1
|
Datta RP, Nakhaie R. Suicidal ideation and social integration in three Canadian provinces: The importance of social support and community belonging. CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE 2022; 59:74-97. [PMID: 36043805 DOI: 10.1111/cars.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extending recent developments in the neo-Durkheimian analysis of suicidality as an indicator of social pathology, this paper analyses individual level survey data on suicidal ideation, perceptions of social support, and the sense of belonging from three Canadian provinces drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015-16). We ask whether or not social support and a sense of belonging affect suicide ideation differently. In answering this question, we pay attention to both subjective and objective indicators of integration, and how subjective indicators independently affect suicide ideation. Results show that a higher level of social support had the largest effect on suicidal ideation and that the effect of a sense of belonging disappeared when measures of social support are accounted for. These findings are consistent with Durkheim's general theory of suicide and previous studies on mental health, highlighting the importance of regular, proximate social interaction as a prophylactic against suicidality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronjon Paul Datta
- Sociology and Criminology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Nakhaie
- Sociology and Criminology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paul J, McQuaid RJ, Hopkins C, Perri A, Stewart S, Matheson K, Anisman H, Bombay A. Relations between bullying and distress among youth living in First Nations communities: Assessing direct and moderating effects of culture-related variables. Transcult Psychiatry 2022:13634615221109359. [PMID: 35862180 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221109359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The well-being of Indigenous peoples continues to be affected by intergenerational effects of numerous harmful government policies, which are considered root causes for bullying and cyberbullying that exist in some communities. Despite ongoing stressors, Indigenous youth demonstrate resilience, which often appears grounded in connecting to their cultural identities and traditional practices. However, few studies have tested the direct and stress-buffering role of various aspects of culture in relation to well-being among First Nations youth. Analyses of the 2015-16 First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) revealed that bullying and cyberbullying were associated with increased psychological distress among youth aged 12-17 living in First Nations communities across Canada (N = 4,968; weighted = 47,918), and that these links were stronger for females. Feelings of community belonging were directly associated with lower distress and buffered the relationships between bullying/cyberbullying and distress. Among youth who experienced cyberbullying, those who participated in community cultural events at least sometimes reported lower distress compared to those who rarely or never participated. Those who disagreed that traditional cultural events were important reported the highest levels of distress, but perceived importance of such events failed to buffer the associations between bullying/cyberbullying and distress. These national data highlight the importance of certain culture-related variables as key factors associated with the well-being of youth living in First Nations communities across Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Paul
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 3688Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Robyn J McQuaid
- Department of Neuroscience, 6339Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
- Institute of Mental Health Research, 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Carol Hopkins
- Thunderbird Partnership Foundation, Bothwell, Canada
| | - Amanda Perri
- Thunderbird Partnership Foundation, Bothwell, Canada
| | - Sherry Stewart
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 3688Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, 3688Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kim Matheson
- Department of Neuroscience, 6339Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Department of Neuroscience, 6339Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Amy Bombay
- Department of Psychiatry, 3688Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- School of Nursing, 3688Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thériault ÉR, Norris JE, Tindale JA. Problem Gambling Risk Among Older Francophones in Ontario Canada: Surprising Results that Contradict Previous Findings of Gambling in Minority Groups. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:119-139. [PMID: 31422523 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gambling is a popular activity among older adults. Despite this increase in popularity little research has examined gambling among this group. This is especially true for minority older adults, like Francophones in Ontario. The purpose of this study was to better understand gambling in a sample of older Francophones from North-Eastern Ontario, the first study to do so. A sample of 181 older (over 55 years) Francophones from Northeastern Ontario (M age = 68.7, SD 7.6) was recruited. This sample was compared to a sample of older adults with English as their native language that had been previously collected (Norris and Tindale in The meaning of gambling among Ontario seniors in small and rural communities, Final report to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, 2006; Tindale and Norris in Gambling among intergenerational and multi-ethnic families, Final report to the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, 2012). In addition to demographic measures the participants filled out a questionnaire that included measures of gambling behaviours and attitudes the Windsor Screen, The Problem Gambling Severity Index of the Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory, The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the CAGE Alcohol Screen. Contrary to expectations, the Francophone sample had lower scores on the problem gambling measures with a smaller proportion of the sample in the categories indicating a high risk for problem gambling. This surprising result might be due to the protective effect of a positive ethnolinguistic identity. However, more research will need to be done to better understand these unanticipated results. The findings of this study help us better understand gambling among older adults in a minority group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éric R Thériault
- Department of Psychology, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Rd., Sydney, NS, B1P 6L2, Canada.
