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Trdan S, Laznik Ž, Bohinc T. Native natural enemies of plant pests in Slovenia with an emphasis on species suitable for mass rearing. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 37721494 PMCID: PMC10506447 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In Slovenia, only the native natural enemies of plant pests that are on the EPPO Positive List of biological control agents can be used in agricultural production to control plant pests. The List of native species of organisms for biological control, which is an important part of the Regulations on biological control, currently includes a total of 35 species of beneficial insects and mites and entomopathogenic nematodes. Compared to the number of species on the first list that was established in 2006, the number of beneficial species that Slovenian growers of food and ornamental plants can currently use in everyday practice has doubled. This is the result of intensive professional and research work in the investigation of the occurrence and distribution of natural enemy species in Slovenia, which has been systematically supported by the state for many years. Natural enemy species, which are an integral part of the EPPO Positive List of biological control agents, can be included on the list of native biological control species via a special procedure. However, many natural enemy species that are not yet included on the EPPO Positive List have been identified in the period 2007-2022. In this paper, we list 75 such species and we present 5 candidates (Cotesia glomerata [L.], Diadegma semiclausum [Hellen], Anisopteromalus calandrae [Howard], Neochrysocharis formosa [Westwood] and Kampimodromus aberrans [Oudemans]) that, in our opinion, have high potential as biological controls and will be suitable in the future for mass rearing and use in augmentative biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Trdan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Laznik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Bohinc
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wang L, Etebari K, Zhao Z, Walter GH, Furlong MJ. Differential temperature responses between Plutella xylostella and its specialist endo-larval parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum-Implications for biological control. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:855-864. [PMID: 34459111 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the thermal dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions is crucial to predicting how biological control of pest insects by parasitoids might be affected by geographic location and climate change. We compared performance traits of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its solitary endo-larval parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), over a wide range of constant rearing temperatures (10-30°C). Parasitoids reared at 30°C experienced reductions in pupation rate, pupal mass, egg load, and adult life span when compared with those reared at lower temperatures. Our analyses of the fate of parasitoids and their hosts and intergenerational population growth at different rearing temperatures show that D. semiclausum and P. xylostella respond differently to temperature, leading to divergent outcomes under different temperature conditions. Some parasitoid larvae could not complete development at 30°C, the temperature at which the host biomass was least and the metabolic demands of the parasitoid could be high, suggesting that parasitoid development might be constrained by lack of host resources at higher temperatures. We discuss the potential mechanisms of parasitoid susceptibility to elevated temperatures, which likely explain the pronounced seasonal dynamics of D. semiclausum in subtropical regions and its failure to establish in lowland tropical regions, where P. xylostella is a serious pest. Similar interactions in other host-parasitoid associations would constrain the efficacy of parasitoids as biological control agents as global temperatures increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyun Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zihua Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Sun R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Vassão DG. Detoxification of plant defensive glucosinolates by an herbivorous caterpillar is beneficial to its endoparasitic wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4014-4031. [PMID: 32853463 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemical defences impact not only herbivores, but also organisms in higher trophic levels that prey on or parasitize herbivores. While herbivorous insects can often detoxify plant chemicals ingested from suitable host plants, how such detoxification affects endoparasitoids that use these herbivores as hosts is largely unknown. Here, we used transformed plants to experimentally manipulate the major detoxification reaction used by Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) to deactivate the glucosinolate defences of its Brassicaceae host plants. We then assessed the developmental, metabolic, immune, and reproductive consequences of this genetic manipulation on the herbivore as well as its hymenopteran endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Inhibition of P. xylostella glucosinolate metabolism by plant-mediated RNA interference increased the accumulation of the principal glucosinolate activation products, the toxic isothiocyanates, in the herbivore, with negative effects on its growth. Although the endoparasitoid manipulated the excretion of toxins by its insect host to its own advantage, the inhibition of herbivore glucosinolate detoxification slowed endoparasitoid development, impaired its reproduction, and suppressed the expression of genes of a parasitoid-symbiotic polydnavirus that aids parasitism. Therefore, the detoxification of plant glucosinolates by an herbivore lowers its toxicity as a host and benefits the parasitoid D. semiclausum at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sagar S Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Schreven SJJ, Frago E, Stens A, de Jong PW, van Loon JJA. Contrasting effects of heat pulses on different trophic levels, an experiment with a herbivore-parasitoid model system. