I instar larvae) to 8.070 ppm (pupae) using smoked cigarette butts with tobacco, and from 3.571 (I instar larvae) to 6.143 ppm (pupae) using unsmoked cigarette butts without tobacco. Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against adults showed that unsmoked cigarette butts-based coils led to mortality comparable to permethrin-based positive control (84.2 and 91.2%, respectively). A single treatment with cigarette butts extracts and Ag nanostructures significantly reduced egg hatchability of An. stephensi. Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of cigarette butt extracts (with and without tobacco) and synthesized Ag nanostructures was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of P. falciparum. The lowest IC50 values were achieved by cigarette butt extracts without tobacco, they were 54.63 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 63.26 μg/ml (CQ-r); while Ag nanostructure IC50 values were 72.13 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 77.33 μg/ml (CQ-r). In MIC assays, low doses of the Ag nanostructures inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. Finally, the predation efficiency of copepod M. aspericornis towards larvae of An. stephensi did not decrease in a nanoparticle-contaminated environment, if compared to control predation assays. Overall, the present research would suggest that an abundant hazardous waste, such as cigarette butts, can be turned to an important resource for nanosynthesis of highly effective antiplasmodials and insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Murugan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632 115, India
| | - Udaiyan Suresh
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | | | | | - Mathath Roni
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Al Thabiani Aziz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | | | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632 115, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 23, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
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Suleman S, Beyene Tufa T, Kebebe D, Belew S, Mekonnen Y, Gashe F, Mussa S, Wynendaele E, Duchateau L, De Spiegeleer B. Treatment of malaria and related symptoms using traditional herbal medicine in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:262-279. [PMID: 29102764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants have always been an integral part of different cultures in Ethiopia in the treatment of different illnesses including malaria and related symptoms. However, due to lack of proper documentation, urbanization, drought, acculturation and deforestation, there is an increased risk of losing this traditional knowledge. Hence, the use of the indigenous knowledge should be well documented and validated for potential future use. AIM OF THE STUDY To gather and document information on medicinal plants which are used in the traditional treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, an ethnomedicinal survey of plants was conducted in 17 districts of Jimma zone, the Oromia national regional state of Ethiopia. Jimma zone is malarious and rich in natural flora. A total of 115 traditional healers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire containing personal data of the respondents, and information on medicinal plants used to treat malaria and related symptoms. In addition, a literature search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and HINARI was conducted on the indigenous use, in-vitro/in-vivo anti-malarial activity reports, and the chemical characterization of medicinal plants of Ethiopia used against malaria. RESULTS From ethnomedicinal survey, a total of 28 species of plants used in the traditional treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Jimma Zone were collected, identified and documented. In addition, the literature search revealed that 124 medicinal plant species were reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. From both ethnomedicinal survey and the literature search, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most represented families and Allium sativum L., Carica papaya L., Vernonia amygdalina Del., Lepidium sativum L. and Croton macrostachyus Del. were the most frequently reported plant species for their anti-malarial use. The dominant plant parts used in the preparation of remedies were leaves. About 54% of the medicinal plants documented in the survey have been reported as an anti-malarial plant in the literature search. Furthermore, the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity reports of extracts from some of plant species were found to support the traditional claim of the documented plants. Moreover, literatures indicate that several secondary metabolites isolated from certain plant species that are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia demonstrate strong anti-plasmodial activity. CONCLUSIONS The result of the current study showed that traditional knowledge is still playing an important role in the management of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia. Allium sativum L., Carica papaya L., Vernonia amygdalina Del., and Lepidium sativum L. are the most commonly reported species as anti-malarial plants and the traditional claim of some species was supported by known anti-plasmodial activity and bioactivity reports. The finding of this study is important in the rational prioritization of plant species which are potentially used for investigating new compounds, which could be efficacious for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Sileshi Belew
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yimer Mekonnen
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Fanta Gashe
- School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Seid Mussa
- School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Zeleke G, Kebebe D, Mulisa E, Gashe F. In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of the Solvent Fractions of Fruit Rind and Root of Carica papaya Linn (Caricaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice. J Parasitol Res 2017; 2017:3121050. [PMID: 29391947 PMCID: PMC5748150 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, antimalarial drug resistance poses a serious challenge. This stresses the need for newer antimalarial compounds. Carica papaya is used traditionally and showed in vitro antimalarial activity. This study attempted to evaluate in vivo antimalarial activity of C. papaya in mice. METHODS In vivo antimalarial activity of solvent fractions of the plant was carried out against early P. berghei infection in mice. Parasitemia, temperature, PCV, and body weight of mice were recorded. Windows SPSS version 16 (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test) was used for data analysis. RESULTS The pet ether and chloroform fractions of C. papaya fruit rind and root produced a significant (p < 0.001) chemosuppressive effect. A maximum parasite suppression of 61.78% was produced by pet ether fraction of C. papaya fruit rind in the highest dose (400 mg/kg/day). Only 400 mg/kg/day dose of chloroform fraction of C. papaya root exhibited a parasite suppression effect (48.11%). But, methanol fraction of the plant parts produced less chemosuppressive effect. CONCLUSION Pet ether fraction of C. papaya fruit rind had the highest antimalarial activity and could be a potential source of lead compound. Further study should be done to show the chemical and metabolomic profile of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Zeleke
- Pharmacology Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Pharmaceutics Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Mulisa
- Pharmacology Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Fanta Gashe
- Pharmaceutics Course Team, School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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New Cassane Diterpenoids from Caesalpinia sappan and their Antiplasmodial Activity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101751. [PMID: 29039768 PMCID: PMC6151731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One new cassane diterpene possessing an unusual N bridge between C-19 and C-20 named caesalsappanin R (1), as well as another new diterpene caesalsappanin S (2), were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan with methanol extract. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and examined alongside existing data from prior studies. Their biological activities were profiled by their antiplasmodial activity.