| | - Joan E Norris
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph A Tindale
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pycha R, Pompili M, Innamorati M, Schwitzer J, Lester D, Sani G, Tatarelli R, Giupponi G. Sex and ethnic differences among South Tirolean suicides: A psychological autopsy study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the research is to study whether any differences exist in the rates and characteristics of suicide by ethnicity and sex in South Tirol, Italy.MethodsPsychological autopsy interviews were conducted for suicides who died between March 1997 and July 2006.Results332 individuals belonging to the three major South Tirolean ethnic groups (Germans, Italians, Ladins [Ladin is a Rhaeto-Romance language related to the Venetian and Swiss Romansh languages]) died by suicide. Around 23% of the victims had experienced suicidal behaviour among family members, and more than 31% of them had experienced trauma during their childhood. Germans were 1.37 times more at risk to commit suicide than Italians (95% CI: 1.04/1.80; z = 2.26, p < .05). 69% of the suicides had attended school for less than 8 years: Germans (OR = 4.62; 95% CI: 2.52/8.47; p < .001) and Ladins (OR = 11.24; 95% CI: 2.99/42.30; p < .001) were more likely to have lower education than Italians. There were several differences by ethnicity and sex but no sex-by-ethnicity interactions.ConclusionsThe study indicated that suicide, an alarming health and social problem in South Tirol, may require different preventive interventions for men and women and for those of different ethnicities.
Collapse
|
5
|
Saunders NR, Chiu M, Lebenbaum M, Chen S, Kurdyak P, Guttmann A, Vigod S. Suicide and Self-Harm in Recent Immigrants in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:777-788. [PMID: 31234643 PMCID: PMC6882076 DOI: 10.1177/0706743719856851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the rates of suicide and self-harm among recent immigrants and to determine which immigrant-specific risk factors are associated with these outcomes. METHODS Population-based cohort study using linked health administrative data sets (2003 to 2017) in Ontario, Canada which included adults ≥18 years, living in Ontario (N = 9,055,079). The main exposure was immigrant status (long-term resident vs. recent immigrant). Immigrant-specific exposures included visa class and country of origin. Outcome measures were death by suicide or emergency department visit for self-harm. Cox proportional hazards estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We included 590,289 recent immigrants and 8,464,790 long-term residents. Suicide rates were lower among immigrants (n = 130 suicides, 3.3/100,000) than long-term residents (n = 6,354 suicides, 11.8/100,000) with aHR 0.3, 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.3. Male-female ratios in suicide rates were attenuated in immigrants. Refugees had 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.6; rate 6.1/100,000) and 2.8 (95% CI, 2.5 to 3.2) times the likelihood of suicide and self-harm, respectively, compared with nonrefugee immigrants. Self-harm rate was lower among immigrants (n = 2,256 events, 4.4/10,000) than long-term residents (n = 68,039 events, 9.7/10,000 person-years; aHR 0.3; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.3). Unlike long-term residents, where low income was associated with high suicide rates, income was not associated with suicide among immigrants and there was an attenuated income gradient for self-harm. Country of origin-specific analyses showed wide ranges in suicide rates (1.4 to 9.9/100,000) and self-harm (1.8 to 14.9/10,000). CONCLUSION Recent immigrants have lower rates of suicide and self-harm and different sociodemographic predictors compared with long-term residents. Analysis of contextual factors including immigrant class, origin, and destination should be considered for all immigrant suicide risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ruth Saunders
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,These authors contributed equally, acting as co-first authors
| | - Maria Chiu
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,These authors contributed equally, acting as co-first authors
| | - Michael Lebenbaum
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul Kurdyak
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Astrid Guttmann
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone Vigod
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thompson JM, Dursun S, VanTil L, Heber A, Kitchen P, de Boer C, Black T, Montelpare B, Coady T, Sweet J, Pedlar D. Group identity, diffi cult adjustment to civilian life, and suicidal ideation in Canadian Armed Forces Veterans: Life After Service Studies 2016. JOURNAL OF MILITARY, VETERAN AND FAMILY HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Suicide risk is higher in Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Veterans than the Canadian general population (CGP). Suicidality is understood to be caused by incompletely clarified, complex interacting combinations of multiple factors. One of the precipitating factors for suicide is thought to be the social identity challenges known to occur in major life transitions. Methods: The 2016 Life After Service Studies survey representatively sampled Regular Force Veterans stratified by two release groups: earlier in 1998 to August 2012 ( n = 1,575) and more recently in September 2012 to 2015 ( n = 1,180). The linked dataset included socioeconomic and military characteristics and well-being indicators in multiple domains. Weak group