1
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Blankespoor CL, Blankespoor HD, DeJong RJ. Swimmer's itch control: Timely waterfowl brood relocation significantly reduces an avian schistosome population and human cases on recreational lakes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0288948. [PMID: 38359003 PMCID: PMC10868848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Swimmer's itch (SI) is a dermatitis in humans caused by cercariae of avian and mammalian schistosomes which emerge from infected snails on a daily basis. Mitigation methods for SI have long been sought with little success. Copper sulfate application to the water to kill the snail hosts is the historically employed method, but is localized, temporary, and harmful to many aquatic species. Here, we test an alternative method to control Trichobilharzia stagnicolae, a species well-known to cause SI in northern Michigan and elsewhere in North America. Summer relocation of broods of the only known vertebrate host, common merganser (Mergus merganser), greatly reduced snail infection prevalence the following year on two large, geographically separated lakes in northern Michigan. Subsequent years of host relocation achieved and maintained snail infection prevalence at ~0.05%, more than an order of magnitude lower than pre-intervention. A Before-After-Control-Intervention (BACI) study design using multiple-year snail infection data from two intervention lakes and three control lakes demonstrates that dramatic lake-wide reduction of an avian schistosome can be achieved and is not due to natural fluctuations in the parasite populations. The relevance of reducing snail infection prevalence is demonstrated by a large seven-year data set of SI incidence in swimmers at a high-use beach, which showed a substantial reduction in SI cases in two successive years after relocation began. In addition, data from another Michigan lake where vertebrate-host based intervention occurred in the 1980's are analyzed statistically and show a remarkably similar pattern of reduction in snail infection prevalence. Together, these results demonstrate a highly effective SI mitigation strategy that avoids the use of environmentally suspect chemicals and removes incentive for lethal host removal. Biologically, the results strongly suggest that T. stagnicolae is reliant on the yearly hatch of ducklings to maintain populations at high levels on a lake and that the role of migratory hosts in the spring and fall is much less significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L. Blankespoor
- Science Department, Jackson College, Jackson, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan, United States of America
- Swimmer’s Itch Solutions, LLC, Adrian, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Harvey D. Blankespoor
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan, United States of America
- Swimmer’s Itch Solutions, LLC, Adrian, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, Michigan, United States of America
- Swimmer’s Itch Solutions, LLC, Adrian, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
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2
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Radersma MD, Lathrop G, Moleakunnel KC, Harlow LA, Baker AE, Chen AJ, Churu JG, Dole CA, Doorn SL, Hill EM, Howland A, Janvier A, Kramer CM, Minasian MJ, Nieze JR, Perezrios IK, Ramsey FJ, Seinen KL, Swierenga SK, Veenstra MM, Weaver GE, White AC, Yoon E, Wertz JT, DeJong RJ. Complete genome sequences of nine Rhodococcus equi phages. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0108823. [PMID: 38179906 PMCID: PMC10868187 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01088-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We report genomes of nine phages isolated from Actinobacteria Rhodococcus equi NRRL B-16538. Six of these phages belong to actinobacteriophage cluster CR, which otherwise contains Gordonia phages; two form the CF cluster; and one is a singleton. Genome lengths are 62,017-80,980 bp with 63.9%-67.3% GC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles D. Radersma
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lathrop
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Luke A. Harlow
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Aerin E. Baker
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Alison J. Chen
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason G. Churu
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Carly A. Dole
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Sophia L. Doorn
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ethan M. Hill
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna Howland
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Janvier
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Catie M. Kramer
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Matt J. Minasian
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jocelyn R. Nieze
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Fiona J. Ramsey
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Katie L. Seinen
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Grace E. Weaver
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Esther Yoon
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - John T. Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Loker ES, DeJong RJ, Brant SV. Scratching the Itch: Updated Perspectives on the Schistosomes Responsible for Swimmer's Itch around the World. Pathogens 2022; 11:587. [PMID: 35631108 PMCID: PMC9144223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most studies of digenetic trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae dwell on representatives causing human schistosomiasis, the majority of the 130 identified species of schistosomes infect birds or non-human mammals. The cercariae of many of these species can cause swimmer's itch when they penetrate human skin. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in our understanding of schistosome diversity, now encompassing 17 genera with eight more lineages awaiting description. Collectively, schistosomes exploit 16 families of caenogastropod or heterobranch gastropod intermediate hosts. Basal lineages today are found in marine gastropods and birds, but subsequent diversification has largely taken place in freshwater, with some reversions to marine habitats. It seems increasingly likely that schistosomes have on two separate occasions colonized mammals. Swimmer's itch is a complex zoonotic disease manifested through several different routes of transmission involving a diversity of different host species. Swimmer's itch also exemplifies the value of adopting the One Health perspective in understanding disease transmission and abundance because the schistosomes involved have complex life cycles that interface with numerous species and abiotic components of their aquatic environments. Given the progress made in revealing their diversity and biology, and the wealth of questions posed by itch-causing schistosomes, they provide excellent models for implementation of long-term interdisciplinary studies focused on issues pertinent to disease ecology, the One Health paradigm, and the impacts of climate change, biological invasions and other environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA;
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Parasites Division, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
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4
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Loker ES, Dolginow SZ, Pape S, Topper CD, Alda P, Pointier JP, Ebbs ET, Sanchez MC, Verocai GG, DeJong RJ, Brant SV, Laidemitt MR. An outbreak of canine schistosomiasis in Utah: Acquisition of a new snail host ( Galba humilis) by Heterobilharzia americana, a pathogenic parasite on the move. One Health 2021; 13:100280. [PMID: 34258371 PMCID: PMC8254006 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites with complex life cycles engaging multiple host species living among different environments well-exemplify the value of a cross-cutting One Health approach to understanding fundamental concerns like disease emergence or spread. Here we provide new information regarding a pathogenic schistosome trematode parasite of both wild and domestic mammals that has recently expanded its known range from mesic/wet environments of the southeastern United States to the arid southwest. In 2018, 12 dogs living near a man-made pond in Moab, Utah, were found positive for Heterobilharzia americana, the most westerly report of this endemic North American schistosome, and the first from Utah. Raccoon scats collected near the pond were positive for H. americana eggs, and snails living near the pond's water line identified as Galba humilis shed H. americana cercariae, the first indication of natural infections in this widespread North American snail species. The susceptibility of G. humilis to H. americana was confirmed experimentally. Our studies support the existence of two variants of H. americana and emphasize the need for further investigations of lymnaeids and their compatibility with H. americana, to better define the future potential for its spread. Capture of a new species of intermediate host vector snail and construction of man-made habitats suitable for this snail have created the potential for a much more widespread animal health problem, especially for dogs and horses. H. americana will prove difficult to control because of the role of raccoons in maintaining transmission and the amphibious habits of the snail hosts of this pathogenic schistosome. The pathogenic canine schistosome Heterobilharzia americana expands its known range. First evidence of new snail vector, Galba humilis. Galba humilis is widely distributed in North America, enabling further spread. Raccoons are also important hosts and their increasing abundance also favors spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Parasite Division, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Suzanne Pape