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Inam A, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Shahid H, Shahid K, Javeed A. Carica papaya ameliorates allergic asthma via down regulation of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and iNOS levels. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 32:1-7. [PMID: 28732802 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products have a prime importance as an essential source for new drug discovery. Carica papaya leaves (CPL) have been used to treat inflammation in traditional system of medicine. AIM/HYPOTHESIS Current study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CPL extract using mouse model of ovalbumin- (OVA) induced allergic asthma. METHODS All the mice were intraperitoneally sensitized and subsequently given intranasal challenge with OVA except the control group. Group-III and -IV were treated for seven consecutive days with CPL extract and methylprednisolone (MP), respectively. At the end of study, histopathological examination of the lungs was performed and inflammatory cell counts were done in blood as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The mRNA expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and iNOS were measured using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Results showed significant attenuation of lung infiltration of inflammatory cells, alveolar thickening, and goblet cell hyperplasia after treatment with CPL extract. We also found significant suppression of total and differential leukocyte counts in both blood and BALF samples of CPL extract treated group. CPL extract also alleviated the expression levels of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and iNOS. Similarly, treatment with MP, used as a reference drug, also significantly ameliorated all the pro-inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Current study shows that CPL extract possesses anti-inflammatory effect in mouse model of allergic airway inflammation by down-regulating IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and iNOS expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Inam
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Arham Shabbir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hira Shahid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Shahid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Pandey S, Walpole C, Cabot PJ, Shaw PN, Batra J, Hewavitharana AK. Selective anti-proliferative activities of Carica papaya leaf juice extracts against prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:515-523. [PMID: 28249253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in men. Carica papaya is a popular tropical plant that has been traditionally used for its nutritional and medicinal properties. METHODS We investigated the anti-proliferative responses of papaya leaf juice (LJP) and its various extracts ("biological"- in vitro digested, "physical"- size exclusion, and "chemical"-solvent extraction) on a range of cell lines representing benign hyperplasia, tumorigenic and normal cells of prostate origin. RESULTS Time course analysis (by 24h, 48h and 72h) of LJP (1-0.1mg/mL) before and after in vitro digestion, and of molecular weight based fractions of LJP showed anti-proliferative responses. The medium polarity fraction of LJP (0.03-0.003mg/mL) after 72h exposure showed potent growth inhibitory (IC50=0.02-0.07mg/mL) and cytotoxic activities on all prostate cells, with the exception of the normal (RWPE-1 and WPMY-1) cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as a possible mechanism for these activities. Medium polar fraction of LJP also inhibited migration and adhesion of metastatic PC-3 cells. CONCLUSION This is the first report suggesting selective anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic attributes of LJP extract against prostatic diseases, including PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carina Walpole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Pandey S, Cabot PJ, Shaw PN, Hewavitharana AK. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of Carica papaya. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:590-602. [PMID: 27416522 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1149528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked with the generation and progression of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory drugs therefore have the potential to assist in the treatment of these conditions. Carica papaya is a tropical plant that is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments including inflammatory conditions. A literature search was conducted by using the keywords "papaya", "anti-inflammatory and inflammation" and "immunomodulation and immune" along with cross-referencing. Both in vitro and in vivo investigation studies were included. This is a review of all studies published since 2000 on the anti-inflammatory activity of papaya extracts and their effects on various immune-inflammatory mediators. Studies on the anti-inflammatory activities of recognized phytochemicals present in papaya are also included. Although in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that papaya extracts and papaya-associated phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, clinical studies are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - P Nicholas Shaw
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Oliveira DR, Krettli AU, Aguiar ACC, Leitão GG, Vieira MN, Martins KS, Leitão SG. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used against malaria by quilombola communities from Oriximiná, Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:424-34. [PMID: 26231451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in the world, including in the Amazon region, due to its high incidence. In addition, malaria is difficult to control because of the geographical characteristics of the endemic Amazon region. The quilombola communities of Oriximina, located in remote rainforest areas, have extensive experience with medicinal plants due to their close contact with and dependence on local biodiversity as a therapeutic resource. To search for active bioproducts against malaria, based on in vitro tests using blood culture-derived parasites and plants selected by an ethno-directed approach in traditional quilombola communities of Oriximiná, in the Amazon region of Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical data were collected from 35 informants in the quilombola communities of Oriximiná, Brazil, by a free-listing method for the survey of species locally indicated to be effective against malaria and related symptoms. Data were analyzed by salience index (S) and major use agreement. The activity of extracts from 11 plants, selected based