identity was indicated by weak sense of local community belonging and/or not feeling part of a group with shared attitudes and beliefs. Associations were evaluated with multiple logistic regression. Results: Suicidal ideation, weak community belonging, and perceived difficult adjustment to civilian life were more prevalent in Veterans soon after release (September 2012 to 2015) than in Veterans released earlier (1998 to August 2012). Suicidal ideation and weak community belonging were more prevalent in the Veterans than in the CGP. In the more recently released Veterans, weak group identity was endorsed by the majority with suicidal ideation (93.3%). In adjusted regression models, mental health problems had the strongest association with suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 13.4–79.3); however, weak group identity was moderately strongly associated with both difficult adjustment (AOR = 2.4–4.1) and particularly suicidal ideation (AOR = 3.8–9.0), independently of mental health problems. Discussion: Weak group identity was associated with difficult adjustment to civilian life and suicidal ideation in CAF Regular Force Veterans within 3.6 years after military release. These findings indicate the importance in suicide prevention of attending to social identity during transition to post-military life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Thompson
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanela Dursun
- Director General Military Personnel Research and Analysis (DGMPRA), Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda VanTil
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Alexandra Heber
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Kitchen
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Statistics Canada Research Data Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine de Boer
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Tim Black
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bill Montelpare
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Jill Sweet
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - David Pedlar
- Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research (CIMVHR), Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Edwards J, Hu M, Thind A, Stranges S, Chiu M, Anderson KK. Gaps in Understanding of the Epidemiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders among Migrant Groups in Canada: A Systematic Review. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:595-606. [PMID: 31129987 PMCID: PMC6699028 DOI: 10.1177/0706743719839313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimates of mood and anxiety disorders are highly variable among migrant groups, as they are influenced by the socio-political context. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize available Canadian evidence on the prevalence and incidence of mood and anxiety disorders among migrant groups. METHODS Studies were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. They were included if they used population-based samples, presented data on the incidence or prevalence of diagnosed or self-reported mood or anxiety disorders for first-generation migrant groups in Canada, and used a Canadian-born or long-term resident reference group. RESULTS Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Prevalence ratios ranged from 0.48 to 0.87, and nearly all estimates were obtained from population health surveys. Prevalence estimates among migrant groups were lower than the reference group, with the 90th percentile of estimates ranging from 1.5% to 8.2%. Risk factors for mood and anxiety disorders among migrants included being female, younger, unemployed, having lower income, and living in neighborhoods with a lower proportion of migrants. CONCLUSIONS There remain many gaps in our current understanding of mood and anxiety disorders among migrant groups in Canada. Although evidence suggests the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders are consistently lower among migrant groups, a lack of incidence estimates limits the strength of this conclusion. Future research should focus on comparisons of self-reported and diagnosed estimates, the use of a range of different primary or secondary data sources, and consideration of important risk factors. PROSPERO CITATION Jordan Edwards, Malini Hu, Amardeep Thind, Saverio Stranges, Maria Chiu, Kelly Anderson. The burden of mood and anxiety disorders among immigrant and refugee populations in Canada: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018087869 Available from: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018087869 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Edwards
- 1 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada.,2 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Malini Hu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada
| | - Amardeep Thind
- 1 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada.,3 Interfaculty Program in Public Health, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,4 Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saverio Stranges
- 1 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada.,4 Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,5 Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Maria Chiu
- 6 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly K Anderson