- Mill Creek Animal Hospital, 125 E 300 S, Moab, UT 84532, USA
| | | | - Pilar Alda
- Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-CCT-CONICET Bahía Blanca), Camino de la Carrindanga km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Jean P Pointier
- PSL Research University USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, France
| | - Erika T Ebbs
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, NY 10577, USA
| | - Melissa C Sanchez
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Parasite Division, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Guilherme G Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4461, USA
| | - Randall J DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Sara V Brant
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Parasite Division, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Martina R Laidemitt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, Parasite Division, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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5
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Ubels JL, DeJong RJ, Hoolsema B, Wurzberger A, Nguyen TT, Blankespoor HD, Blankespoor CL. Impairment of retinal function in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by Diplostomum baeri metacercariae. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2018; 7:171-179. [PMID: 29988865 PMCID: PMC6032499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Histologic studies of fish from Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, USA show that Diplostomum spp. infect the lens of spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) and common shiners (Luxilus cornutus). In contrast, infection was confined to the choroidal vasculature of yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and the morphology of the pigment epithelium and retina in regions adjacent to the metacercariae was abnormal. The difference in location of metacercariae within the host suggested that different Diplostomum species may infect shiners and perch in Douglas Lake. Species diversity was investigated by sequencing the barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene of metacercariae. Four species of Diplostomum were identified, all four of which were present in shiner lenses; however, only Diplostomum baeri was present in the perch choroid. To determine whether infection of perch eyes affects the response of the retina to a light stimulus, electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded. The amplitude of the b-wave of the ERG was reduced and the b-wave latency was increased in infected perch, as compared to uninfected eyes, and the flicker-fusion frequency was also reduced. Infection of the yellow perch choroid by Diplostomum baeri, which shows strong host and tissue specificity, has an adverse effect on retinal function, lending support to the hypothesis that parasite-induced impairment of host vision may afford Diplostomum baeri the evolutionary benefit of increasing the likelihood of transmission, via host fish predation, to its definitive avian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Ubels
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Wurzberger
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Harvey D. Blankespoor
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
- Swimmer's Itch Solutions, LLC, Adrian, MI, USA
| | - Curtis L. Blankespoor
- University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
- Swimmer's Itch Solutions, LLC, Adrian, MI, USA
- Jackson College, Jackson, MI, USA
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6
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Lamine JG, DeJong RJ, Nelesen SM. PhamDB: a web-based application for building Phamerator databases. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:2026-8. [PMID: 27153674 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PhamDB is a web application which creates databases of bacteriophage genes, grouped by gene similarity. It is backwards compatible with the existing Phamerator desktop software while providing an improved database creation workflow. Key features include a graphical user interface, validation of uploaded GenBank files, and abilities to import phages from existing databases, modify existing databases and queue multiple jobs. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code and installation instructions for Linux, Windows and Mac OSX are freely available at https://github.com/jglamine/phage PhamDB is also distributed as a docker image which can be managed via Kitematic. This docker image contains the application and all third party software dependencies as a pre-configured system, and is freely available via the installation instructions provided. CONTACT snelesen@calvin.edu.
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7
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Jordan TC, Burnett SH, Carson S, Caruso SM, Clase K, DeJong RJ, Dennehy JJ, Denver DR, Dunbar D, Elgin SCR, Findley AM, Gissendanner CR, Golebiewska UP, Guild N, Hartzog GA, Grillo WH, Hollowell GP, Hughes LE, Johnson A, King RA, Lewis LO, Li W, Rosenzweig F, Rubin MR, Saha MS, Sandoz J, Shaffer CD, Taylor B, Temple L, Vazquez E, Ware VC, Barker LP, Bradley KW, Jacobs-Sera D, Pope WH, Russell DA, Cresawn SG, Lopatto D, Bailey CP, Hatfull GF. A broadly implementable research course in phage discovery and genomics for first-year undergraduate students. mBio 2014; 5:e01051-13. [PMID: 24496795 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01051-13.editor] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Engaging large numbers of undergraduates in authentic scientific discovery is desirable but difficult to achieve. We have developed a general model in which faculty and teaching assistants from diverse academic institutions are trained to teach a research course for first-year undergraduate students focused on bacteriophage discovery and genomics. The course is situated within a broader scientific context aimed at understanding viral diversity, such that faculty and students are collaborators with established researchers in the field. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) course has been widely implemented and has been taken by over 4,800 students at 73 institutions. We show here that this alliance-sourced model not only substantially advances the field of phage genomics but also stimulates students' interest in science, positively influences academic achievement, and enhances persistence in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Broad application of this model by integrating other research areas with large numbers of early-career undergraduate students has the potential to be transformative in science education and research training. IMPORTANCE Engagement of undergraduate students in scientific research at early stages in their careers presents an opportunity to excite students about science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and promote continued interests in these areas. Many excellent course-based undergraduate research experiences have been developed, but scaling these to a broader impact with larger numbers of students is challenging. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance Phage Hunting Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program takes advantage of the huge size and diversity of the bacteriophage population to engage students in discovery of new viruses, genome annotation, and comparative genomics, with strong impacts on bacteriophage research, increased persistence in STEM fields, and student self-identification with learning gains, motivation, attitude, and career aspirations.
