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Qiu M, Tulufu N, Tang G, Ye W, Qi J, Deng L, Li C. Black Phosphorus Accelerates Bone Regeneration Based on Immunoregulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304824. [PMID: 37953457 PMCID: PMC10767454 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of inflammation and tissue healing suggests that the precise regulation of the inflammatory phase, both in terms of location and timing, is crucial for bone regeneration. However, achieving the activation of early inflammation without causing chronic inflammation while facilitating quick inflammation regression to promote bone regeneration continues to pose challenges. This study reveals that black phosphorus (BP) accelerates bone regeneration by building an osteogenic immunological microenvironment. BP amplifies the acute pro-inflammatory response and promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors to accelerate inflammation regression and tissue regeneration. Mechanistically, BP creates an osteoimmune-friendly microenvironment by stimulating macrophages to express interleukin 33 (IL-33), amplifying the inflammatory response at an early stage, and promoting the regression of inflammation. In addition, BP-mediated IL-33 expression directly promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which further facilitates bone repair. To the knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the immunomodulatory potential of BP in bone regeneration through the regulation of both early-stage inflammatory responses and later-stage inflammation resolution, along with the associated molecular mechanisms. This discovery serves as a foundation for the clinical use of BP and is an efficient approach for managing the immune microenvironment during bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Qiu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Nijiati Tulufu
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University388 Zuchongzhi RoadKunshan CityJiangsu Province215300P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Ye
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of OrthopaedicsShanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint DiseasesShanghai Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsRuijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine197 Ruijin 2nd RoadShanghai200025P. R. China
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Qiu M, Li C, Cai Z, Li C, Yang K, Tulufu N, Chen B, Cheng L, Zhuang C, Liu Z, Qi J, Cui W, Deng L. 3D Biomimetic Calcified Cartilaginous Callus that Induces Type H Vessels Formation and Osteoclastogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207089. [PMID: 36999832 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a calcified cartilaginous callus (CACC) is crucial during bone repair. CACC can stimulate the invasion of type H vessels into the callus to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis, induce osteoclastogenesis to resorb the calcified matrix, and promote osteoclast secretion of factors to enhance osteogenesis, ultimately achieving the replacement of cartilage with bone. In this study, a porous polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite-iminodiacetic acid-deferoxamine (PCL/HA-SF-DFO) 3D biomimetic CACC is developed using 3D printing. The porous structure can mimic the pores formed by the matrix metalloproteinase degradation of the cartilaginous matrix, HA-containing PCL can mimic the calcified cartilaginous matrix, and SF anchors DFO onto HA for the slow release of DFO. The in vitro results show that the scaffold significantly enhances angiogenesis, promotes osteoclastogenesis and resorption by osteoclasts, and enhances the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells by promoting collagen triple helix repeat-containing 1 expression by osteoclasts. The in vivo results show that the scaffold significantly promotes type H vessels formation and the expression of coupling factors to promote osteogenesis, ultimately enhancing the regeneration of large-segment bone defects in rats and preventing dislodging of the internal fixation screw. In conclusion, the scaffold inspired by biological bone repair processes effectively promotes bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Cuidi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Nijiati Tulufu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Lianfu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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Trifloroside Induces Bioactive Effects on Differentiation, Adhesion, Migration, and Mineralization in Pre-Osteoblast MC3T3E-1 Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233887. [PMID: 36497145 PMCID: PMC9738977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentianae Scabrae Radix is used in traditional medicine and is known to possess bioactive compounds, including secoiridoid glycosides, flavonoids, lignans, and triterpenes. Trifloroside (TriFs) is a secoiridoid glycoside known for its antioxidant activity; however, its other effects have not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the biological effects of TriFs isolated from the roots of Gentianae Scabrae Radix using pre-osteoblast MC3T3E-1 cells. No cellular toxicity was observed with 1 μM TriFs, whereas 5-100 μM TriFs showed a gradual increase in cell viability. Alkaline phosphatase staining and microscopic observations revealed that 1-10 μM TriFs stimulated osteogenic activity during early osteoblast differentiation. Trifloroside also increased mineral apposition during osteoblast maturation. Biochemical analyses revealed that TriFs promoted nuclear RUNX2 expression and localization by stimulating the major osteogenic BMP2-Smad1/5/8-RUNX2 pathway. Trifloroside also increased p-GSK3β, β-catenin, p-JNK, and p-p38, but not Wnt3a, p-AKT, and p-ERK. Moreover, TriFs increased the MMP13 levels and promoted cell migration and adhesion. In contrast, TriFs-induced osteoblast differentiation and maturation had negligible effects on autophagy and necrosis. Our findings suggest that TriFs induces osteogenic effects through differentiation, adhesion, migration, and mineral apposition. Therefore, TriFs is suggested as a potential drug target in osteoblast-mediated bone diseases.
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Effects of Triterpene Soyasapogenol B from Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) on Differentiation, Mineralization, Autophagy, and Necroptosis in Pre-Osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158297. [PMID: 35955423 PMCID: PMC9368047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes are a diverse group of natural compounds found in plants. Soyasapogenol B (SoyB) from Arachis hypogaea (peanut) has various pharmacological properties. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of SoyB in bone-forming cells. In the present study, 1–20 μM of SoyB showed no cell proliferation effects, whereas 30–100 μM of SoyB increased cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. Next, osteoblast differentiation was analyzed, and it was found that SoyB enhanced ALP staining and activity and bone mineralization. SoyB also induced RUNX2 expression in the nucleus with the increased phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and JNK2 during osteoblast differentiation. In addition, SoyB-mediated osteoblast differentiation was not associated with autophagy and necroptosis. Furthermore, SoyB increased the rate of cell migration and adhesion with the upregulation of MMP13 levels during osteoblast differentiation. The findings of this study provide new evidence that SoyB possesses biological effects in bone-forming cells and suggest a potentially beneficial role for peanut-based foods.
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Park KR, Kim B, Lee JY, Moon HJ, Kwon IK, Yun HM. Effects of Scoparone on differentiation, adhesion, migration, autophagy and mineralization through the osteogenic signalling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4520-4529. [PMID: 35796406 PMCID: PMC9357629 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoparone (SCOP), an active and efficient coumarin compound derived from Artemisia capillaris Thunb, has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Herein, we investigated the effects of SCOP on the osteogenic processes using MC3T3‐E1 pre‐osteoblasts in in vitro cell systems. SCOP (C11H10O4, > 99.17%) was purified and identified from A. capillaries. SCOP (0.1 to 100 μM concentrations) did not have cytotoxic effects in pre‐osteoblasts; however, it promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity, and mineralized nodule formation under early and late osteogenic induction. SCOP elevated osteogenic signals through the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)‐Smad1/5/8 pathway, leading to the increased expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) with its target protein, matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13). SCOP also induced the non‐canonical BMP2‐MAPKs pathway, but not the Wnt3a‐β‐catenin pathway. Moreover, SCOP promoted autophagy, migration and adhesion under the osteogenic induction. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that SCOP has osteogenic effects associated with cell differentiation, adhesion, migration, autophagy and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ran Park
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Joon Yeop Lee
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Moon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Medical Device Research Center, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Duncan HF, Kobayashi Y, Yamauchi Y, Quispe-Salcedo A, Chao Feng Z, Huang J, Partridge NC, Nakatani T, D’Armiento J, Shimizu E. The Critical Role of MMP13 in Regulating Tooth Development and Reactionary Dentinogenesis Repair Through the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883266. [PMID: 35531096 PMCID: PMC9068941 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) is important for bone formation and remodeling; however, its role in tooth development remains unknown. To investigate this, MMP13-knockout (Mmp13−/−) mice were used to analyze phenotypic changes in the dentin–pulp complex, mineralization-associated marker-expression, and mechanistic interactions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated high MMP13-expression in pulp-tissue, ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and dentin in developing WT-molars, which reduced in adults, with human-DPC cultures demonstrating a >2000-fold increase in Mmp13-expression during mineralization. Morphologically, Mmp13−/− molars displayed critical alterations in the dentin-phenotype, affecting dentin-tubule regularity, the odontoblast-palisade and predentin-definition with significantly reduced dentin volume (∼30% incisor; 13% molar), and enamel and dentin mineral-density. Reactionary-tertiary-dentin in response to injury was reduced at Mmp13−/− molar cusp-tips but with significantly more dystrophic pulpal mineralization in MMP13-null samples. Odontoblast differentiation-markers, nestin and DSP, reduced in expression after MMP13-loss in vivo, with reduced calcium deposition in MMP13-null DPC cultures. RNA-sequencing analysis of WT and Mmp13−/− pulp highlighted 5,020 transcripts to have significantly >2.0-fold change, with pathway-analysis indicating downregulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway, supported by reduced in vivo expression of the Wnt-responsive gene Axin2. Mmp13 interaction with Axin2 could be partly responsible for the loss of odontoblastic activity and alteration to the tooth phenotype and volume which is evident in this study. Overall, our novel findings indicate MMP13 as critical for tooth development and mineralization processes, highlighting mechanistic interaction with the Wnt-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Henry F. Duncan, ; Emi Shimizu,
| | - Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yukako Yamauchi
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Zhi Chao Feng
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Nicola C. Partridge
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teruyo Nakatani
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeanine D’Armiento
