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Oprea M, Njamkepo E, Cristea D, Zhukova A, Clark CG, Kravetz AN, Monakhova E, Ciontea AS, Cojocaru R, Rauzier J, Damian M, Gascuel O, Quilici ML, Weill FX. The seventh pandemic of cholera in Europe revisited by microbial genomics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5347. [PMID: 33093464 PMCID: PMC7582136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1970, the seventh pandemic of cholera (7 P) reached both Africa and Europe. Between 1970 and 2011, several European countries reported cholera outbreaks of a few to more than 2,000 cases. We report here a whole-genome analysis of 1,324 7 P V. cholerae El Tor (7 PET) isolates, including 172 from autochthonous sporadic or outbreak cholera cases occurring between 1970 and 2011 in Europe, providing insight into the spatial and temporal spread of this pathogen across Europe. In this work, we show that the 7 PET lineage was introduced at least eight times into two main regions: Eastern and Southern Europe. Greater recurrence of the disease was observed in Eastern Europe, where it persisted until 2011. It was introduced into this region from Southern Asia, often circulating regionally in the countries bordering the Black Sea, and in the Middle East before reaching Eastern Africa on several occasions. In Southern Europe, the disease was mostly seen in individual countries during the 1970s and was imported from North and West Africa, except in 1994, when cholera was imported into Albania and Italy from the Black Sea region. These results shed light on the geographic course of cholera during the seventh pandemic and highlight the role of humans in its global dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Oprea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Daniela Cristea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Zhukova
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur & CNRS, Paris, France
- Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Clifford G Clark
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Anatoly N Kravetz
- Kiev Research Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Protasiv Yar Uzuiz, Ukraine
| | - Elena Monakhova
- Rostov-on-Don Research Anti-Plague Institute, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344002
| | - Adriana S Ciontea
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Cojocaru
- National Centre for Public Health, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Jean Rauzier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Maria Damian
- Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, USR3756 (C3BI/DBC), Institut Pasteur & CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Quilici
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, 75015, France
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Wu X, Tian H, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B. Impact of global change on transmission of human infectious diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. EARTH SCIENCES 2013; 57:189-203. [PMID: 32288763 PMCID: PMC7104601 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-013-4635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Global change, which refers to large-scale changes in the earth system and human society, has been changing the outbreak and transmission mode of many infectious diseases. Climate change affects infectious diseases directly and indirectly. Meteorological factors including temperature, precipitation, humidity and radiation influence infectious disease by modulating pathogen, host and transmission pathways. Meteorological disasters such as droughts and floods directly impact the outbreak and transmission of infectious diseases. Climate change indirectly impacts infectious diseases by altering the ecological system, including its underlying surface and vegetation distribution. In addition, anthropogenic activities are a driving force for climate change and an indirect forcing of infectious disease transmission. International travel and rural-urban migration are a root cause of infectious disease transmission. Rapid urbanization along with poor infrastructure and high disease risk in the rural-urban fringe has been changing the pattern of disease outbreaks and mortality. Land use changes, such as agricultural expansion and deforestation, have already changed the transmission of infectious disease. Accelerated air, road and rail transportation development may not only increase the transmission speed of outbreaks, but also enlarge the scope of transmission area. In addition, more frequent trade and other economic activities will also increase the potential risks of disease outbreaks and facilitate the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoXu Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - HuaiYu Tian
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Sen Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - LiFan Chen
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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Bourke AT, Cossins YN, Gray BR, Lunney TJ, Rostron NA, Holmes RV, Griggs ER, Larsen DJ, Kelk VR. Investigation of cholera acquired from the riverine environment in Queensland. Med J Aust 1986; 144:229-34. [PMID: 3587092 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb115883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since February 1977, five patients with cholera apparently acquired the infection from the riverine environment in Queensland. A total of 13 rivers have now yielded at least one isolate of Vibrio cholerae 01 biovar El Tor. Investigations indicate that the organism, including toxigenic strains, can survive and multiply in the riverine environment. No human or animal reservoirs and no ecological niches were identified and no route of importation or dissemination of the organism was discovered. The microbiological examination of faeces in all medical laboratories in Australia should include methods for detecting the cholera organism as a routine. When confronted with a cholera infection, medical practitioners should obtain a history of recent travel, both in Australia and overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B White
- Public health section, ICI, Fernhurst, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 3JE, UK
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Colwell RR, Seidler RJ, Kaper J, Joseph SW, Garges S, Lockman H, Maneval D, Bradford H, Roberts N, Remmers E, Huq I, Huq A. Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:555-8. [PMID: 7235699 PMCID: PMC243732 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.2.555-558.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 has been isolated from Chesapeake Bay in Maryland and estuaries and sewers in Louisiana. The occurrence of V. cholerae O1 in the aquatic environment in the absence of human disease suggests that this organism survives and multiples in the natural environment.
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