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Lopatto D, Hauser C, Jones CJ, Paetkau D, Chandrasekaran V, Dunbar D, MacKinnon C, Stamm J, Alvarez C, Barnard D, Bedard JEJ, Bednarski AE, Bhalla S, Braverman JM, Burg M, Chung HM, DeJong RJ, DiAngelo JR, Du C, Eckdahl TT, Emerson J, Frary A, Frohlich D, Goodman AL, Gosser Y, Govind S, Haberman A, Hark AT, Hoogewerf A, Johnson D, Kadlec L, Kaehler M, Key SCS, Kokan NP, Kopp OR, Kuleck GA, Lopilato J, Martinez-Cruzado JC, McNeil G, Mel S, Nagengast A, Overvoorde PJ, Parrish S, Preuss ML, Reed LD, Regisford EG, Revie D, Robic S, Roecklien-Canfield JA, Rosenwald AG, Rubin MR, Saville K, Schroeder S, Sharif KA, Shaw M, Skuse G, Smith CD, Smith M, Smith ST, Spana EP, Spratt M, Sreenivasan A, Thompson JS, Wawersik M, Wolyniak MJ, Youngblom J, Zhou L, Buhler J, Mardis E, Leung W, Shaffer CD, Threlfall J, Elgin SCR. A central support system can facilitate implementation and sustainability of a Classroom-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) in Genomics. CBE Life Sci Educ 2014; 13:711-23. [PMID: 25452493 PMCID: PMC4255357 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.13-10-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In their 2012 report, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology advocated "replacing standard science laboratory courses with discovery-based research courses"-a challenging proposition that presents practical and pedagogical difficulties. In this paper, we describe our collective experiences working with the Genomics Education Partnership, a nationwide faculty consortium that aims to provide undergraduates with a research experience in genomics through a scheduled course (a classroom-based undergraduate research experience, or CURE). We examine the common barriers encountered in implementing a CURE, program elements of most value to faculty, ways in which a shared core support system can help, and the incentives for and rewards of establishing a CURE on our diverse campuses. While some of the barriers and rewards are specific to a research project utilizing a genomics approach, other lessons learned should be broadly applicable. We find that a central system that supports a shared investigation can mitigate some shortfalls in campus infrastructure (such as time for new curriculum development, availability of IT services) and provides collegial support for change. Our findings should be useful for designing similar supportive programs to facilitate change in the way we teach science for undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopatto
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112
| | - Charles Hauser
- Bioinformatics, St. Edward's University, Austin, TX 78704
| | | | - Don Paetkau
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | | | - David Dunbar
- Science Department, Cabrini College, Radnor, PA 19087
| | - Christy MacKinnon
- Biology Department, University of Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209
| | - Joyce Stamm
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN 47722
| | - Consuelo Alvarez
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909
| | - Daron Barnard
- Biology Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602
| | - James E J Bedard
- Department of Biology, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO 81101
| | | | - Satish Bhalla
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, NC 28216
| | - John M Braverman
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131
| | - Martin Burg
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences & Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401
| | - Hui-Min Chung
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514
| | | | | | - Chunguang Du
- Department of Biology & Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043
| | - Todd T Eckdahl
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO 64507
| | - Julia Emerson
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Amy Frary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - Donald Frohlich
- Biology Department, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX 77006
| | - Anya L Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405
| | - Yuying Gosser
- Grove School of Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Adam Haberman
- Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074
| | - Amy T Hark
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104
| | | | - Diana Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Lisa Kadlec
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766
| | | | | | - Nighat P Kokan
- Department of Biology, Cardinal Stritch University, Milwaukee, WI 53217
| | | | - Gary A Kuleck
- College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221
| | - Jane Lopilato
- Department of Biology, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Gerard McNeil
- Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451
| | - Stephanie Mel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alexis Nagengast
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013
| | | | - Susan Parrish
- Biology Department, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD 21157
| | - Mary L Preuss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Webster University, Webster Groves, MO 63119
| | - Laura D Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
| | - E Gloria Regisford
- Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446
| | - Dennis Revie
- Department of Biology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
| | - Srebrenka Robic
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
| | | | - Anne G Rosenwald
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Michael R Rubin
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | | | - Stephanie Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Webster University, Webster Groves, MO 63119
| | - Karim A Sharif
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, Long Island City, NY 11101
| | - Mary Shaw
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701
| | - Gary Skuse
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Christopher D Smith
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
| | - Mary Smith
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411
| | - Sheryl T Smith
- Biology Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038
| | - Eric P Spana
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Mary Spratt
- Biology Department, William Woods University, Fulton, MO 65251
| | - Aparna Sreenivasan
- Science and Environmental Policy, California State University-Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955
| | | | - Matthew Wawersik
- Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185
| | | | - James Youngblom
- Department of Biology, California State University-Stanislaus, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Leming Zhou
- Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jeremy Buhler
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Elaine Mardis
- Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Wilson Leung
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | | | - Jennifer Threlfall
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Sarah C R Elgin