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Henry F. Duncan, ; Emi Shimizu,
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Park KR, Kwon YJ, Jeong YH, Hong JT, Yun HM. Thelephoric acid, p-terphenyl, induces bone-forming activities in pre-osteoblasts. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Liu R, Imangali N, Ethiraj LP, Carney TJ, Winkler C. Transcriptome Profiling of Osteoblasts in a Medaka ( Oryzias latipes) Osteoporosis Model Identifies Mmp13b as Crucial for Osteoclast Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:775512. [PMID: 35281094 PMCID: PMC8911226 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.775512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) play crucial roles in extracellular matrix (ECM) modulation during osteoclast-driven bone remodeling. In the present study, we used transcriptome profiling of bone cells in a medaka model for osteoporosis and bone regeneration to identify factors critical for bone remodeling and homeostasis. This identified mmp13b, which was strongly expressed in osteoblast progenitors and upregulated under osteoporotic conditions and during regeneration of bony fin rays. To characterize the role of mmp13b in bone remodeling, we generated medaka mmp13b mutants by CRISPR/Cas9. We found that mmp13b mutants form normal numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, osteoclast activity was severely impaired under osteoporotic conditions. In mmp13b mutants and embryos treated with the MMP13 inhibitor CL-82198, unmineralized collagens and mineralized bone matrix failed to be degraded. In addition, the dynamic migratory behavior of activated osteoclasts was severely affected in mmp13b mutants. Expression analysis showed that maturation genes were downregulated in mmp13b deficient osteoclasts suggesting that they remain in an immature and non-activated state. We also found that fin regeneration was delayed in mmp13b mutants with a concomitant alteration of the ECM and reduced numbers of osteoblast progenitors in regenerating joint regions. Together, our findings suggest that osteoblast-derived Mmp13b alters the bone ECM to allow the maturation and activation of osteoclasts during bone remodeling in a paracrine manner. Mmp13b-induced ECM alterations are also required to facilitate osteoblast progenitor recruitment and full regeneration of bony fin rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lalith Prabha Ethiraj
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tom James Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Long non-coding RNA HCAR promotes endochondral bone repair by upregulating VEGF and MMP13 in hypertrophic chondrocyte through sponging miR-15b-5p. Genes Dis 2022; 9:456-465. [PMID: 35224160 PMCID: PMC8843884 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is an important route for bone repair. Although emerging evidence has revealed the functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in bone and cartilage development, the effect of lncRNAs in endochondral bone repair is still largely unknown. Here, we identified a lncRNA, named Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Angiogenesis-related lncRNA (HCAR), and proved it to promote the endochondral bone repair by upregulating the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13) and vascular endothelial growth factor α (Vegfa) in hypertrophic chondrocytes. Lnc-HCAR knockdown in hypertrophic chondrocytes restrained the cartilage matrix remodeling and decrease the CD31hiEmcnhi vessels number in a bone repair model. Mechanistically, we proved that lnc-HCAR was mainly enriched in the cytoplasm using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, and it acted as a molecular sponge for miR-15b-5p. Further, in hypertrophic chondrocytes, lnc-HCAR competitively bound to miR-15b-5p to increase Vegfa and Mmp13 expression. Our results proved that lncRNA is deeply involved in endochondral bone repair, which will provide a new theoretical basis for future strategies for promoting fracture healing.
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Hardy E, Fernandez-Patron C. Destroy to Rebuild: The Connection Between Bone Tissue Remodeling and Matrix Metalloproteinases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32116759 PMCID: PMC7013034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic organ that undergoes constant remodeling, an energetically costly process by which old bone is replaced and localized bone defects are repaired to renew the skeleton over time, thereby maintaining skeletal health. This review provides a general overview of bone’s main players (bone lining cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts, reversal cells, and osteoblasts) that participate in bone remodeling. Placing emphasis on the family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we describe how: (i) Convergence of multiple protease families (including MMPs and cysteine proteinases) ensures complexity and robustness of the bone remodeling process, (ii) Enzymatic activity of MMPs affects bone physiology at the molecular and cellular levels and (iii) Either overexpression or deficiency/insufficiency of individual MMPs impairs healthy bone remodeling and systemic metabolism. Today, it is generally accepted that proteolytic activity is required for the degradation of bone tissue in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. However, it is increasingly evident that inactivating mutations in MMP genes can also lead to bone pathology including osteolysis and metabolic abnormalities such as delayed growth. We argue that there remains a need to rethink the role played by proteases in bone physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between cariogenic bacterial infection and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes associated with dental caries, and to explore the factors related to caries in children. STUDY DESIGN Children aged 3 to 11 years were selected. Detection of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus) from the plaque of each patient, and SNP analyses of five candidate genes (MBL2, TAS2R38, GLUT2, MMP13 and CA6) were performed using DNA isolated from buccal mucosal cells. The dental caries experience in primary and permanent teeth was determined using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, and the effects of the observed factors on the DMFT value were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the DMFT value significantly increased in the presence of S. mutans or S. sobrinus (p < 0.001), while the dmft/DMFT value decreased in the presence of nucleobase C in MBL2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the MBL2 gene is related to the pathogenesis of dental caries.
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Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Bone Resorption, Remodeling, and Repair. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:203-303. [PMID: 28662823 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the major protease family responsible for the cleavage of the matrisome (global composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteome) and proteins unrelated to the ECM, generating bioactive molecules. These proteins drive ECM remodeling, in association with tissue-specific and cell-anchored inhibitors (TIMPs and RECK, respectively). In the bone, the ECM mediates cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, nucleation of mineralization, and the immobilization of growth factors to protect them from damage or degradation. Since the first description of an MMP in bone tissue, many other MMPs have been identified, as well as their inhibitors. Numerous functions have been assigned to these proteins, including osteoblast/osteocyte differentiation, bone formation, solubilization of the osteoid during bone resorption, osteoclast recruitment and migration, and as a coupling factor in bone remodeling under physiological conditions. In turn, a number of pathologies, associated with imbalanced bone remodeling, arise mainly from MMP overexpression and abnormalities of the ECM, leading to bone osteolysis or bone formation. In this review, we will discuss the functions of MMPs and their inhibitors in bone cells, during bone remodeling, pathological bone resorption (osteoporosis and bone metastasis), bone repair/regeneration, and emergent roles in bone bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiucia B S Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction (LabMec), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (InMetro), Bioengineering Laboratory, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; Fluminense Federal University, Dental School, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJP, Partridge NC, Shimizu E, Moran GP, Cooper PR. The Histone-Deacetylase-Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Promotes Dental Pulp Repair Mechanisms Through Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 Activity. J Cell Physiol 2017; 231:798-816. [PMID: 26264761 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct application of histone-deacetylase-inhibitors (HDACis) to dental pulp cells (DPCs) induces chromatin changes, promoting gene expression and cellular-reparative events. We have previously demonstrated that HDACis (valproic acid, trichostatin A) increase mineralization in dental papillae-derived cell-lines and primary DPCs by stimulation of dentinogenic gene expression. Here, we investigated novel genes regulated by the HDACi, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), to identify new pathways contributing to DPC differentiation. SAHA significantly compromised DPC viability only at relatively high concentrations (5 μM); while low concentrations (1 μM) SAHA did not increase apoptosis. HDACi-exposure for 24 h induced mineralization-per-cell dose-dependently after 2 weeks; however, constant 14d SAHA-exposure inhibited mineralization. Microarray analysis (24 h and 14 days) of SAHA exposed cultures highlighted that 764 transcripts showed a significant >2.0-fold change at 24 h, which reduced to 36 genes at 14 days. 59% of genes were down-regulated at 24 h and 36% at 14 days, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated SAHA increased expression of members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Furthermore, SAHA-supplementation increased MMP-13 protein expression (7 d, 14 days) and enzyme activity (48 h, 14 days). Selective MMP-13-inhibition (MMP-13i) dose-dependently accelerated mineralization in both SAHA-treated and non-treated cultures. MMP-13i-supplementation promoted expression of several mineralization-associated markers, however, HDACi-induced cell migration and wound healing were impaired. Data demonstrate that short-term low-dose SAHA-exposure promotes mineralization in DPCs by modulating gene pathways and tissue proteases. MMP-13i further increased mineralization-associated events, but decreased HDACi cell migration indicating a specific role for MMP-13 in pulpal repair processes. Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC and MMP may provide novel insights into pulpal repair processes with significant translational benefit. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 798-816, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anthony J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Garry J P Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York
| | - Gary P Moran