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176704. [PMID: 28453570 PMCID: PMC5409155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under predicted global climate change, species will be gradually exposed to warmer temperatures, and to a more variable climate including more intense and more frequent heatwaves. Increased climatic variability is expected to have different effects on species and ecosystems than gradual warming. A key challenge to predict the impact of climate change is to understand how temperature changes will affect species interactions. Herbivorous insects and their natural enemies belong to some of the largest groups of terrestrial animals, and thus they have a great impact on the functioning of ecosystems and on the services these ecosystems provide. Here we studied the life history traits of the plant-feeding insect Plutella xylostella and its specialist endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum, when exposed to a daily heat pulse of 5 or 10°C temperature increase during their entire immature phase. Growth and developmental responses differed with the amplitude of the heat pulse and they were different between host and parasitoid, indicating different thermal sensitivity of the two trophic levels. With a +5°C heat pulse, the adult parasitoids were larger which may result in a higher fitness, whereas a +10°C heat pulse retarded parasitoid development. These results show that the parasitoid is more sensitive than its host to brief intervals of temperature change, and this results in either positive or negative effects on life history traits, depending on the amplitude of the heat pulse. These findings suggest that more extreme fluctuations may disrupt host-parasitoid synchrony, whereas moderate fluctuations may improve parasitoid fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J. J. Schreven
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- CIRAD Agricultural Research for Development, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Annemiek Stens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. de Jong
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Furlong MJ, Zalucki MP. Climate change and biological control: the consequences of increasing temperatures on host-parasitoid interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 20:39-44. [PMID: 28602234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The relative thermal requirements and tolerances of hymenopteran parasitoids and their hosts were investigated based on published data. The optimal temperature (Topt) for development of parasitoids was significantly lower than that for their hosts. Given the limited plasticity of insect responses to high temperatures and the proximity of Topt to critical thermal maxima, this suggests that host-parasitoid interactions could be negatively affected by increasing global temperatures. A modelling study of the interactions between the diamondback moth and its parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum in Australia indicated that predicted temperature increases will have a greater negative impact on the distribution of the parasitoid than on its host and that they could lead to its exclusion from some agricultural regions where it is currently important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in Southern Africa: Research Trends, Challenges and Insights on Sustainable Management Options. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li Z, Zalucki MP, Yonow T, Kriticos DJ, Bao H, Chen H, Hu Z, Feng X, Furlong MJ. Population dynamics and management of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) in China: the relative contributions of climate, natural enemies and cropping patterns. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:197-214. [PMID: 26693884 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diamondback moth or DBM is the major pest of Brassica vegetable production worldwide. Control has relied on insecticides, and DBM resistance to these compounds has evolved rapidly. We review and summarize data on DBM population dynamics across a large latitudinal gradient from southwest to northeast China: DBM is, on average, more common in southern locations than in northern locations. The species' phenology is consistent: in southern and central locations there is a decline during hot summer months, while in the north, the species can only exist in the summer following migrations from the south. A cohort-based discrete-time model, driven by daily maximum and minimum temperatures and rainfall, which was built using the DYMEX modelling software, captures the age-structured population dynamics of DBM at representative locations, with year round cropping and threshold-based insecticide applications. The scale of the simulated pest problem varies with cropping practices. Local production breaks and strict post-harvest crop hygiene are associated with lower DBM populations. Biological control appears to improve the management of DBM. Of the management strategies explored, non-threshold based applications of insecticides with reduced spray efficacy (due to poor application or resistance) appear the least effective. The model simulates the phenology and abundance patterns in the population dynamics across the climatic gradient in China reasonably well. With planned improvements, and backed by a system of field sampling and weather inputs, it should serve well as a platform for a local pest forecast system, spanning the range of DBM in China, and perhaps elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
| | - M P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences,The University of Queensland,Brisbane 4072,Australia
| | - T Yonow
- CSIRO,GPO Box 1700,Canberra 2601,Australia
| | | | - H Bao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
| | - H Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
| | - Z Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
| | - X Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
| | - M J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences,The University of Queensland,Brisbane 4072,Australia