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Shaffer CD, Alvarez CJ, Bednarski AE, Dunbar D, Goodman AL, Reinke C, Rosenwald AG, Wolyniak MJ, Bailey C, Barnard D, Bazinet C, Beach DL, Bedard JEJ, Bhalla S, Braverman J, Burg M, Chandrasekaran V, Chung HM, Clase K, DeJong RJ, DiAngelo JR, Du C, Eckdahl TT, Eisler H, Emerson JA, Frary A, Frohlich D, Gosser Y, Govind S, Haberman A, Hark AT, Hauser C, Hoogewerf A, Hoopes LLM, Howell CE, Johnson D, Jones CJ, Kadlec L, Kaehler M, Silver Key SC, Kleinschmit A, Kokan NP, Kopp O, Kuleck G, Leatherman J, Lopilato J, MacKinnon C, Martinez-Cruzado JC, McNeil G, Mel S, Mistry H, Nagengast A, Overvoorde P, Paetkau DW, Parrish S, Peterson CN, Preuss M, Reed LK, Revie D, Robic S, Roecklein-Canfield J, Rubin MR, Saville K, Schroeder S, Sharif K, Shaw M, Skuse G, Smith CD, Smith MA, Smith ST, Spana E, Spratt M, Sreenivasan A, Stamm J, Szauter P, Thompson JS, Wawersik M, Youngblom J, Zhou L, Mardis ER, Buhler J, Leung W, Lopatto D, Elgin SCR. A course-based research experience: how benefits change with increased investment in instructional time. CBE Life Sci Educ 2014; 13:111-30. [PMID: 24591510 PMCID: PMC3940452 DOI: 10.1187/cbe-13-08-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread agreement that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics programs should provide undergraduates with research experience. Practical issues and limited resources, however, make this a challenge. We have developed a bioinformatics project that provides a course-based research experience for students at a diverse group of schools and offers the opportunity to tailor this experience to local curriculum and institution-specific student needs. We assessed both attitude and knowledge gains, looking for insights into how students respond given this wide range of curricular and institutional variables. While different approaches all appear to result in learning gains, we find that a significant investment of course time is required to enable students to show gains commensurate to a summer research experience. An alumni survey revealed that time spent on a research project is also a significant factor in the value former students assign to the experience one or more years later. We conclude: 1) implementation of a bioinformatics project within the biology curriculum provides a mechanism for successfully engaging large numbers of students in undergraduate research; 2) benefits to students are achievable at a wide variety of academic institutions; and 3) successful implementation of course-based research experiences requires significant investment of instructional time for students to gain full benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
- Address correspondence to: Christopher D. Shaffer ()
| | - Consuelo J. Alvarez
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909
| | | | - David Dunbar
- Science Department, Cabrini College, Radnor, PA 19087
| | - Anya L. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Daron Barnard
- Biology Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA 01602
| | | | - Dale L. Beach
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA 23909
| | | | - Satish Bhalla
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, NC 28216
| | - John Braverman
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131
| | - Martin Burg
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences & Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State, Allendale, MI 49401
| | | | - Hui-Min Chung
- Department of Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514
| | - Kari Clase
- Technology Leadership & Innovation Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | | | - Chunguang Du
- Department of Biology & Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043
| | - Todd T. Eckdahl
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO 64507
| | - Heather Eisler
- Department of Biology, University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, KY 40769
| | | | - Amy Frary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - Donald Frohlich
- Biology Department, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX 77006
| | | | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Adam Haberman
- Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074
| | - Amy T. Hark
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104
| | - Charles Hauser
- Department of Bioinformatics, St. Edwards University, Austin, TX 78704
| | | | | | - Carina E. Howell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA 17745
| | - Diana Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | | | - Lisa Kadlec
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701
| | | | | | - Adam Kleinschmit
- Department of Biology, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO 81101
| | - Nighat P. Kokan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Cardinal Stritch University, Milwaukee, WI 53217
| | - Olga Kopp
- Department of Biology, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058
| | - Gary Kuleck
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045
| | - Judith Leatherman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639
| | - Jane Lopilato
- Biology Department, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christy MacKinnon
- Biology Department, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209
| | | | - Gerard McNeil
- Department of Biology, York College–City University of New York, Jamaica, NY 11451
| | - Stephanie Mel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Alexis Nagengast
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Widener University, Chester, PA 19013
| | | | - Don W. Paetkau
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Susan Parrish
- Biology Department, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD 21157
| | | | - Mary Preuss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Webster University, Webster Groves, MO 63119
| | - Laura K. Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401
| | - Dennis Revie
- Department of Biology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
| | - Srebrenka Robic
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
| | | | - Michael R. Rubin
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | | | | | - Karim Sharif
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, Long Island City, NY 11101
| | - Mary Shaw
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701
| | - Gary Skuse
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623
| | | | - Mary A. Smith
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411
| | - Sheryl T. Smith
- Department of Biology, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 19038
| | - Eric Spana
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Mary Spratt
- Department of Biology, William Woods University, Fulton, MO 65251
| | - Aparna Sreenivasan
- Science and Environmental Policy, California State University–Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955
| | - Joyce Stamm
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN 47722
| | - Paul Szauter
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | | | - Matthew Wawersik
- Department of Biology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187
| | - James Youngblom
- Department of Biology, California State University–Stanislaus, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Leming Zhou
- Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- Genome Institute, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108
| | - Jeremy Buhler
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Wilson Leung
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - David Lopatto
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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10