- Division of Oral Biosciences, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Spieker J, Mudersbach T, Vogel-Höpker A, Layer PG. Endochondral Ossification Is Accelerated in Cholinesterase-Deficient Mice and in Avian Mesenchymal Micromass Cultures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170252. [PMID: 28118357 PMCID: PMC5261733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most components of the cholinergic system are detected in skeletogenic cell types in vitro, yet the function of this system in skeletogenesis remains unclear. Here, we analyzed endochondral ossification in mutant murine fetuses, in which genes of the rate-limiting cholinergic enzymes acetyl- (AChE), or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), or both were deleted (called here A-B+, A+B-, A-B-, respectively). In all mutant embryos bone growth and cartilage remodeling into mineralizing bone were accelerated, as revealed by Alcian blue (A-blu) and Alizarin red (A-red) staining. In A+B- and A-B- onset of mineralization was observed before E13.5, about 2 days earlier than in wild type and A-B+ mice. In all mutants between E18.5 to birth A-blu staining disappeared from epiphyses prematurely. Instead, A-blu+ cells were dislocated into diaphyses, most pronounced so in A-B- mutants, indicating additive effects of both missing ChEs in A-B- mutant mice. The remodeling effects were supported by in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments performed on cryosections from A-B- mice, in which Ihh, Runx2, MMP-13, ALP, Col-II and Col-X were considerably decreased, or had disappeared between E18.5 and P0. With a second approach, we applied an improved in vitro micromass model from chicken limb buds that allowed histological distinction between areas of cartilage, apoptosis and mineralization. When treated with the AChE inhibitor BW284c51, or with nicotine, there was decrease in cartilage and accelerated mineralization, suggesting that these effects were mediated through nicotinic receptors (α7-nAChR). We conclude that due to absence of either one or both cholinesterases in KO mice, or inhibition of AChE in chicken micromass cultures, there is increase in cholinergic signalling, which leads to increased chondroblast production and premature mineralization, at the expense of incomplete chondrogenic differentiation. This emphasizes the importance of cholinergic signalling in cartilage and bone formation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholinesterase/deficiency
- Acetylcholinesterase/physiology
- Animals
- Apnea/physiopathology
- Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide/pharmacology
- Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide/toxicity
- Bone and Bones/embryology
- Bone and Bones/enzymology
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Butyrylcholinesterase/deficiency
- Butyrylcholinesterase/physiology
- Cartilage/embryology
- Cartilage/enzymology
- Cartilage/pathology
- Chick Embryo
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cholinesterase Inhibitors/toxicity
- Chondrogenesis/drug effects
- GPI-Linked Proteins/deficiency
- GPI-Linked Proteins/physiology
- Mesoderm/physiology
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nicotine/pharmacology
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Osteogenesis/physiology
- alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/drug effects
- alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Spieker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Mudersbach
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Astrid Vogel-Höpker
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul G. Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Houben A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Weissenböck M, Graf J, Teufel S, von der Mark K, Hartmann C. β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally orchestrates osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Development 2016; 143:3826-3838. [PMID: 27621061 PMCID: PMC5087647 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone formation is the last step in endochondral ossification. This remodeling process of cartilage into bone involves blood vessel invasion and removal of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HTCs) by chondroclasts and osteoclasts. Periosteal- and chondrocyte-derived osteoprogenitors utilize the leftover mineralized HTC matrix as a scaffold for primary spongiosa formation. Here, we show genetically that β-catenin (encoded by Ctnnb1), a key component of the canonical Wnt pathway, orchestrates this remodeling process at multiple levels. Conditional inactivation or stabilization of β-catenin in HTCs by a Col10a1-Cre line locally modulated osteoclastogenesis by altering the Rankl:Opg ratio in HTCs. Lack of β-catenin resulted in a severe decrease of trabecular bone in the embryonic long bones. Gain of β-catenin activity interfered with removal of late HTCs and bone marrow formation, leading to a continuous mineralized hypertrophic core in the embryo and resulting in an osteopetrotic-like phenotype in adult mice. Furthermore, β-catenin activity in late HTCs is required for chondrocyte-derived osteoblastogenesis at the chondro-osseous junction. The latter contributes to the severe trabecular bone phenotype in mutants lacking β-catenin activity in HTCs. Summary: The conditional modulation of β-catenin activity in late hypertrophic chondrocytes locally regulates osteoclast differentiation and the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Houben
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Martina Weissenböck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Graf
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Teufel
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine I, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Hurley MM, Adams DJ, Wang L, Jiang X, Burt PM, Du E, Xiao L. Accelerated fracture healing in transgenic mice overexpressing an anabolic isoform of fibroblast growth factor 2. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:599-611. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marja M. Hurley
- Department of Medicine; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Douglas J. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences; University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences; University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Patience Meo Burt
- Department of Medicine; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Erxia Du
- Department of Medicine; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
| | - Liping Xiao
- Department of Medicine; University of Connecticut School of Medicine, UCONN Health; Farmington Connecticut 06030-052
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17
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Altered heparan sulfate structure in Glce−/− mice leads to increased Hedgehog signaling in endochondral bones. Matrix Biol 2016; 49:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM. Bone tissue remodeling and development: Focus on matrix metalloproteinase functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:74-87. [PMID: 25157440 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sathyendra V, Donahue HJ, Vrana KE, Berg A, Fryzel D, Gandhi J, Reid JS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Osteogenic Genes in Atrophic Delayed Fracture-Healing: A Preliminary Investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:1242-1248. [PMID: 25100770 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED UpdateThis article was updated on September 10, 2014, because of a previous error. On page 1242, in the byline, and on page 1247, in the author addresses, the academic degree for Henry J. Donahue had previously read "MD." The degree now reads "PhD." BACKGROUND We propose that fracture-healing potential is affected by the patient's genome. This genotype is then phenotypically expressed by the patient at the time of injury. We examined the hypothesis that patients who exhibit delayed or impaired fracture-healing may have one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a series of genes related to bone formation. METHODS We performed a population-based, case-controlled study of delayed fracture-healing. Sixty-two adults with a long-bone fracture were identified from a surgical database. Thirty-three patients had an atrophic nonunion (delayed healing), and twenty-nine displayed normal fracture-healing. These patients underwent buccal mucosal cell harvesting. SNP genotyping was performed with use of bead array technology. One hundred and forty-four SNPs (selected from HapMap) within thirty genes associated with fracture-healing were investigated. Three SNPs did not segregate in the population and were excluded from the analysis. Eight of the remaining SNPs failed the test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p value smaller than the Bonferroni-corrected level of 0.05/141 = 0.000355) and were excluded. RESULTS Five SNPs on four genes were found to have a p value of <0.05 in the additive genetic model. Of these five significant SNPs, three had an odds ratio (OR) of >1, indicating that the presence of the allele increased the risk of nonunion. The rs2853550 SNP, which had the largest effect (OR = 5.9, p = 0.034), was on the IL1B gene, which codes for interleukin 1 beta. The rs2297514 SNP (OR = 3.98, p = 0.015) and the rs2248814 SNP (OR = 2.27, p = 0.038) were on the NOS2 gene coding for nitric oxide synthase. The remaining two SNPs had an OR of <1, indicating that the presence of the allele may be protective against nonunion. The rs3819089 SNP (OR = 0.26, p = 0.026) was on the MMP13 gene for matrix metallopeptidase 13, and the rs270393 SNP (OR = 0.30, p = 0.015) was on the BMP6 gene for bone morphogenetic protein 6. CONCLUSIONS Variations in the IL1B and NOS2 genes may contribute to delayed fracture-healing and warrant further investigation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Impaired fracture union may have genetic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sathyendra
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - Kent E Vrana
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - David Fryzel
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - Jonathan Gandhi
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
| | - J Spence Reid
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (V.S., H.J.D., D.F., J.G., and J.S.R.), Pharmacology (K.E.V.), and Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail address for J.S. Reid:
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20
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Alper M, Kockar F. IL-6 upregulates a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 2 (ADAMTS-2) in human osteosarcoma cells mediated by JNK pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:165-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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McDonald MM, Morse A, Mikulec K, Peacock L, Baldock PA, Kostenuik PJ, Little DG. Matrix metalloproteinase-driven endochondral fracture union proceeds independently of osteoclast activity. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1550-60. [PMID: 23408642 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As new insights into the complexities of endochondral fracture repair emerge, the temporal role of osteoclast activity remains ambiguous. With numerous antiresorptive agents available to treat bone disease, understanding their impact on bone repair is vital. Further, in light of recent work suggesting osteoclast activity may not be necessary during early endochondral fracture union, we hypothesize instead a pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secreting cells in driving this process. Although the role of MMPs in fracture healing has been examined, no directly comparative experiments exist. We examined a number of antiresorptive treatments to either block osteoclast activity, including the potent bisphosphonates zoledronic acid (ZA) and clodronate (CLOD), which work via differing mechanisms, or antagonize osteoclastogenesis with recombinant OPG (HuOPG-Fc), comparing these directly to an inhibitor of MMP activity (MMI270). Endochondral ossification to union occurred normally in all antiresorptive groups. In contrast, MMP inhibition greatly impaired endochondral union, significantly delaying cartilage callus removal. MMP inhibition also produced smaller, denser hard calluses. Hard callus remodeling was, as expected, delayed with ZA, CLOD, and OPG treatment at 4 and 6 weeks, resulting in larger, more mineralized calluses at 6 weeks. As a result of reduced hard callus turnover, bone formation was reduced with antiresorptive agents at these time points. These results confirm that the achievement of endochondral fracture union occurs independently of osteoclast activity. Alternatively, MMP secretion by invading cells is obligatory to endochondral union. This study provides new insight into cellular contributions to bone repair and may abate concerns regarding antiresorptive therapies impeding initial fracture union.