- 1 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada.,2 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario Canada.,7 Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park Y, Kim HS. Validation of the Korean Version Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2019; 49:739-758. [PMID: 29806206 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide posits thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness as the constructs of suicidal desire. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), which measures thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, in Korean university students. METHOD A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify the latent structure of the 15-item INQ. Then, its psychometric properties were examined through a correlation analysis and a hierarchical regression analysis. The study included 313 Korean students of which 113 were male and 200 were female. The mean age was 21.51 years. RESULTS The factor analyses supported a two-factor model. However, item 12 cross-loaded on both thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. While the correlation analysis supported convergent validity, discriminant validity was observed only through a more elaborative measure. Furthermore, the hierarchical regression analysis revealed perceived burdensomeness and the interaction between the two constructs as significant predictors of current suicide ideation. CONCLUSION The difference in the structure of the INQ may be due to cultural influences. Nevertheless, the high predictability of suicide ideation that it produces even when controlling for depression implies its clinical usefulness when assessing suicidal risk in Koreans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Park
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chiu M, Amartey A, Wang X, Kurdyak P. Ethnic Differences in Mental Health Status and Service Utilization: A Population-Based Study in Ontario, Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63. [PMID: 29514512 PMCID: PMC6099776 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717741061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of self-reported mental health factors, mental health service use, and unmet needs across the 4 largest ethnic groups in Ontario, Canada: white, South Asian, Chinese, and black groups. METHODS The study population was derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey, using a cross-sectional sample of 254,951 white, South Asian, Chinese, and black residents living in Ontario, Canada, between 2001 and 2014. Age- and sex-standardized prevalence estimates for mental health factors, mental health service use, and unmet needs were calculated for each of the 4 ethnic groups overall and by sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS We found that self-reported physician-diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders and mental health service use were generally lower among South Asian, Chinese, and black respondents compared to white respondents. Chinese individuals reported the weakest sense of belonging to their local community and the poorest self-rated mental health and were nearly as likely to report suicidal thoughts in the past year as white respondents. Among those self-reporting fair or poor mental health, less than half sought help from a mental health professional, ranging from only 19.8% in the Chinese group to 50.8% in the white group. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of mental health factors and mental health service use varied widely across ethnic groups. Efforts are needed to better understand and address cultural and system-level barriers surrounding high unmet needs and to identify ethnically tailored and culturally appropriate clinical supports and practices to ensure equitable and timely mental health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiu
- 1 Mental Health and Addictions Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario.,2 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Abigail Amartey
- 3 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Xuesong Wang
- 3 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Paul Kurdyak
- 1 Mental Health and Addictions Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario.,2 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,4 Health Outcomes and Performance Evaluation (HOPE), CAMH, Toronto, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ziółkowski M, Czarnecki D, Chodkiewicz J, Gąsior K, Juczyński A, Biedrzycka A, Gruszczyńska E, Nowakowska-Domagała K. Suicidal thoughts in persons treated for alcohol dependence: The role of selected demographic and clinical factors. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:501-505. [PMID: 28893411 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Greater knowledge is needed of potential predictive factors for suicide in cases of alcohol addiction. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the socio-demographic variables and clinical factors associated with alcohol dependence which may have an influence on the occurrence of suicidal thoughts in alcohol-dependent patients. A group of 510 patients (396 male and 114 female) diagnosed with alcohol dependence syndrome were interviewed during the third week of therapy according to the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) and the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire (SADD). Socio-demographic data was also collected. The results of a binary logistic regression with suicidal thoughts as a dependent variable show that 63 out of the 510 participants (12% of the sample) reported the presence of suicidal thoughts. Alcohol dependence and alcohol craving appear to increase the likelihood of suicidal thoughts, and participants presenting psychiatric disorders were twice as likely to demonstrate suicidal ideation as those who did not. Alcohol dependence, alcohol craving and psychiatric comorbidity may be regarded as risk factors for suicidal ideation in the studied sample, with the only protective factor being living in a relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ziółkowski