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Pope WH, Ferreira CM, Jacobs-Sera D, Benjamin RC, Davis AJ, DeJong RJ, Elgin SCR, Guilfoile FR, Forsyth MH, Harris AD, Harvey SE, Hughes LE, Hynes PM, Jackson AS, Jalal MD, MacMurray EA, Manley CM, McDonough MJ, Mosier JL, Osterbann LJ, Rabinowitz HS, Rhyan CN, Russell DA, Saha MS, Shaffer CD, Simon SE, Sims EF, Tovar IG, Weisser EG, Wertz JT, Weston-Hafer KA, Williamson KE, Zhang B, Cresawn SG, Jain P, Piuri M, Jacobs WR, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. Cluster K mycobacteriophages: insights into the evolutionary origins of mycobacteriophage TM4. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26750. [PMID: 22053209 PMCID: PMC3203893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Five newly isolated mycobacteriophages –Angelica, CrimD, Adephagia, Anaya, and Pixie – have similar genomic architectures to mycobacteriophage TM4, a previously characterized phage that is widely used in mycobacterial genetics. The nucleotide sequence similarities warrant grouping these into Cluster K, with subdivision into three subclusters: K1, K2, and K3. Although the overall genome architectures of these phages are similar, TM4 appears to have lost at least two segments of its genome, a central region containing the integration apparatus, and a segment at the right end. This suggests that TM4 is a recent derivative of a temperate parent, resolving a long-standing conundrum about its biology, in that it was reportedly recovered from a lysogenic strain of Mycobacterium avium, but it is not capable of forming lysogens in any mycobacterial host. Like TM4, all of the Cluster K phages infect both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, and all of them – with the exception of TM4 – form stable lysogens in both Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; immunity assays show that all five of these phages share the same immune specificity. TM4 infects these lysogens suggesting that it was either derived from a heteroimmune temperate parent or that it has acquired a virulent phenotype. We have also characterized a widely-used conditionally replicating derivative of TM4 and identified mutations conferring the temperature-sensitive phenotype. All of the Cluster K phages contain a series of well conserved 13 bp repeats associated with the translation initiation sites of a subset of the genes; approximately one half of these contain an additional sequence feature composed of imperfectly conserved 17 bp inverted repeats separated by a variable spacer. The K1 phages integrate into the host tmRNA and the Cluster K phages represent potential new tools for the genetics of M. tuberculosis and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welkin H. Pope
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Ferreira
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ariangela J. Davis
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Randall J. DeJong
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. R. Elgin
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Forrest R. Guilfoile
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Forsyth
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Harris
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Samuel E. Harvey
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Hynes
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arrykka S. Jackson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marilyn D. Jalal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. MacMurray
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coreen M. Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Molly J. McDonough
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jordan L. Mosier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larissa J. Osterbann
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Corwin N. Rhyan
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erika F. Sims
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isabel G. Tovar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emilie G. Weisser
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John T. Wertz
- Department of Biology, Calvin College, Grand Rapids , Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Kurt E. Williamson
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg , Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paras Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariana Piuri
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William R. Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger W. Hendrix
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Adema CM, Luo MZ, Hanelt B, Hertel LA, Marshall JJ, Zhang SM, DeJong RJ, Kim HR, Kudrna D, Wing RA, Soderlund C, Knight M, Lewis FA, Caldeira RL, Jannotti-Passos LK, Carvalho ODS, Loker ES. A bacterial artificial chromosome library for Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 101 Suppl 1:167-77. [PMID: 17308766 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide a novel resource for analysis of the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, members of the international Biomphalaria glabrata Genome Initiative (http://biology.unm.edu/biomphalaria-genome.html), working with the Arizona Genomics Institute (AGI) and supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), produced a high quality bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. The BB02 strain B. glabrata, a field isolate (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil) that is susceptible to several strains of Schistosoma mansoni, was selfed for two generations to reduce haplotype diversity in the offspring. High molecular weight DNA was isolated from ovotestes of 40 snails, partially digested with HindIII, and ligated into pAGIBAC1 vector. The resulting B. glabrata BAC library (BG_BBa) consists of 61824 clones (136.3 kb average insert size) and provides 9.05 x coverage of the 931 Mb genome. Probing with single/low copy number genes from B. glabrata and fingerprinting of selected BAC clones indicated that the BAC library sufficiently represents the gene complement. BAC end sequence data (514 reads, 299860 nt) indicated that the genome of B. glabrata contains ~ 63% AT, and disclosed several novel genes, transposable elements, and groups of high frequency sequence elements. This BG_BBa BAC library, available from AGI at cost to the research community, gains in relevance because BB02 strain B. glabrata is targeted whole genome sequencing by NHGRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen M Adema
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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12
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Molina-Cruz A, DeJong RJ, Charles B, Gupta L, Kumar S, Jaramillo-Gutierrez G, Barillas-Mury C. Reactive oxygen species modulate Anopheles gambiae immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3217-3223. [PMID: 18065421 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mosquito immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium was investigated in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Strains of An. gambiae with higher systemic levels of ROS survive a bacterial challenge better, whereas reduction of ROS by dietary administration of antioxidants significantly decreases survival, indicating that ROS are required to mount effective antibacterial responses. Expression of several ROS detoxification enzymes increases in the midgut and fat body after a blood meal. Furthermore, expression of several of these enzymes increases to even higher levels when mosquitoes are fed a Plasmodium berghei-infected meal, indicating that the oxidative stress after a blood meal is exacerbated by Plasmodium infection. Paradoxically, a complete lack of induction of catalase mRNA and lower catalase activity were observed in P. berghei-infected midguts. This suppression of midgut catalase expression is a specific response to ookinete midgut invasion and is expected to lead to higher local levels of hydrogen peroxide. Further reduction of catalase expression by double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing promoted parasite clearance by a lytic mechanism and reduced infection significantly. High mosquito mortality is often observed after P. berghei infection. Death appears to result in part from excess production of ROS, as mortality can be decreased by oral administration of uric acid, a strong antioxidant. We conclude that ROS modulate An. gambiae immunity and that the mosquito response to P. berghei involves a local reduction of detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in the midgut that contributes to limit Plasmodium infection through a lytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-8130.