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Bahar MH, Soroka JJ, Grenkow L, Dosdall LM. New threshold temperatures for the development of a North American diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) population and its larval parasitoid, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1443-1452. [PMID: 25259698 DOI: 10.1603/en14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The currently accepted lower threshold temperature for the development of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), the world's most destructive insect pest of cruciferous crops, is around 6.0°C, and there is no known upper threshold temperature. Neither are there established threshold temperatures for diamondback moth's major natural enemy, Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Laboratory studies were undertaken to determine the survival and development of a North American diamondback moth population and its parasitoid D. insulare at 20 constant temperatures ranging from 2.0 to 38.0°C. Diamondback moth completed development from second instar to adult within a temperature range of 4.0-37°C, and D. insulare completed its life cycle from egg to adult within a temperature range of 4.0-33°C. The developmental data were fitted into one linear and four nonlinear models. Using goodness-of-fit and the ability to estimate parameters of biological significance as selection criteria, the Wang model was the most acceptable among the nonlinear models to describe the relationship between temperature and development of both species. According to this model, the lower and upper threshold temperatures for diamondback moth were 2.1 and 38.0°C, respectively, and for D. insulare they were 2.1 and 34.0°C, respectively. Based on the Degree Day model, diamondback moth required 143 d above the lower threshold of 4.23°C to complete the life cycle, while D. insulare required 286 d above the lower threshold of 2.57°C. This study suggests that temperatures during the crop-growing seasons in North America are not limiting factors for development of either diamondback moth or D. insulare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Bahar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Le Lann C, Visser B, Mériaux M, Moiroux J, van Baaren J, van Alphen JJM, Ellers J. Rising temperature reduces divergence in resource use strategies in coexisting parasitoid species. Oecologia 2013; 174:967-77. [PMID: 24169941 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coexistence of species sharing the same resources is often possible if species are phylogenetically divergent in resource acquisition and allocation traits, decreasing competition between them. Developmental and life-history traits related to resource use are influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, but thermal trait responses may differ among species. An increase in ambient temperature may, therefore, affect trait divergence within a community, and potentially species coexistence. Parasitoids are interesting models to test this hypothesis, because multiple species commonly attack the same host, and employ divergent larval and adult host use strategies. In particular, development mode (arrested or continued host growth following parasitism) has been recognized as a major organiser of parasitoid life histories. Here, we used a comparative trait-based approach to determine thermal responses of development time, body mass, egg load, metabolic rate and energy use of the coexisting Drosophila parasitoids Asobara tabida, Leptopilina heterotoma, Trichopria drosophilae and Spalangia erythromera. We compared trait values between species and development modes, and calculated trait divergence in response to temperature, using functional diversity indices. Parasitoids differed in their thermal response for dry mass, metabolic rate and lipid use throughout adult life, but only teneral lipid reserves and egg load were affected by developmental mode. Species-specific trait responses to temperature were probably determined by their adaptations in resource use (e.g. lipogenesis or ectoparasitism). Overall, trait values of parasitoid species converged at the higher temperature. Our results suggest that local effects of warming could affect host resource partitioning by reducing trait diversity in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Lann
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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Furlong MJ, Wright DJ, Dosdall LM. Diamondback moth ecology and management: problems, progress, and prospects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:517-41. [PMID: 23020617 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification and greater production of Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops over the past two decades have increased the pest status of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., and it is now estimated to cost the world economy US$4-5 billion annually. Our understanding of some fundamental aspects of DBM biology and ecology, particularly host plant relationships, tritrophic interactions, and migration, has improved considerably but knowledge of other aspects, e.g., its global distribution and relative abundance, remains surprisingly limited. Biological control still focuses almost exclusively on a few species of hymenopteran parasitoids. Although these can be remarkably effective, insecticides continue to form the basis of management; their inappropriate use disrupts parasitoids and has resulted in field resistance to all available products. Improved ecological understanding and the availability of a series of highly effective selective insecticides throughout the 1990s provided the basis for sustainable and economically viable integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. However, repeated reversion to scheduled insecticide applications has resulted in resistance to these and more recently introduced compounds and the breakdown of IPM programs. Proven technologies for the sustainable management of DBM currently exist, but overcoming the barriers to their sustained adoption remains an enormous challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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