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Tsuang D, Esterberg M, Braff D, Calkins M, Cadenhead K, Dobie D, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood T, Gur R, Gur R, Horan W, Lazzeroni LC, Light GA, Millard SP, Olincy A, Nuechterlein K, Seidman L, Siever L, Silverman J, Stone W, Sprock J, Sugar C, Swerdlow N, Tsuang M, Turetsky B, Radant A. Is there an association between advanced paternal age and endophenotype deficit levels in schizophrenia? PLoS One 2014; 9:e88379. [PMID: 24523888 PMCID: PMC3921166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The children of older fathers have increased risks of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and among those who develop these disorders, those with older fathers present with more severe clinical symptoms. However, the influence of advanced paternal age on other important domains related to schizophrenia, such as quantitative endophenotype deficit levels, remains unknown. This study investigated the associations between paternal age and level of endophenotypic impairment in a well-characterized family-based sample from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS). All families included at least one affected subject and one unaffected sibling. Subjects met criteria for schizophrenia (probands; n = 293) or were unaffected first-degree siblings of those probands (n = 382). Paternal age at the time of subjects’ birth was documented. Subjects completed a comprehensive clinical assessment and a battery of tests that measured 16 endophenotypes. After controlling for covariates, potential paternal age–endophenotype associations were analyzed using one model that included probands alone and a second model that included both probands and unaffected siblings. Endophenotype deficits in the Identical Pairs version of the 4-digit Continuous Performance Test and in the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery verbal memory test showed significant associations with paternal age. However, after correcting for multiple comparisons, no endophenotype was significantly associated with paternal age. These findings suggest that factors other than advanced paternal age at birth may account for endophenotypic deficit levels in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Tsuang
- VISN-20 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle Esterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Braff
- VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dorcas Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America ; VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Raquel Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruben Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Horan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Light
- VISN-22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America ; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Steven P Millard
- VISN-20 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Keith Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Larry Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Larry Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; VISN-3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America ; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Neal Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allen Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Shah PS. Paternal factors and low birthweight, preterm, and small for gestational age births: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:103-23. [PMID: 20113689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of the risks of a low birthweight (LBW), preterm, and small-for-gestational-age births in relation to paternal factors was performed. Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and bibliographies of identified articles were searched for English-language studies. Study qualities were assessed according to a predefined checklist. Thirty-six studies of low-to-moderate risk of bias were reviewed for various paternal factors: age, height, weight, birthweight, occupation, education, and alcohol use. Extreme paternal age was associated with higher risk for LBW. Among infants who were born to tall fathers, birthweight was approximately 125-150 g higher compared with infants who were born to short fathers. Paternal LBW was associated with lower birthweight of the offspring. In conclusion, paternal characteristics including age, height, and birthweight are associated with LBW. Paternal occupational exposure and low levels of education may be associated with LBW; however, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics and of Health Policy, Management and Evaluations, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Saha S, Barnett AG, Buka SL, McGrath JJ. Maternal age and paternal age are associated with distinct childhood behavioural outcomes in a general population birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2009; 115:130-5. [PMID: 19781913 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show that advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A body of evidence also suggests that individuals who develop schizophrenia show subtle deviations in a range of behavioural domains during their childhood. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between paternal and maternal ages and selected behavioural measures in children using a large birth cohort. METHOD Participants were singleton children (n=21,753) drawn from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. The outcome measures were assessed at 7 years. The main analyses examined the relationship between parental age and behavioural measures when adjusted for a range of potentially confounding variables, including age of the other parent, maternal race, socio-economic measures, sex, gestation length, maternal marital status, parental mental illness, and child's age-at-testing. RESULTS Advanced paternal age was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse 'externalizing' behaviours at age seven years. For every five year increase in paternal age, the odds of higher 'externalizing' behaviours was increased by 12% (OR=1.12; 95% CI=1.03, 1.21, p<0.0001). The relationship persisted after adjusting for potential confounding factors. 'Internalizing' behavioural outcome was not associated with advanced paternal age. In contrast, advanced maternal age was significantly protective against adverse 'externalizing' behavioural outcomes, but associated with an increased risk of adverse 'internalizing' behavioural outcomes. DISCUSSION The offspring of older fathers show a distinctly different pattern of behaviours compared to the offspring of older mothers. The diverse socio-cultural and biologically-mediated factors that underpin these findings remain to be clarified. In light of secular trends related to delayed parenthood, the mechanisms underlying these findings warrant closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Saha
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Locked Bag 500, Richlands Q4077, Australia
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Saha S, Barnett AG, Foldi C, Burne TH, Eyles DW, Buka SL, McGrath JJ. Advanced paternal age is associated with impaired neurocognitive outcomes during infancy and childhood. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e40. [PMID: 19278291 PMCID: PMC2653549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, as well as with dyslexia and reduced intelligence. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between paternal age and performance on neurocognitive measures during infancy and childhood. METHODS AND FINDINGS A sample of singleton children (n = 33,437) was drawn from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. The outcome measures were assessed at 8 mo, 4 y, and 7 y (Bayley scales, Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale, Graham-Ernhart Block Sort Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Wide Range Achievement Test). The main analyses examined the relationship between neurocognitive measures and paternal or maternal age when adjusted for potential confounding factors. Advanced paternal age showed significant associations with poorer scores on all of the neurocognitive measures apart from the Bayley Motor score. The findings were broadly consistent in direction and effect size at all three ages. In contrast, advanced maternal age was generally associated with better scores on these same measures. CONCLUSIONS The offspring of older fathers show subtle impairments on tests of neurocognitive ability during infancy and childhood. In light of secular trends related to delayed fatherhood, the clinical implications and the mechanisms underlying these findings warrant closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Saha
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Australia
| | - Adrian G Barnett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Claire Foldi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Thomas H Burne
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Darryl W Eyles
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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