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Netsu T, Kondo N, Arai K, Ogose A, Endo N. Osteoconductive action of alendronate after implantation of beta tricalcium phosphate in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:609-18. [PMID: 22806136 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of alendronate on resorption of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bone formation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). After preparation of a model of AIA in rats (day 0), alendronate or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally once daily five times in a week. Cylindrical β-TCP was implanted into the rat femoral condyle on day 7. Rats were killed on days 12, 15, and 21, and specimens and serum samples were collected. Specimens were analyzed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) staining, immunohistochemistry of the ED1 protein, and in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled α1 chain of type I procollagen (COL1A1). Mineralized bone sections were analyzed by Villanueva bone stain. The serum osteocalcin level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Alendronate decreased the number of TRAP-positive cells attached to β-TCP, the numbers of ED1-positive multinucleated giant cells, and resorption of β-TCP. In AIA rats treated with alendronate, COL1A1 mRNA-positive cells adhered to β-TCP were round or cuboid whereas the cells in untreated AIA rats were fibroblast-like cells. Alendronate increased calcification of newly formed bone whereas it did not restore the bone formation suppressed with inflammation. These results suggest that alendronate has the potential to conduct mature bone after implantation of β-TCP in AIA. Alendronate may help to reduce insufficiency of newly formed bone after implantation of β-TCP in diseases characterized by increased bone resorption such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Netsu
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Patil A, Sable R, Kothari R. Genetic expression of MMP-Matrix-mettalo-proteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-13) as a function of anterior mandibular repositioning appliance on the growth of mandibular condylar cartilage with and without administration of Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) and Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-β). Angle Orthod 2012; 82:1053-1059. [PMID: 22439767 PMCID: PMC8813132 DOI: 10.2319/122011-780.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) will grow with and without mandibular anterior repositioning appliances with the administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four growing New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: a group with saline injection in the temporomandibular joint, a group that received anterior positioning appliance, and a group that received injection of growth factors as well as mandibular repositioning appliance. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used to study gene expression supported by histomorphometry. RESULTS Administration of growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances has induced 5.70-fold expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) (P < .0005) and 1.29-fold expression of MMP-13 (P < .0005). In contrast, administration of mandibular repositioning appliances only has induced 2.33-fold expression of MMP-1 (P < .0005) and 0.83-fold expression of MMP-13 (P < .0005). Histomorphometric analysis revealed increased proliferation of the condylar cartilage in the appliance and injection group as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The administration of growth factors along with the use of mandibular advancement appliance has increased genetic expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 supported by histomorphometric evidence indicating growth of condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Patil
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Tannure PN, Küchler EC, Falagan-Lotsch P, Amorim LMF, Raggio Luiz R, Costa MC, Vieira AR, Granjeiro JM. MMP13 polymorphism decreases risk for dental caries. Caries Res 2012; 46:401-7. [PMID: 22710194 DOI: 10.1159/000339379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that genetic studies may contribute to a better understanding of individual susceptibility to caries. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors have been suggested to be involved in the caries process. The purpose of this study was to determine if polymorphisms in MMP2 (rs243865), MMP9 (rs17576), MMP13 (rs2252070), and TIMP2 (rs7501477) were associated with caries. Eligible unrelated children and adolescents were evaluated using a cross-sectional design. Data on oral health habits was obtained through a questionnaire and caries data was collected by clinical examination. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms was carried out by real-time PCR. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between individuals with and without caries experience. Of 505 subjects, 212 were caries-free and most subjects (61.2%) had mixed dentition. Allele frequency of MMP2, MMP13 and TIMP2 was different between caries-affected and caries-free individuals, with significant association for MMP13 (p = 0.004). Mutant allele carriers for MMP13 demonstrated a significantly decreased risk for caries (OR = 0.538, 95% CI 0.313-0.926); this result remained significant after adjustment for candidate genes, type of dentition and dietary factors. Allelic and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism in MMP9 were similar in caries-affected and caries-free individuals. Genetic variations in MMP13 may contribute to individual differences in caries susceptibility. Our findings reinforce that susceptibility to caries results from gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Tannure
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Eitzinger N, Surmann-Schmitt C, Bösl M, Schett G, Engelke K, Hess A, von der Mark K, Stock M. Ucma is not necessary for normal development of the mouse skeleton. Bone 2012; 50:670-80. [PMID: 22155508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ucma (Upper zone of growth plate and Cartilage Matrix Associated protein) is a highly conserved tyrosine-sulphated secreted protein of Mw 17 kDa, which is expressed by juvenile chondrocytes. To evaluate the physiological function of this novel cartilage protein, we generated a Ucma-deficient mouse strain by introducing a lacZ/neoR-cassette into the first exon of the Ucma gene. This mutation results in the complete loss of Ucma mRNA and protein expression. Surprisingly, however, although previous in vitro studies implied a role for Ucma in calcification and ossification, these processes were not affected in Ucma-deficient mice during normal development. Likewise, cartilage development was normal. While in previous works Ucma was mainly detected in the cartilage of embryonic and young mice, we detected Ucma expression also in the adult cartilage of the ribs using the lacZ cassette under the control of the Ucma promoter. Moreover, Ucma protein was specifically detected in adult growth plate cartilage by immunohistochemistry. Considering that skeletal development in Ucma-deficient mice is not significantly impaired, protein expression in adult cartilage indicates that Ucma might be involved in skeletal homeostasis and in the mechanical properties of the skeleton during challenging conditions such as ageing or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Eitzinger
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Wigner NA, Kulkarni N, Yakavonis M, Young M, Tinsley B, Meeks B, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Urine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as biomarkers for the progression of fracture healing. Injury 2012; 43:274-8. [PMID: 21689817 PMCID: PMC3193575 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the majority of fractures heal normally, it is estimated that ∼10% of fractures exhibit some level of delayed or impaired healing. Although radiography is the primary diagnostic tool to assess the progression of fracture healing, radiographic features only qualitatively correlate with tissue level increases in mineral content and do not quantitatively measure underlying biological processes that are associated with the progression of healing. Specific metaloproteinases have been shown to be essential to processes of both angiogenesis and mineralised cartilage resorption and bone remodelling at different phases of fracture healing. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of using a simple urine based assay of the activity of two MMPs as a means of assessing the biological progression of fracture healing through the endochondral phase of healing. Using a standard mid-diaphyseal murine model of femoral fracture, MMP9 and MMP13 proteins and enzymatic activity levels were quantified in the urine of mice across the time-course of fracture healing and compared to the mRNA and protein expression profiles in the calluses. Both urinary MMP9 and MMP13 protein and enzymatic activity levels, assessed by Western blot, zymogram and specific MMP fluorometric substrate assays, corresponded to mRNA expression and immunohistologic assays of the proteins within callus tissues. These studies suggest that urinary levels of MMP9 and MMP13 may have potential as metabolic markers to monitor the progression of fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Wigner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nitin Kulkarni
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Mark Yakavonis
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Megan Young
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Brian Tinsley
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Brett Meeks
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Thomas A. Einhorn
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Louis C. Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Zeckey C, Hildebrand F, Glaubitz LM, Jürgens S, Ludwig T, Andruszkow H, Hüfner T, Krettek C, Stuhrmann M. Are polymorphisms of molecules involved in bone healing correlated to aseptic femoral and tibial shaft non-unions? J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1724-31. [PMID: 21538509 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fracture healing is a well-organized process between several molecules and mediators. As known from other diseases, genetic polymorphisms may exhibit different expression patterns in these mediators. Concerning fracture healing, this may lead to an extended healing process or non-union. We investigated the incidence of polymorphisms in patients with aseptic non-unions after femoral and tibial shaft fractures as compared to patients with uneventful healing. Exclusion criteria were smoking, diabetes, bilateral fractures, systemic corticoid therapy, and septic non-unions. Analysis of allele frequencies and genotype distribution of various mediators were carried out following PCR. Clinical parameters such as injury severity and in-hospital were analyzed. Fifty patients following non-union (group NU) were enrolled, the control group consisted of 44 patients (group H). A significant association of a PDGF haplotype and non-unions following fracture could be observed. There was a significantly increased in-hospital time and amount of surgical procedures in group NU. Polymorphisms within the PDGF gene seem to be a genetic risk factor for the development of non-unions of the lower extremity following fracture. The early identification of high risk patients could result in an adapted therapeutical strategy and might contribute to a significant decrease of posttraumatic non-unions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zeckey