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Jan Chodkiewicz
- Department of Health Psychol ogy, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gąsior
- Świętokrzyski Prevention and Education Centre in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Artur Juczyński
- Municipal Centre of Addictions Prevention and Treatment in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Biedrzycka
- Addictions Treatment Ward, Psychiatric Hospital in Radom, Radom, Poland
| | - Ewa Gruszczyńska
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowakowska-Domagała
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salami B, Yaskina M, Hegadoren K, Diaz E, Meherali S, Rammohan A, Ben-Shlomo Y. Migration and social determinants of mental health: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e362-e367. [PMID: 29120306 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.6105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies worldwide point to increased risk of mental health problems among immigrants. However, the data on Canadian immigrants' mental health are ambiguous. To address this, we examined the relationship of both self-perceived mental health and reported diagnosis of mood disorders with age, gender, migration status, time since migration, and social determinants of health factors. METHODS We analyzed three cycles of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Our outcome variables were self-perceived mental health and reported diagnosis of mood disorders. We used weighted logistic regression to model time since migration conditional on age, gender, income, community belonging, education, and employment status for 12 160 participants aged 15-79 years. RESULTS Recent (within 5 years) migrants reported better self-perceived mental health (odds ratio 3.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.06-7.70) but this effect disappeared with longer time since immigration. Other predictors were older age, higher income, better sense of community belonging, and being employed. Similarly, diagnosis of mood disorders was less likely to be reported in recent migrants (odds ratio 0.23, 95% CI: 0.10-0.53) with some weak evidence that this was also seen among longer-term migrant residents (>10 years). Diagnosis was also associated with older age, being a woman, lower income, weak sense of community belonging, and being unemployed. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that migrants to Canada do not have worse mental health in general, though health and social policies need to attend to the socio-economic determinants, such as low income, unemployment, and a poor sense of community belonging, which contribute to population health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bukola Salami
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park Y, Baik SY, Kim HS, Lee SH. The Influence of Traditional Culture and the Interpersonal Psychological Theory on Suicide Research in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:713-718. [PMID: 29209373 PMCID: PMC5714711 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.6.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Korea has the highest suicide rate amongst the OECD countries. Yet, its research on suicidal behaviors has been primitive. While the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide has gained global attention, there has only been a few researches, which examined its applicability in Korea. In this article, we review the previous studies on suicide and examine the association between the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide and traditional Korean culture, with an emphasis on Collectivism and Confucianism. We propose that pathways to suicide might vary depending on cultural influences. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsoo Park
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Baik
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nelson SE, Wilson K. The mental health of Indigenous peoples in Canada: A critical review of research. Soc Sci Med 2017; 176:93-112. [PMID: 28135694 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many scholars assert that Indigenous peoples across the globe suffer a disproportionate burden of mental illness. Research indicates that colonialism and its associated processes are important determinants of Indigenous peoples' health internationally. In Canada, despite an abundance of health research documenting inequalities in morbidity and mortality rates for Indigenous peoples, relatively little research has focused on mental health. This paper provides a critical scoping review of the literature related to Indigenous mental health in Canada. We searched eleven databases and two Indigenous health-focused journals for research related to mental health, Indigenous peoples, and Canada, for the years 2006-2016. Over two hundred papers are included in the review and coded according to research theme, population group, and geography. Results demonstrate that the literature is overwhelmingly concerned with issues related to colonialism in mental health services and the prevalence and causes of mental illness among Indigenous peoples in Canada, but with several significant gaps. Mental health research related to Indigenous peoples in Canada overemphasizes suicide and problematic substance use; a more critical use of the concepts of colonialism and historical trauma is advised; and several population groups are underrepresented in research, including Métis peoples and urban or off-reserve Indigenous peoples. The findings are useful in an international context by providing a starting point for discussions, dialogue, and further study regarding mental health research for Indigenous peoples around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Nelson