| | - Randall J DeJong
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-8130
| | - Bradley Charles
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-8130
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-8130
| | | | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892-8130
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13
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DeJong RJ, Miller LM, Molina-Cruz A, Gupta L, Kumar S, Barillas-Mury C. Reactive oxygen species detoxification by catalase is a major determinant of fecundity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2121-6. [PMID: 17284604 PMCID: PMC1892935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608407104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is a primary vector of Plasmodium parasites in Africa. The effect of aging on reproductive output in A. gambiae females from three strains that differ in their ability to melanize Plasmodium and in their systemic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), was analyzed. The number of eggs oviposited after the first blood meal decreases with age in all strains; however, this decline was much more pronounced in the G3 (unselected) and R (refractory to Plasmodium infection) strains than in the S (highly susceptible to Plasmodium) strain. Reduction of ROS levels in G3 and R females by administration of antioxidants reversed this age-related decline in fecundity. The S and G3 strains were fixed for two functionally different catalase alleles that differ at the second amino acid position (Ser2Trp). Biochemical analysis of recombinant proteins revealed that the Trp isoform has lower specific activity and higher Km than the Ser isoform, indicating that the former is a less efficient enzyme. The Trp-for-Ser substitution appears to destabilize the functional tetrameric form of the enzyme. Both alleles are present in the R strain, and Ser/Ser females had significantly higher fecundity than Trp/Trp females. Finally, a systemic reduction in catalase activity by dsRNA-mediated knockdown significantly reduced the reproductive output of mosquito females, indicating that catalase plays a central role in protecting the oocyte and early embryo from ROS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. DeJong
- *Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852-8132; and
| | - Lisa M. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1619 Campus Delivery, Ft. Collins, CO 80523
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- *Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852-8132; and
| | - Lalita Gupta
- *Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852-8132; and
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- *Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852-8132; and
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- *Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852-8132; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, MSC 8132, Twinbrook III, Room 2E-20, Bethesda, MD 20892-8132. E-mail:
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14
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Agola LE, Mburu DN, DeJong RJ, Mungai BN, Muluvi GM, Njagi ENM, Loker ES, Mkoji GM. Microsatellite typing reveals strong genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni from localities in Kenya. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2006; 6:484-90. [PMID: 16675308 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure of seven populations of Schistosoma mansoni sampled in Kenya were assessed using five microsatellite markers. The mean number of alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and pairwise F(ST) values ranged from 5.2 to 10.7, 0.5-0.8 and 3.6-27.3%, respectively. These data reveal that S. mansoni populations in Kenyan have relatively high levels of genetic diversity and is significantly differentiated. Our data combined with information on biogeography support the hypothesis that the strong genetic structure in Kenyan schistosomes is as a result of limited gene flow and large population sizes. Resistance to anthelminthics has not been reported among the Kenyan schistosomes, we hypothesize that this is probably due to the very little gene flow among populations, thereby limiting opportunities for the spread of rare alleles that might confer resistance to the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Agola
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
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15
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Pointier JP, DeJong RJ, Tchuem Tchuenté LA, Kristensen TK, Loker ES. A neotropical snail host of Schistosoma mansoni introduced into Africa and consequences for the schistosomiasis transmission Biomphalaria tenagophila in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo). Acta Trop 2005; 93:191-9. [PMID: 15652333 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malacological surveys carried out in the early 1970s in water bodies of the Kinshasa area, Lower Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo), showed the appearance of a Biomphalaria species which was identified as Biomphalaria camerunensis. In 1976, other surveys confirmed the presence of the species in several sites and showed numerous infected snails with Schistosoma mansoni, demonstrating for the first time an active transmission of the parasite responsible of the intestinal schistosomiasis in this area. The most recent malacological sampling was carried out by one of us in 1994 in Mangungu River and revealed the presence of apparently the same snail species. However, conchological, anatomical and molecular studies showed that this snail may be considered as an introduced neotropical species, B. tenagophila. To our knowledge, this is the second example of the introduction of a neotropical snail host of schistosomes into Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Pointier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine et Malacologie, EPHE, UMR 5555 CNRS, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan, France.