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Reumann MK, Strachna O, Yagerman S, Torrecilla D, Kim J, Doty SB, Lukashova L, Boskey AL, Mayer-Kuckuk P. Loss of transcription factor early growth response gene 1 results in impaired endochondral bone repair. Bone 2011; 49:743-52. [PMID: 21726677 PMCID: PMC3169183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors that play a role in ossification during development are expected to participate in postnatal fracture repair since the endochondral bone formation that occurs in embryos is recapitulated during fracture repair. However, inherent differences exist between bone development and fracture repair, including a sudden disruption of tissue integrity followed by an inflammatory response. This raises the possibility that repair-specific transcription factors participate in bone healing. Here, we assessed the consequence of loss of early growth response gene 1 (EGR-1) on endochondral bone healing because this transcription factor has been shown to modulate repair in vascularized tissues. Model fractures were created in ribs of wild type (wt) and EGR-1(-/-) mice. Differences in tissue morphology and composition between these two animal groups were followed over 28 post fracture days (PFDs). In wt mice, bone healing occurred in healing phases characteristic of endochondral bone repair. A similar healing sequence was observed in EGR-1(-/-) mice but was impaired by alterations. A persistent accumulation of fibrin between the disconnected bones was observed on PFD7 and remained pronounced in the callus on PFD14. Additionally, the PFD14 callus was abnormally enlarged and showed increased deposition of mineralized tissue. Cartilage ossification in the callus was associated with hyper-vascularity and -proliferation. Moreover, cell deposits located in proximity to the callus within skeletal muscle were detected on PFD14. Despite these impairments, repair in EGR-1(-/-) callus advanced on PFD28, suggesting EGR-1 is not essential for healing. Together, this study provides genetic evidence that EGR-1 is a pleiotropic regulator of endochondral fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K. Reumann
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Olga Strachna
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Sarah Yagerman
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Daniel Torrecilla
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Jihye Kim
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Steven B. Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | | | - Adele L. Boskey
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- Bone Cell Biology and Imaging Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York
- Corresponding author: Dr. Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk, Caspary Research Building, Rm. 623, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70 Street, New York, NY 10021, USA, Fax:(212) 774 7877,
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Coulibaly MO, Sietsema DL, Burgers TA, Mason J, Williams BO, Jones CB. Recent advances in the use of serological bone formation markers to monitor callus development and fracture healing. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2011; 20:105-27. [PMID: 21133841 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v20.i2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The failure of an osseous fracture to heal, or the development of a nonunion, is common; however, current diagnostic measures lack the capability of early and reliable detection of such events. Analyses of radiographic imaging and clinical examination, in combination, remain the gold standard for diagnosis; however, these methods are not reliable for early detection. Delayed diagnosis of a nonunion is costly from both the patient and treatment standpoints. In response, repeated efforts have been made to identify bone metabolic markers as diagnostic or prognostic tools for monitoring bone healing. Thus far, the evidence regarding a correlation between the kinetics of most bone metabolic markers and nonunion is very limited. With the aim of classifying the role of biological pathways of bone metabolism and of understanding bone conditions in the development of osteoporosis, advances have been made in our knowledge of the molecular basis of bone remodeling, fracture healing, and its failure. Procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide has been shown to be a reliable bone formation marker in osteoporosis therapy and its kinetics during fracture healing has been recently described. In this article, we suggest that procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide presents a good opportunity for early detection of nonunion. We also review the role and potential of serum PINP, as well as other markers, as indications of fracture healing.
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Li Y, Tang L, Duan Y, Ding Y. Upregulation of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 expression in response to mechanical strain in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:309. [PMID: 21080973 PMCID: PMC2997095 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical strain plays a significant role in the regulation of bone matrix turnover, which is mediated in part by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. However, little is known about the correlation between mechanical strain and osteoblastic cell activities, including extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism. Herein, we determined the effect of different magnitudes of cyclic tensile strain (0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%) on MMP-13 and TIMP-1 mRNA and protein expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Furthermore, we employed specific inhibitors to examine the role of distinct signal transduction pathways known to mediate cellular responses to mechanical strain. RESULTS We identified a magnitude-dependent increase in MMP-13 and TIMP-1 mRNA and protein levels in response to mechanical strains corresponding to 6%, 12%, and 18% elongation. The strain-induced increases in MMP-13 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression were inhibited by PD098059 and cycloheximide, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a mechanism for the regulation of bone matrix metabolism mediated by the differential expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in response to increasing magnitudes of mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Li
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, PR China.
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Matrix metalloproteinases that associate with and cleave bone morphogenetic protein-2 in vitro are elevated in hypertrophic fracture nonunion tissue. J Orthop Trauma 2010; 24:557-63. [PMID: 20736794 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e3181ed294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A delayed union or a nonunion of a fracture is a potentially adverse complication. Understanding the mechanisms of nonunion development may lead to improved treatment modalities. Proteases such as the matrix metalloproteinases play important roles in bone remodeling and repair, in which an imbalance or a nonfunctioning enzyme may lead to defects in bone healing (nonunion). The purpose of this pilot study was twofold: first to define an mRNA expression profile of all the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) enzymes, and their inhibitors (TIMPs) within fracture nonunion tissue, and second to compare this profile with mineralized fracture callus. METHODS Using a systematic real-time polymerase chain reaction, we screened the gene expression profiles of all members of the MMPs, ADAMTS, and their inhibitor TIMPs on human fracture nonunion tissue and matched mineralized callus tissue. Significant results were further analyzed using Western immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro protein interaction assays with bone morphogenetic protein-2. RESULTS This analysis confirmed MMP-7 and MMP-12 as two unidentified enzymes expressed in fracture nonunion tissue. Both MMP-7 and MMP-12 mRNAs were significantly elevated in nonunion tissue when compared with local mineralized callus from the same site (P < 0.001); the elevated protein levels of interest were visualized through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In addition, these two MMPs were found to directly bind to and degrade bone morphogenetic protein-2 in vitro. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings indicate that tissue present at the site of hypertrophic nonunions commonly expresses significantly higher levels of MMP-7 and MMP-12 in relation to mineralized fracture callus. Both were found to directly inactivate bone morphogenetic protein-2 in vitro, the best established growth factor in bone formation and repair.
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Hattori T, Müller C, Gebhard S, Bauer E, Pausch F, Schlund B, Bösl MR, Hess A, Surmann-Schmitt C, von der Mark H, de Crombrugghe B, von der Mark K. SOX9 is a major negative regulator of cartilage vascularization, bone marrow formation and endochondral ossification. Development 2010; 137:901-11. [PMID: 20179096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.045203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 is a transcription factor of the SRY family that regulates sex determination, cartilage development and numerous other developmental events. In the foetal growth plate, Sox9 is highly expressed in chondrocytes of the proliferating and prehypertrophic zone but declines abruptly in the hypertrophic zone, suggesting that Sox9 downregulation in hypertrophic chondrocytes might be a necessary step to initiate cartilage-bone transition in the growth plate. In order to test this hypothesis, we generated transgenic mice misexpressing Sox9 in hypertrophic chondrocytes under the control of a BAC-Col10a1 promoter. The transgenic offspring showed an almost complete lack of bone marrow in newborns, owing to strongly retarded vascular invasion into hypertrophic cartilage and impaired cartilage resorption, resulting in delayed endochondral bone formation associated with reduced bone growth. In situ hybridization analysis revealed high levels of Sox9 misexpression in hypertrophic chondrocytes but deficiencies of Vegfa, Mmp13, RANKL and osteopontin expression in the non-resorbed hypertrophic cartilage, indicating that Sox9 misexpression in hypertrophic chondrocytes inhibits their terminal differentiation. Searching for the molecular mechanism of SOX9-induced inhibition of cartilage vascularization, we discovered that SOX9 is able to directly suppress Vegfa expression by binding to SRY sites in the Vegfa gene. Postnatally, bone marrow formation and cartilage resorption in transgenic offspring are resumed by massive invasion of capillaries through the cortical bone shaft, similar to secondary ossification. These findings imply that downregulation of Sox9 in the hypertrophic zone of the normal growth plate is essential for allowing vascular invasion, bone marrow formation and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City 700-8525, Japan.
