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Loker ES, DeJong RJ, Brant SV. Scratching the Itch: Updated Perspectives on the Schistosomes Responsible for Swimmer's Itch around the World. Pathogens 2022; 11:587. [PMID: 35631108 PMCID: PMC9144223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most studies of digenetic trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae dwell on representatives causing human schistosomiasis, the majority of the 130 identified species of schistosomes infect birds or non-human mammals. The cercariae of many of these species can cause swimmer's itch when they penetrate human skin. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of schistosome diversity, now encompassing 17 genera with eight more lineages awaiting description. Collectively, schistosomes exploit 16 families of caenogastropod or heterobranch gastropod intermediate hosts. Basal lineages today are found in marine gastropods and birds, but subsequent diversification has largely taken place in freshwater, with some reversions to marine habitats. It seems increasingly likely that schistosomes have on two separate occasions colonized mammals. Swimmer's itch is a complex zoonotic disease manifested through several different routes of transmission involving a diversity of different host species. Swimmer's itch also exemplifies the value of adopting the One Health perspective in understanding disease transmission and abundance because the schistosomes involved have complex life cycles that interface with numerous species and abiotic components of their aquatic environments. Given the progress made in revealing their diversity and biology, and the wealth of questions posed by itch-causing schistosomes, they provide excellent models for implementation of long-term interdisciplinary studies focused on issues pertinent to disease ecology, the One Health paradigm, and the impacts of climate change, biological invasions and other environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA;
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:217-254. [PMID: 31297764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The Aporocotylidae are pathogenic in fish, Spirorchiidae in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in molluscs and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive, but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
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Occurrence of Schistosoma nasale infection in bullocks of Puducherry. J Parasit Dis 2014; 38:238-40. [PMID: 24808659 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal schistosomiasis is caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma nasale (S. nasalis) adversely affects the health and production of domestic livestock in various parts of India. The present report describes the occurrence of S. nasale infection in two Hallikar breed bullocks of Union Territory of Puducherry. Eggs of S. nasale were noticed in nasal washings/scrapings of animals and identified as per the standard taxonomical keys.
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Horák P, Kolářová L, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:331-64. [PMID: 24903370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic,
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Southgate VR, Rollinson D, Vercruysse J. A can of worms. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. R. Southgate
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 5BD
| | - D. Rollinson
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 5BD
| | - J. Vercruysse
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Gent, Casinoplein 24, Gent, Belgium
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Thompson PN, Van der Lugt JJ, Olivier-Carstens A. Botryomycosis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the nasopharynx of a cow. Vet Rec 2001; 149:495-6. [PMID: 11700932 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.16.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal and Community Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Bont
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Use of enzyme electrophoresis for differentiating Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale infections of Indoplanorbis exustus in Sri Lanka. Syst Parasitol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00009777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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De Bont J, Vercruysse J, Van Aken D, Southgate VR, Rollinson D, Moncrieff C. The epidemiology of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906 in cattle in Sri Lanka. Parasitology 1991; 102 Pt 2:237-41. [PMID: 1852491 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000062545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During 1988 and 1989, the mesenteric veins of 901 cattle were examined for the presence of schistosomes at the Kandy slaughterhouse (Sri Lanka). The overall prevalence of infection was 31.2%. Animals younger than 2 years were less infected (21.3%) than those older than 5 years (47.9%). Based on the number of paired worms counted, three intensities of infection were recognized: low (1-20 pairs), moderate (21-100 pairs) and heavy (greater than 100 pairs). Intensities increased with the age of the animals but remained low (average 10 worm pairs). The worm burden increased by approximately 20% for each step in age group. The number of miracidia/100 g faeces was measured in 85 animals of all age groups and intensities of infection; 77% of the samples contained less than 100 miracidia. Miracidia counts decreased with age; moderately and heavily infected animals in each age group had the highest and the lowest counts, respectively. This may be due to a host immune response. The results raise questions on the sensitivity of faecal egg counts as a diagnostic method for visceral schistosomiasis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Bont
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Gent, Belgium
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De Bont J, Vercruysse J, Van Aken D, Southgate VR, Rollinson D. Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus. J Helminthol 1991; 65:1-7. [PMID: 2050980 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00010361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectivity and cercarial production of Indoplanorbis exustus related to variation of miracidial dose (1, 4, 10 or 20) with Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale from Sri Lanka were studied. The intermediate host-parasite relationships of the two schistosome species showed marked differences under the conditions of observation recorded in this study. Prepatent death rates (PDR) were on average higher for S. spindale (30%) than for S. nasale (10%). The size of the miracidial dose to which snails had been exposed had no effect on PDR. The infection rates (IR) were on average higher for S. nasale (41%) compared with S. spindale (27%). Highest IR occurred after exposure to 4 miracidia in S. nasale infections (79%) and after exposure to 10 miracidia in S. spindale infections (60%). The highest daily average cercarial production per snail was recorded for S. nasale at a level of 4 miracidia (1311), and for S. spindale at a level of 10 miracidia (1615). At low level (1 or 4 miracidia) of exposure, I. exustus showed a better compatibility with S. nasale than with S. spindale. An opposite tendency was observed at higher levels (10 or 20 miracidia) of exposure. Unsuccessful infections of Lymnaea luteola with either S. nasale or S. spindale indicate that this species is not involved in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Bont
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Gent, Belgium
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Fransen J, De Bont J, Vercruysse J, Van Aken D, Southgate VR, Rollinson D. Pathology of natural infections of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906, in cattle. J Comp Pathol 1990; 103:447-55. [PMID: 2079559 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of natural Schistosoma spindale infections in cattle in Sri Lanka was studied. Hepatic lesions were moderate with periportal cell infiltration and periportal epithelioid cell granulomas within perilobular zones. Submucosal and mucosal granulomas accompanied by cellular changes were present in the small and large intestine. Two unusual observations included the migration of an adult worm from the mesenteric veins to the mucosa of the small intestine in one bull and the presence of epithelioid cell granulomas containing slender living eggs in the urinary bladder of one animal. Intensities of infections, histopathological changes and immunological responses are discussed and comparison is made with other schistosome species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fransen
- Veterinary Department, Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium
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Surface topography of the tegument of adult Schistosoma nasale Rao, 1933 from Sri Lanka. Syst Parasitol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00009612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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De Bont J, Van Aken D, Vercruysse J, Fransen J, Southgate VR, Rollinson D. The effect of praziquantel on Schistosoma nasale infections in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1989; 12:455-8. [PMID: 2614862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1989.tb00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J De Bont
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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