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16
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DeJong RJ, Emery AM, Adema CM. The mitochondrial genome of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Basommatophora), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 2004; 90:991-7. [PMID: 15562597 DOI: 10.1645/ge-284r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial (Mt) genome of the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, a major intermediate host for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, was sequenced. The circular genome, the first determined from a basommatophoran snail, is AT rich (74.6%) and the smallest Mt genome (13,670 nucleotides [nt]) characterized from mollusks to date. Sequences from 2 B. glabrata strains, M-line and 1742, differed by only 18 nt. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and ND1 sequences confirmed the Brazilian ancestry of both B. glabrata strains. Gene predictions indicated 22 transfer RNA, 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 13 protein-encoding genes, as is typical for metazoans. Of the mollusk Mt genomes currently known, the gene order was most similar to that of stylommatophoran gastropods, concordant with the monophyly of pulmonate gastropods. Screening of GenBank (expressed sequence tags database [dbEST]) with the Mt sequence identified 108 entries from B. glabrata as Mt-derived sequences, including 12S and 16S rRNA sequences. Moreover, 11 sequences originating from the Mt genome of B. glabrata were identified among EST entries ascribed to intramolluskan stages of S. mansoni. The availability of this Mt sequence will facilitate further molecular investigations into the biology of Biomphalaria sp. and interactions between this intermediate host and intramolluskan stages of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J DeJong
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Lotfy WM, DeJong RJ, Black BS, Loker ES. Specific identification of Egyptian Biomphalaria species and possible hybrids using the polymerase chain reaction based on nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 19:21-5. [PMID: 15652216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The snail historically implicated in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt is Biomphalaria alexandrina. The problem of schistosomiasis in Egypt has been complicated in recent years by the introduction of Biomphalaria glabrata, which has been reported to hybridize with B. alexandrina. Both introduced and hybrid snails also pose a threat with respect to S. mansoni transmission. As morphological differentiation of these snails is difficult, using three DNA loci, nuclear ITS1 and ITS2, and mitochondrial ND1, PCR-based assays were developed to identify these species and possible hybrids. The assays are rapid, reproducible, sensitive and specific. This technique may be used in field surveys to study the distribution of the two species of intermediate host and their putative hybrids in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Lotfy
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Abstract
Because of their role in causing schistosomiasis, flukes of the genus Schistosoma are the best known of all digeneans. The genus has traditionally been divided into four familiar species groups. Here we report on three poorly known species of Schistosoma, one of which, Schistosoma hippopotami, is known from the hippopotamus, one of which is provisionally identified as Schistosoma edwardiense, another hippo parasite, and a third that has not previously been described. All were collected from freshwater snails obtained from Lake Edward, western Uganda, the type locality for both known hippo schistosomes. The three different kinds of schistosome cercariae differ from one another in size, and all are readily differentiated by their long tail stems from the cercariae of human-infecting species. Furthermore, each was recovered from a different genus of snail host, Biomphalaria sudanica, Bulinus truncatus or Ceratophallus natalensis. Molecular analysis, based on 8350 bases of combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, groups these three long tail-stem cercariae into a well supported clade that does not associate with any of the recognised species groups. The placement of this clade, basal to all African species plus several Asian species, suggests that there has been an ancient association between Schistosoma and hippos. This new African Schistosoma clade advocates the need for further modification of the traditional species group-based classification. Two of the four species groups are paraphyletic. It also suggests that Schistosoma has been remarkably plastic with respect to adapting to snail hosts-three distantly related genera of planorbid snails have been exploited by worms within a single clade. Finally, it adds a new layer of complexity to deciphering the origins of Schistosoma, often considered to be African but recently challenged as being Asian. In the late Cenozoic the distribution of hippo species straddled both Africa and Asia and they may have provided a means for the introduction of blood flukes to Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A T Morgan
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Abstract
Experimental crosses between Schistosoma mansoni and S. rodhaini have shown that hybrid offspring are viable, yet, until now, no naturally occurring hybrid has been identified. A collection of freshwater snails from Nyamlebi-Ngoma, Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria, Tanzania, yielded a mixed infection within a single Biomphalaria sudanica of S. mansoni females and S. mansoni-S. rodhaini hybrid males. The hybrids were identified using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. Mitochondrial DNA 16S and 12S sequences of the hybrids match those of S. mansoni, whereas their nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1 and ITS2 sequences match those of S. rodhaini. The identification of hybrids in Tanzania highlights the possibility that the genetic identity of either parasite species might be modified by introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A T Morgan
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Morgan JAT, DeJong RJ, Jung Y, Khallaayoune K, Kock S, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. A phylogeny of planorbid snails, with implications for the evolution of Schistosoma parasites. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2002; 25:477-88. [PMID: 12450752 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Planorbidae represent one of the most important families of freshwater snails. They have a wide distribution and are significant both medically and economically as intermediate hosts for trematode worms. Digenetic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma cause schistosomiasis, a disease that infects 200 million people, and domestic animals throughout the tropics. Three of the four recognized species groups of Schistosoma rely on snails of the family Planorbidae to complete their life cycles. Each species group requires a specific planorbid genus-Bulinus, Biomphalaria, or Indoplanorbis. Our understanding of the relationships among the genera within the Planorbidae is rudimentary and based solely on internal anatomy and shell morphology. Two molecular markers, ribosomal 28S and actin exon 2, were sequenced and a phylogeny constructed for 38 taxa representing 16 planorbid genera. The phylogeny supports the division of the Planorbidae into two subfamilies, the Bulininae and Planorbinae. Interestingly, two representatives of the family Ancylidae fall within the Planorbidae highlighting the need for further analysis and possible reclassification of this group. A molecular based phylogeny of the genus Schistosoma was then mapped against the snail tree. The trees indicate that planorbid-transmitted Schistosoma appear not to be co-speciating with their current snail host lineages. Rather, host switching was prominent, including a switch involving two distantly related planorbid genera, Biomphalaria and Bulinus. Our study of the Planorbidae poses fundamental questions regarding how and when Schistosoma acquired new snail hosts, including how switches to relatively distant hosts are accomplished and why some available planorbids were not colonized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A T Morgan