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Histing T, Garcia P, Matthys R, Leidinger M, Holstein JH, Kristen A, Pohlemann T, Menger MD. An internal locking plate to study intramembranous bone healing in a mouse femur fracture model. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:397-402. [PMID: 19780192 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In most murine fracture models, the femur is stabilized by an intramedullary implant and heals predominantly through endochondral ossification. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model in which fractures heal intra-membraneously. Femur fractures of 16 SKH-mice were stabilized by an internal locking plate. Femur fractures of another 16 animals were stabilized by an intramedullary screw. Bone repair was analyzed by radiographic, biomechanical, and histological methods. At 2 weeks, histological analysis showed a significantly smaller callus diameter and callus area after locking plate fixation. Cartilage formation within the callus could only be observed after screw fixation, but not after fracture stabilization with the locking plate. Radiological and biomechanical analysis after 2 and 5 weeks showed a significantly improved healing and a higher bending stiffness of fractures stabilized by the locking plate. Fractures stabilized by the locking plate healed exclusively by intramembranous ossification, which is most probably a result of the anatomical reduction and stable fixation. The fractures that healed by intramembranous ossification showed an increased stiffness compared to fractures that healed by endochondral ossification. This model may be used to study molecular mechanisms of intramembranous bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Shimizu E, Selvamurugan N, Westendorf JJ, Olson EN, Partridge NC. HDAC4 represses matrix metalloproteinase-13 transcription in osteoblastic cells, and parathyroid hormone controls this repression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9616-9626. [PMID: 20097749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.094862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone regulating bone remodeling through its actions on both bone formation and bone resorption. Previously we reported that PTH induces matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) transcription in osteoblastic cells. Here, we show that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) interacts with Runx2, binds the MMP-13 promoter, and suppresses MMP-13 gene transcription in the rat osteoblastic cell line, UMR 106-01. PTH induces the rapid cAMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent release of HDAC4 from the MMP-13 promoter and subsequent transcription of MMP-13. Knock-out of HDAC4 either by siRNA in vitro or by gene deletion in vivo leads to an increase in MMP-13 expression, and overexpression of HDAC4 decreases the PTH induction of MMP-13. All of these observations indicate that HDAC4 represses MMP-13 gene transcription in bone. Moreover, PTH stimulates HDAC4 gene expression and enzymatic activity at times corresponding to the reassociation of HDAC4 with the MMP-13 promoter and a decline in its transcription. Thus, HDAC4 is a basal repressor of MMP-13 transcription, and PTH regulates HDAC4 to control MMP-13 promoter activity. These data identify a novel and discrete mechanism of regulating HDAC4 levels and, subsequently, gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Shimizu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jennifer J Westendorf
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010.
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Gamer LW, Cox K, Carlo JM, Rosen V. Overexpression of BMP3 in the developing skeleton alters endochondral bone formation resulting in spontaneous rib fractures. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2374-81. [PMID: 19653325 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-3 (BMP) has been identified as a negative regulator in the skeleton as mice lacking BMP3 have increased bone mass. To further understand how BMP3 mediates bone formation, we created transgenic mice overexpressing BMP3 using the type I collagen promoter. BMP3 transgenic mice displayed spontaneous rib fractures that were first detected at E17.0. The fractures were due to defects in differentiation of the periosteum and late hypertrophic chondrocytes resulting in thinner cortical bone with decreased mineralization. As BMP3 modulates BMP and activin signaling through ActRIIB, we examined the ribs of ActRIIB receptor knockout mice and found they had defects in late chondrogenesis and mineralization similar to BMP3 transgenic mice. These data suggest that BMP3 exerts its effects in the skeleton by altering signaling through ActRIIB in chondrocytes and the periosteum, and this results in defects in bone collar formation and late hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation leading to decreased mineralization and less bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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36
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Histing T, Holstein JH, Garcia P, Matthys R, Kristen A, Claes L, Menger MD, Pohlemann T. Ex vivo analysis of rotational stiffness of different osteosynthesis techniques in mouse femur fracture. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:1152-6. [PMID: 19215028 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The various molecular mechanisms of cell regeneration and tissue healing can best be studied in mouse models with the availability of a wide range of monoclonal antibodies and gene-targeted animals. The influence of the mechanical stability of individual stabilization techniques on the molecular mechanisms of fracture healing has not been completely elucidated yet. Although during recent years several osteosynthesis techniques have been introduced in mouse fracture models, no comparative study on fracture stabilization is available yet. We therefore analyzed herein in a standardized ex vivo setup the rotational stiffness of seven different osteosynthesis techniques using osteotomized right cadaver femora of CD-1 mice. Uninjured femora without osteotomy served as controls. Femur stabilization with a locking plate or an external fixator resulted in a rotational stiffness almost similar to the intact femur. The use of a "pin-clip" device, a "locking nail," a "mouse nail," or an "intramedullary screw" produced a lower torsional stiffness, which, however, was still significantly higher than that achieved with the widely applied conventional pin. By the use of the presented data a more specific choice of stabilization technique will be possible according to the various questions concerning molecular aspects in fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Varga F, Rumpler M, Spitzer S, Karlic H, Klaushofer K. Osteocalcin attenuates T3- and increases vitamin D3-induced expression of MMP-13 in mouse osteoblasts. Endocr J 2009; 56:441-50. [PMID: 19225217 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k08e-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OCN), the most abundant non-collagenous protein of the bone matrix, whose function is not fully understood, was recently suggested to act as endocrine factor regulating energy metabolism. Besides OCN, osteoblasts also express MMP-13, a matrix metallo-proteinase important for bone development and remodeling. Although differentially, both genes are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) and T3, important hormones for bone metabolism. In mouse osteoblasts with a distinct differentiation status, T3 increases the expression of both proteins. By contrast, 1,25D3 stimulates the expression of MMP-13 but inhibits the expression of OCN in these cells. In humans, however, 1,25D3 upregulates both genes while T3 inhibits the OCN expression. Using northern blot hybridization we studied gene expression in the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. We show that MMP-13 expression was strongly increased by T3 when the stimulation of OCN was low and, inversely, that the MMP-13 increase was low when T3 strongly stimulated the OCN expression. These findings suggest an interrelationship between OCN and MMP-13 expression. In fact, we observed that externally added OCN attenuated the T3 induced MMP-13 expression dose dependently and, furthermore, increased the 1,25D3 stimulated MMP-13 expression. Using a protein kinase A inhibitor we were able to show that this inhibitor mimics the effect of OCN suggesting a PKA dependent pathway to be involved in this regulatory process. We therefore hypothesize that OCN is a modulator of the hormonally regulated MMP-13 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Varga
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling. 4th Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Ito K, Kon S, Nakayama Y, Kurotaki D, Saito Y, Kanayama M, Kimura C, Diao H, Morimoto J, Matsui Y, Uede T. The differential amino acid requirement within osteopontin in alpha4 and alpha9 integrin-mediated cell binding and migration. Matrix Biol 2008; 28:11-9. [PMID: 19000758 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) contains at least two major integrin recognition domains, Arg159-Gly-Asp161 (RGD) and Ser162-Val-Val-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg168 (SVVYGLR), recognized by alphavbeta3 and alpha5beta1 and alpha4 and alpha9 integrins, respectively. OPN is specifically cleaved by thrombin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 or MMP-7 at a position of Arg168/Ser169 (R/S) and Gly166/Leu167 (G/L), respectively. We in this study examined the requirement of residues within SVVYGLR for the alpha4 and alpha9 integrin recognition and how MMP-cleavage influences the integrin recognition. The residues, Val164, Tyr165, and Leu167 are critical for alpha4 and alpha9 integrin recognition in both cell adhesion and cell migration. The residue Arg168 is additionally required for alpha9 integrin recognition in cell adhesion and this explains why alpha9 integrin binds to only thrombin cleaved form of OPN. alpha4 integrin is able to bind to SVVYG (MMP-cleaved form of RAA OPN-N half), while alpha9 integrin is not, supporting the above notion that Arg168 is additionally required for alpha9 integrin-mediated cell adhesion. The residue Val163 is important for alpha4, but not for alpha9 integrin recognition in cell migration. Importantly, we found that the replacement of Arg168 by Ala (R168A mutant) induces the augmentation of cell migration via alpha4 and alpha9 integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyu Ito
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
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39