on their Salience values (four plants with S>1; seven plants with S<0.1), was measured in vitro in cultures of W2 clone Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to chloroquine. RESULTS Thirty-five ethnospecies comprising 40 different plants belonging to 23 botanical families and 37 genera were listed as antimalarials by the ethno-directed approach. Among these, 11 species selected based on their S values were assayed against P. falciparum. The most active plant extracts, with an IC50 as low as 1.6μg/mL, were obtained from Aspidosperma rigidum (Apocynaceae), Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) and Simaba cedron (Simaroubaceae), all of which displayed an S value>1. CONCLUSION A strong correlation between the consensus of the informants from quilombola communities living in a malaria endemic area and the salience index indicating antiplasmodial activity was observed, where the ethnospecies mostly cited to be effective against malaria produced the most active plant extracts in vitro. It was also evident from the data that these groups approached the treatment of malaria with an holistic view, making use of purgative, depurative, emetic and adaptogen plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo R Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Antoniana U Krettli
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Malaria, FIOCRUZ, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Av. Alfredo Balena, Pós Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilda G Leitão
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana N Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karine S Martins
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana G Leitão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A 2° andar, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Julianti T, De Mieri M, Zimmermann S, Ebrahimi SN, Kaiser M, Neuburger M, Raith M, Brun R, Hamburger M. HPLC-based activity profiling for antiplasmodial compounds in the traditional Indonesian medicinal plant Carica papaya L. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:426-434. [PMID: 24892830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leaf decoctions of Carica papaya have been traditionally used in some parts of Indonesia to treat and prevent malaria. Leaf extracts and fraction have been previously shown to possess antiplasmodial activity in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiplasmodial activity of extracts was confirmed and the active fractions in the extract were identified by HPLC-based activity profiling, a gradient HPLC fractionation of a single injection of the extract, followed by offline bioassay of the obtained microfractions. For preparative isolation of compounds, an alkaloidal fraction was obtained via adsorption on cationic ion exchange resin. Active compounds were purified by HPLC-MS and MPLC-ELSD. Structures were established by HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. For compounds 5 and 7 absolute configuration was confirmed by comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy data, and by X-ray crystallography. Compounds were tested for bioactivity in vitro against four parasites (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum), and in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model. RESULTS Profiling indicated flavonoids and alkaloids in the active time windows. A total of nine compounds were isolated. Four were known flavonols--manghaslin, clitorin, rutin, and nicotiflorin. Five compounds isolated from the alkaloidal fraction were piperidine alkaloids. Compounds 5 and 6 were inactive carpamic acid and methyl carpamate, while three alkaloids 7-9 showed high antiplasmodial activity and low cytotoxicity. When tested in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model, carpaine (7) did not increase the survival time of animals. CONCLUSIONS The antiplasmodial activity of papaya leaves could be linked to alkaloids. Among these, carpaine was highly active and selective in vitro. The high in vitro activity could not be substantiated with the in vivo murine model. Further investigations are needed to clarify the divergence between our negative in vivo results for carpaine, and previous reports of in vivo activity with papaya leaf extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasqiah Julianti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jakarta 12640, Indonesia
| | - Maria De Mieri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Zimmermann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Samad N Ebrahimi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland; Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Raith
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel 4056, Switzerland.
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Al-Abd NM, Nor ZM, Al-Adhroey AH, Suhaimi A, Sivanandam S. Recent advances on the use of biochemical extracts as filaricidal agents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:986573. [PMID: 24298292 PMCID: PMC3835708 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that causes a devastating public health and socioeconomic burden with an estimated infection of over 120 million individuals worldwide. The infection is caused by three closely related nematode parasites, namely, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori, which are transmitted to human through mosquitoes of Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes genera. The species have many ecological variants and are diversified in terms of their genetic fingerprint. The rapid spread of the disease and the genetic diversification cause the lymphatic filarial parasites to respond differently to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This in turn prompts the current challenge encountered in its management. Furthermore, most of the chemical medications used are characterized by adverse side effects. These complications urgently warrant intense prospecting on bio-chemicals that have potent efficacy against either the filarial worms or thier vector. In lieu of this, we presented a review on recent literature that reported the efficacy of filaricidal biochemicals and those employed as vector control agents. In addition, methods used for biochemical extraction, screening procedures, and structure of the bioactive compounds were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeh M. Al-Abd
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zurainee Mohamed Nor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abdulelah H. Al-Adhroey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anwar Suhaimi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S. Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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