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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DeJong RJ, Morgan JA, Paraense WL, Pointier JP, Amarista M, Ayeh-Kumi PF, Babiker A, Barbosa CS, Brémond P, Pedro Canese A, de Souza CP, Dominguez C, File S, Gutierrez A, Incani RN, Kawano T, Kazibwe F, Kpikpi J, Lwambo NJ, Mimpfoundi R, Njiokou F, Noël Poda J, Sene M, Velásquez LE, Yong M, Adema CM, Hofkin BV, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Evolutionary relationships and biogeography of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) with implications regarding its role as host of the human bloodfluke, Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:2225-39. [PMID: 11719572 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide geographic distribution of Schistosoma mansoni, a digenetic trematode and parasite of humans, is determined by the occurrence of its intermediate hosts, freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria (Preston 1910). We present phylogenetic analyses of 23 species of Biomphalaria, 16 Neotropical and seven African, including the most important schistosome hosts, using partial mitochondrial ribosomal 16S and complete nuclear ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 nucleotide sequences. A dramatically better resolution was obtained by combining the data sets as opposed to analyzing each separately, indicating that there is additive congruent signal in each data set. Neotropical species are basal, and all African species are derived, suggesting an American origin for the genus. We confirm that a proto-Biomphalaria glabrata gave rise to all African species through a trans-Atlantic colonization of Africa. In addition, genetic distances among African species are smaller compared with those among Neotropical species, indicating a more recent origin. There are two species-rich clades, one African with B. glabrata as its base, and the other Neotropical. Within the African clade, a wide-ranging tropical savannah species, B. pfeifferi, and a Nilotic species complex, have both colonized Rift Valley lakes and produced endemic lacustrine forms. Within the Neotropical clade, two newly acquired natural hosts for S. mansoni (B. straminea and B. tenagophila) are not the closest relatives of each other, suggesting two separate acquisition events. Basal to these two species-rich clades are several Neotropical lineages with large genetic distances between them, indicating multiple lineages within the genus. Interesting patterns occur regarding schistosome susceptibility: (1) the most susceptible hosts belong to a single clade, comprising B. glabrata and the African species, (2) several susceptible Neotropical species are sister groups to apparently refractory species, and (3) some basal lineages are susceptible. These patterns suggest the existence of both inherent susceptibility and resistance, but also underscore the ability of S. mansoni to adapt to and acquire previously unsusceptible species as hosts. Biomphalaria schrammi appears to be distantly related to other Biomphalaria as well as to Helisoma, and may represent a separate or intermediate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J DeJong
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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Abstract
Fifty-five hatch-year common mergansers (Mergus merganser) were sampled for hematozoa from Douglas Lake (Michigan, USA) on 17 July 1995. Forty-one (75%) were infected with hematozoa. Haemoproteus greineri and Leucocytozoon simondi were common, infecting 28 (51%) and 26 (47%) common mergansers, respectively. Plasmodium circumflexum infected two (4%) birds. The common merganser is a new host record for H. greineri and P. circumflexum. Intensity data indicate possible negative interspecific interaction between H. greineri and L. simondi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J DeJong
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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Adema CM, Léonard PM, DeJong RJ, Day HL, Edwards DJ, Burgett G, Hertel LA, Loker ES. Analysis of messages expressed by Echinostoma paraensei miracidia and sporocysts, obtained by random EST sequencing. J Parasitol 2000; 86:60-5. [PMID: 10701565 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0060:aomebe]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A lambdaZAP Express cDNA library was constructed with mRNA obtained from immature miracidia within eggs, hatched miracidia, and sporocysts of Echinostoma paraensei. This cDNA library was amplified and 213 expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences (averaging 466 nucleotides in length) were obtained. The mean percentage of unresolved bases within the EST sequences was 0.4%, ranging from 0 to 4.6%. The 213 ESTs represent 151 unique messages. BLAST (version 2.0.8) analysis disclosed that 64 unique E. paraensei messages (42.4%) had significant similarities (BLAST score < or =e-5), at deduced amino acid or nucleotide levels, with known sequences in the nonredundant GenBank databases or the dbEST database (NCBI). The remainder, 57.6% of the unique EST-encoded messages, scored nonsignificant hits. Most of the E. paraensei messages that could be assigned a cellular role based on sequence similarities were involved in gene/protein expression. Several ESTs scored highest similarities with sequences obtained from trematode species. A total of 22,560 nucleotides present in open reading frames from ESTs that aligned with known sequences was used to determine codon usage for E. paraensei. Analysis of a subset of eight ESTs that contained full-length open reading frames did not reveal a bias in codon usage. Also, EST sequences were found to contain 3' untranslated regions with an average length of 69.9 +/- 88.4 nucleotides (n = 46). The EST sequences were submitted to GenBank/dbEST, adding to the 51 available Echinostoma-derived sequences, to provide reference information for both phylogenetic analysis and study of general trematode biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Adema
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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Adema CM, Leonard PM, DeJong RJ, Day HL, Edwards DJ, Burgett G, Hertel LA, Loker ES. Analysis of Messages Expressed by Echinostoma paraensei Miracidia and Sporocysts, Obtained by Random EST Sequencing. J Parasitol 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/3284909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Muzzall PM, Peebles CR, DeJong RJ, Hernandez AD. Parasites of the Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsoni (Cottidae), from Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. J Parasitol 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/3284339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Muzzall PM, Peebles CR, DeJong RJ, Hernandez AD. Parasites of the deepwater sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsoni (Cottidae), from Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. J Parasitol 1997; 83:160-2. [PMID: 9057717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 190 deepwater sculpins, Myoxocephalus thompsoni, collected in 1995 from Michigan waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron was examined for parasites. Five parasite species occurred in sculpins from Lake Michigan with Echinorhynchus salmonis being most common. Six parasite species infected sculpins from Lake Huron, with Haplonema sp. the most common. Haplonema sp. is the only gravid helminth species reported from deepwater sculpins. Pleistophora sp. and Trichodina sp. infected sculpins from Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. Parasite species richness for sculpins at the 3 locations ranged from 5 to 6; mean values ranged from 1.18 to 1.39 for examined fish. The restricted diet of deepwater sculpin, which may be related to the depth of its habitat, appears to determine its helminth fauna. Deepwater sculpin may be an important transport host for E. salmonis, Cyathocephalus truncatus, and Eubothrium salvelini to lake trout and burbot that commonly feed on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Muzzall
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1115, USA
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