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Tang QO, Tran GT, Gamie Z, Graham S, Tsialogiannis E, Tsiridis E, Linder T, Tsiridis E. Statins: under investigation for increasing bone mineral density and augmenting fracture healing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1435-63. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.10.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Allori AC, Sailon AM, Warren SM. Biological Basis of Bone Formation, Remodeling, and Repair—Part II: Extracellular Matrix. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2008; 14:275-83. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Allori
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander M. Sailon
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen M. Warren
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Itagaki T, Honma T, Takahashi I, Echigo S, Sasano Y. Quantitative Analysis and Localization of mRNA Transcripts of Type I Collagen, Osteocalcin, MMP 2, MMP 8, and MMP 13 During Bone Healing in a Rat Calvarial Experimental Defect Model. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:1038-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lombardi F, Fasciglione GF, D’Apice MR, Vielle A, D’Adamo M, Sbraccia P, Marini S, Borgiani P, Coletta M, Novelli G. Increased release and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with mandibuloacral dysplasia type A, a rare premature ageing syndrome. Clin Genet 2008; 74:374-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Borghese B, Chiche JD, Vernerey D, Chenot C, Mir O, Bijaoui G, Bonaiti-Pellié C, Chapron C. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase 12 and 13 genes are implicated in endometriosis progression. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:1207-13. [PMID: 18308831 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to endometriosis. We tested whether eight functional polymorphisms of these genes could modify the risk of endometriosis. METHODS In this case-control study, 227 endometriosis and 241 controls were genotyped for MMP1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP2 -1575 G/A (MMP2.1), -1306 C/T (MMP2.2), MMP3 -1612 5A/6A, MMP7 -153 C/T (MMP7.1), -181 A/G (MMP7.2), MMP12 -82 A/G and MMP13-77 A/G. Association between MMP genotypes and superficial (SUP), deep infiltrating (DIE) and endometriomas (OMA) was tested for each polymorphism separately, using unconditional logistic regression and then for combined genotypes, using the combination test. RESULTS When considering all cases, MMP2 polymorphisms were found to be significant, mainly due to DIE (P = 0.023). A small difference between SUP and controls was found for MMP7.2 (P = 0.032) and MMP12 (P = 0.035), in the absence of correction for multiple testing. Using the combination test, the best association when comparing SUP with controls was obtained for MMP12-MMP13 (P = 0.004) for the combined genotype A/G-A/A (odds ratio = 27.60, 95% confidence interval: 2.80-272.40). CONCLUSIONS These data show a potential role for MMP12 -82 A/G and MMP13 -77 A/G combined polymorphisms in superficial endometriosis. As no association was found with deep infiltrating endometriosis, this combination of polymorphisms might protect from a more in-depth penetration of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Borghese
- Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique II, CHU Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France.
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Behonick DJ, Xing Z, Lieu S, Buckley JM, Lotz JC, Marcucio RS, Werb Z, Miclau T, Colnot C. Role of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in both endochondral and intramembranous ossification during skeletal regeneration. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1150. [PMID: 17987127 PMCID: PMC2063465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is important during bone development and repair. Because matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13, collagenase-3) plays a role in long bone development, we have examined its role during adult skeletal repair. In this study we find that MMP13 is expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the fracture callus. We demonstrate that MMP13 is required for proper resorption of hypertrophic cartilage and for normal bone remodeling during non-stabilized fracture healing, which occurs via endochondral ossification. However, no difference in callus strength was detected in the absence of MMP13. Transplant of wild-type bone marrow, which reconstitutes cells only of the hematopoietic lineage, did not rescue the endochondral repair defect, indicating that impaired healing in Mmp13−/− mice is intrinsic to cartilage and bone. Mmp13−/− mice also exhibited altered bone remodeling during healing of stabilized fractures and cortical defects via intramembranous ossification. This indicates that the bone phenotype occurs independently from the cartilage phenotype. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that MMP13 is involved in normal remodeling of bone and cartilage during adult skeletal repair, and that MMP13 may act directly in the initial stages of ECM degradation in these tissues prior to invasion of blood vessels and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Behonick
- Department of Anatomy and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhiqing Xing
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shirley Lieu
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jenni M. Buckley
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Céline Colnot
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kayal RA, Tsatsas D, Bauer MA, Allen B, Al-Sebaei MO, Kakar S, Leone CW, Morgan EF, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA, Graves DT. Diminished bone formation during diabetic fracture healing is related to the premature resorption of cartilage associated with increased osteoclast activity. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:560-8. [PMID: 17243865 PMCID: PMC3109431 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Histological and molecular analysis of fracture healing in normal and diabetic animals showed significantly enhanced removal of cartilage in diabetic animals. Increased cartilage turnover was associated with elevated osteoclast numbers, a higher expression of genes that promote osteoclastogenesis, and diminished primary bone formation. INTRODUCTION Diminished bone formation, an increased incidence of nonunions, and delayed fracture healing have been observed in animal models and in patients with diabetes. Fracture healing is characterized by the formation of a stabilizing callus in which cartilage is formed and then resorbed and replaced by bone. To gain insight into how diabetes affects fracture healing, studies were carried out focusing on the impact of diabetes on the transition from cartilage to bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS A low-dose treatment protocol of streptozotocin in CD-1 mice was used to induce a type 1 diabetic condition. After mice were hyperglycemic for 3 weeks, controlled closed simple transverse fractures of the tibia were induced and fixed by intramedullary pins. Histomorphometric analysis of the tibias obtained 12, 16, and 22 days after fracture was performed across the fracture callus at 0.5 mm proximal and distal increments using computer-assisted image analysis. Another group of 16-day samples were examined by microCT. RNA was isolated from a separate set of animals, and the expression of genes that reflect the formation and removal of cartilage and bone was measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS Molecular analysis of collagen types II and X mRNA expression showed that cartilage formation was the same during the initial period of callus formation. Histomorphometric analysis of day 12 fracture calluses showed that callus size and cartilage area were also similar in normoglycemic and diabetic mice. In contrast, on day 16, callus size, cartilage tissue, and new bone area were 2.0-, 4.4-, and 1.5-fold larger, respectively, in the normoglycemic compared with the diabetic group (p < 0.05). Analysis of microCT images indicated that the bone volume in the normoglycemic animals was 38% larger than in diabetic animals. There were 78% more osteoclasts in the diabetic group compared with the normoglycemic group (p < 0.05) on day 16, consistent with the reduction in cartilage. Real-time PCR showed significantly elevated levels of mRNA expression for TNF-alpha, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, RANKL, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A in the diabetic group. Similarly, the mRNA encoding ADAMTS 4 and 5, major aggrecanases that degrade cartilage, was also elevated in diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired fracture healing in diabetes is characterized by increased rates of cartilage resorption. This premature loss of cartilage leads to a reduction in callus size and contributes to decreased bone formation and mechanical strength frequently reported in diabetic fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan A Kayal
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dimitris Tsatsas
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan A Bauer
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Allen
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maisa O Al-Sebaei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kakar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cataldo W Leone
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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McDonald AC, Schuijers JA, Gundlach AL, Grills BL. Galanin treatment offsets the inhibition of bone formation and downregulates the increase in mouse calvarial expression of TNFalpha and GalR2 mRNA induced by chronic daily injections of an injurious vehicle. Bone 2007; 40:895-903. [PMID: 17157570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that after bone fracture, galanin (GAL) and GAL receptor expression is increased in osteoblast-like cells of callus; however, the role of elevated GAL/GAL receptors in this instance of bone injury is not known. We hypothesize that in injury, GAL may facilitate bone formation by suppressing the production of cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-1alpha, thereby affecting bone collagen formation and collagenolysis by key matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In studies to explore this hypothesis, we used a mouse calvarial injection model to (1) investigate whether mild injury caused by a daily subcutaneous injection of a glycerol-containing vehicle onto calvaria affected osteoblast/bone formation-associated histomorphometric parameters and gene expression (mRNA encoding GAL, GAL receptors, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, collagen type I, MMP-2 and -13) compared to non-injected, control mice and (2) determine the effect of GAL+vehicle treatment on these entities. Five groups of 4-week-old mice were used: a non-injected control group; a vehicle (50/50 solution of 10 mM PBS+0.025% BSA/5.4 M glycerol)-treated group; and 3 GAL-treated groups (0.2, 2 and 20 ng doses). Solutions were injected subcutaneously onto calvaria in a 10 mul volume, every day for 2 weeks. Vehicle injection reduced calvarial periosteal osteoblast cell height (P<0.001), osteoblast number (P<0.001) and osteoid thickness (P<0.01), relative to values in non-injected animals at 2 weeks. Vehicle injection also inhibited BFR in this periosteal bone relative to values in non-injected animals at both 1 and 2 weeks (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). Increasing concentrations of GAL reversed the above-listed inhibitory effects caused by vehicle. This reversal was demonstrated by a dose-dependent effect of GAL on osteoblast cell height (Pearson's r=0.330; P<0.05), osteoblast number (Pearson's r=0.715; P=0.000), osteoid thickness (Pearson's r=0.516; P=0.000) and BFR (Pearson's r=0.525; P<0.05) after 2 weeks of GAL+vehicle treatment; with the 20 ng/day GAL+vehicle injection schedule returning these measured parameters toward non-injected control values. All GAL+vehicle treatments had no effect on calvarial expression of GAL, GALR1, GALR3, collagen type 1 and MMP-2 mRNAs compared to levels in vehicle-injected controls. GAL treatment did, however, produce dose-dependent effects on calvarial expression of GALR2 (Pearson's r=0.763; P=0.000), MMP-13 (Pearson's r=0.806; P=0.000), IL-1beta (Pearson's r=0.807; P=0.000) and TNFalpha (Pearson's r=0.542; P=0.000) mRNAs with 20 ng/day of GAL+vehicle producing the strongest reversal of vehicle-associated changes. Thus, the 20 ng/day GAL+vehicle regimen offset the inhibition of osteoblastic activity, and therefore bone formation caused by daily glycerol-containing vehicle injection. This effect on bone formation may be due in part to the peptide suppressing the formation and associated activity of TNFalpha, IL-1beta and MMP-13, as TNFalpha and IL-1beta are known inhibitors of bone formation and MMP-13 is involved in collagenolysis. Furthermore, these effects may be due to the action of GAL via GALR2, as it was the only GAL receptor affected by this GAL treatment regimen. These results indicate that GAL can facilitate bone formation associated with injury and reveal potential efficacy for GAL in treating osseous conditions where bone formation may be inhibited due to excess TNFalpha and IL-1beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C McDonald
- Department of Human Physiology and Anatomy, School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Sasaki K, Takagi M, Konttinen YT, Sasaki A, Tamaki Y, Ogino T, Santavirta S, Salo J. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and its activator MMP-3 of human osteoblast by uniaxial cyclic stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 80:491-8. [PMID: 16862557 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper mechanical loading is essential for bone remodeling and maintenance of human skeletal system. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted by mesenchymal stromal lining cells and osteoblasts to prepare the initiation sites for osteoclastic bone resorption at the beginning of the remodeling cycle. However, only a few studies have addressed the effect of mechanical stress on MMPs and their endogenous tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in osteoblasts. In this study, the response of human osteoblasts to uniaxial cyclic stretching was investigated to clarify this more in detail. Stretching affected the orientation of the osteoblasts, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed coordinated upregulation of MMP-1 and its activator MMP-3 mRNA by cyclic 5% stretching at 3 h (p < 0.01). Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA was also found in response to cyclic 1 and 5% stretchings at 1, 3, and 6 h (p < 0.01). No changes were found in MMP-2, TIMP-1, and -2. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 was low and MMP-13 was not detected. This study suggests that MMP-1 and -3, enhanced by uniaxial cyclic mechanical stimulation of osteoblasts, are candidate key enzymes in the processing of collagen on bone surface, which might be necessary to allow osteoclastic recruitment leading to bone resorption. The strain might also play a role in cleaning of demineralized bone surface during the reversal phase, before bone formation starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Zaragoza C, López-Rivera E, García-Rama C, Saura M, Martínez-Ruíz A, Lizarbe TR, Martín-de-Lara F, Lamas S. Cbfa-1 mediates nitric oxide regulation of MMP-13 in osteoblasts. J Cell Sci 2007; 119:1896-902. [PMID: 16636074 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During bone development, osteoblast differentiation requires remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Although underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated, evidence points to the participation of the nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) system. Here, we detected increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA, protein and activity, as well as increased inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO production during the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Transcriptional activity of the MMP-13 promoter was augmented by NO, 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP), and by a dominant-positive form of protein kinase G (PKG1-alpha). The stimulatory effect on the MMP-13 promoter was partially inhibited by mutation of the osteoblast-specific element 2 (OSE-2) binding site. Core binding factor-1 (Cbfa-1) expression peaked at 7 days of differentiation, and was phosphorylated by PKG in vitro. Cbfa-1 was localized to cell nuclei, and its translocation was inhibited by the iNOS inhibitor 1400W. Immunohistological examination revealed that MMP-13 and Cbfa-1 expression levels are both reduced in 17-day-old embryos of iNOS-deficient mice. Silencing of Cbfa-1 mRNA blocked MMP-13 expression without interfering with endogenous NO production, confirming its role in NO-induced MMP-13 expression by MC3T3-E1 cells. The results described here suggest a mechanism by which NO regulates osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zaragoza
- Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Holstein JH, Menger MD, Culemann U, Meier C, Pohlemann T. Development of a locking femur nail for mice. J Biomech 2007; 40:215-9. [PMID: 16376352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We herein report on a novel locking intramedullary nail system in a murine closed femur fracture model. The nail system consists of a modified 24-gauge injection needle and a 0.1-mm-diameter tungsten guide wire. Rotation stability was accomplished by flattening the proximal and distal end of the needle. Torsional mechanical testing of the implants in osteotomized cadaveric femora revealed a superiority of the locking nail (3.9+/-1.0 degrees rotation at a torque of 0.9 Nmm, n=10) compared to the unmodified injection needle (conventional nail; 52.4+/-3.2 degrees, n=10, p<0.05). None of the implants, however, achieved the rotation stability of unfractured femora (0.3+/-0.5 degrees, n=10). In a second step, we tested the feasibility of the in vivo application of the locking nail to stabilize a closed femoral midshaft fracture in C57BL/6 mice. Of interest, none of the 10 animals showed a dislocation of the locking nail over a 5-week period, while 3 of 4 animals with conventional nail fracture stabilization showed a significant pin dislocation within the first 3 days (p<0.05). Mechanical testing after 5-weeks stabilization with the locking nail revealed an appropriate bone healing with a torque at failure of 71.6+/-3.4% and a peak rotation before failure of 68.4+/-5.3% relative to the unfractured contralateral femur. With the advantage that closed fractures can be fixed with rotation stability, the herein introduced model may represent an ideal tool to study bone healing in transgenic and knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Holstein
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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50
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Henle P, Zimmermann G, Weiss S. Matrix metalloproteinases and failed fracture healing. Bone 2005; 37:791-8. [PMID: 16199217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During fracture healing and the resulting formation of new bone, an extensive amount of extracellular matrix is synthesized which subsequently undergoes enzymatic remodeling and then mineralization. The remodeling process of mostly collagenous molecules is largely attributable to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). A variety of members of this protease family and its respective inhibitors - termed tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) - have been found to be closely related to the fracture healing process. Delays in bone healing or even nonunion could be related to the concentrations of these enzymes or their behavior over time. In this study, serum samples were prospectively collected from patients who had undergone surgical treatment for limb fracture. Serum probes from 15 patients with nonunion of fractures 4 months after surgery have been compared to 15 matched patients with normal bone healing. Postoperative time courses of serum concentrations of MMP-1/-2/-3/-8/-9/-13 as well as TIMP-1/-2 were analyzed using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Comparison between both collectives revealed significantly elevated serum concentrations of proMMP-1 in the nonunion group at 2 and 24 weeks after surgery. Similar findings were found for MMP-8 at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. At 1 week after surgery, TIMP-1 serum concentrations were significantly lower in nonunion patients when compared to patients with normal bone repair. We have been able to show for the first time the course of serum concentrations of MMPs and TIMPs during normal and delayed fracture healing. Characteristic time courses of systemic MMP- and TIMP-levels could be a reflection of local enzyme regulatory mechanisms during fracture healing. An altered balance of the MMP/TIMP system in favor of proteolytic activity as shown in our investigation may be involved in the pathophysiological processes leading to fracture nonunion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Henle
- Stiftung Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200 A, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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