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Geography, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Kathi Wilson
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Department of Geography, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Social and Spatial Patterning of Life Stress Among Immigrants in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health 2017; 19:665-673. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Conejero I, Lopez-Castroman J, Giner L, Baca-Garcia E. Sociodemographic Antecedent Validators of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18:94. [PMID: 27595860 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-016-0732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Suicidal behavior and its prevention constitute a major public health issue. Etiology of suicidal behavior is multifactorial. Whereas current research is mostly focused on clinical and biological risk factors, the sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior, first highlighted by Durkheim, have received less attention. Besides the well-known impact of age and gender, sociodemographic variables such as marital and parental status, education, occupation, income, employment status, religion, migration or minority status, and sexual orientation are repeatedly reported to play an important role in suicidal behavior. This narrative review aimed to summarize recent research on sociodemographic risk factors for suicidal behavior and to elicit possible implications for suicide prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Conejero
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Nimes, Nimes, France. .,Inserm U1061, Hôpital La Colombiere, Pavillon 42, 39 Av Charles Flauhault, BP: 34493, 34093, Montpellier, France. .,University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, 34000, France.
| | - Lucas Giner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-Garcia
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Department of Psychiatry, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Behrens K, del Pozo MA, Großhennig A, Sieberer M, Graef-Calliess IT. How much orientation towards the host culture is healthy? Acculturation style as risk enhancement for depressive symptoms in immigrants. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61:498-505. [PMID: 25466582 DOI: 10.1177/0020764014560356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As the specific acculturative tasks and challenges involved in the migration process can lead to an increased risk for depressive symptoms, the study was designed to gain further insight into the interrelation between acculturation styles and mental health. METHODS A total of n = 90 patients with different ethnic backgrounds from an outpatient consultation service for immigrants at the Hannover Medical School were investigated by the Hannover Migration and Mental Health Interview (HMMH), the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Frankfurt Acculturation Scale (FRAKK). RESULTS The majority of the subjects (84.4%) had a clinically significant depression. The extent of depressive symptoms was determined by the selected acculturation style (1) (F = 3.29, p = .025): Subjects with integration as acculturation style showed less depressive symptoms than subjects with assimilation as acculturation style. Furthermore, subjects with segregation as acculturation style also showed less depressive symptoms than subjects with assimilation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that even when undergoing extreme emotional distress, eventually leading to mental disorder, integration, as an acculturation style, seems to serve as a protective resource and possibly prevents further decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Behrens
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melina A del Pozo
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Großhennig
- Institute of Biostatistics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Sieberer
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Iris T Graef-Calliess
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Center for Transcultural Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Wahrendorff Clinic, Sehnde, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akkaya-Kalayci T, Popow C, Winkler D, Bingöl RH, Demir T, Özlü Z. The impact of migration and culture on suicide attempts of children and adolescents living in Istanbul. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2015; 19:32-9. [PMID: 25195766 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2014.961929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal attempts are steadily increasing in societies with rapid urbanisation and dramatic social changes in places like Istanbul. Stress related to internal migration may increase suicidal behaviour. AIM We investigated the impact of internal migration and culture on suicide attempts among youth in Istanbul. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the records of 210 children and adolescents, aged 6-18 years, who presented at the Emergency Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics at Cerrahpaşa Medical School in Istanbul because of suicide attempts between January 2008 and December 2010. RESULTS The majority of patients (78.95%, N = 165) had a background of internal migration, mostly (65%, N = 136) originating from regions with large cultural differences compared with that of Istanbul. Noticeably, more migrants than non-migrants (18.8% vs. 6.8%) and more patients originating from regions with large cultural differences chose high-risk methods for suicide attempts (20.7% vs. 8.1%). CONCLUSION Internal migration can be considered a serious risk factor for suicidal behaviour. Furthermore, the degree of cultural differences between the area of origin and the new environment can be of vital importance. Healthcare measures should, therefore, focus on internal migration as a risk factor for youth suicidal behaviour and provide assistance for appropriate resettlement and integration in countries with increased mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Türkan Akkaya-Kalayci
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Outpatient Clinic of Transcultural Psychiatry and Migration Induced Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Antai D, Oke A, Braithwaite P, Lopez GB. The effect of economic, physical, and psychological abuse on mental health: a population-based study of women in the Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2014; 2014:852317. [PMID: 25525517 PMCID: PMC4265545 DOI: 10.1155/2014/852317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Background. The comparative effect of economic abuse and other forms of abuse in predicting depression and other mental health disorders has not been previously investigated despite its relevance for mental illness prevention. Objective. To determine the differential association of economic abuse on psychological distress and suicide attempts. Study Design. We used cross-sectional data from women aged 15-49 years in the 2008 Philippines Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) (N = 9,316). Results. Adjusting for sociodemographic confounders revealed positive associations between economic, physical, or psychological abuse and suicide attempts and psychological distress. Psychological and economic abuse were the strongest predictors of suicide attempts and psychological distress, respectively. Economic abuse was also negatively associated with psychological distress. Comorbidity with one mental health disorder greatly increased the odds of reporting the other mental health disorder. Conclusion. Overall, the results elucidate the differential effects of these forms of abuse on women's mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diddy Antai
- Centre for Public Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
- Division of Global Health & Inequalities, The Angels Trust-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ayo Oke
- Division of Global Health & Inequalities, The Angels Trust-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Braithwaite
- Division of Global Health & Inequalities, The Angels Trust-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Gerald Bryan Lopez
- Division of Global Health & Inequalities, The Angels Trust-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chartier MJ, Finlayson G, Prior H, Mcgowan KL, Chen H, Walld R, De Rocquigny J. Are there mental health differences between francophone and non-francophone populations in manitoba? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:366-75. [PMID: 25007420 PMCID: PMC4086314 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Francophones may experience poorer health due to social status, cultural differences in lifestyle and attitudes, and language barriers to health care. Our study sought to compare mental health indicators between Francophones and non-Francophones living in the province of Manitoba. METHODS Two populations were used: one from administrative datasets housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy and the other from representative survey samples. The administrative datasets contained data from physician billings, hospitalizations, prescription drug use, education, and social services use, and surveys included indicators on language variables and on self-rated health. RESULTS Outside urban areas, Francophones had lower rates of diagnosed substance use disorder (rate ratio [RR] = 0.80; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95) and of suicide and suicide attempts (RR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.79), compared with non-Francophones, but no differences were found between the groups across the province in rates of diagnosed mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dementia, or any mental disorders after adjusting for age, sex, and geographic area. When surveyed, Francophones were less likely than non-Francophones to report that their mental health was excellent, very good, or good (66.9%, compared with 74.2%). CONCLUSIONS The discrepancy in how Francophones view their mental health and their rates of diagnosed mental disorders may be related to health seeking behaviours in the Francophone population. Community and government agencies should try to improve the mental health of this population through mental health promotion and by addressing language and cultural barriers to health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Jeanne Chartier
- Research Scientist, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Assistant Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Gregory Finlayson
- Research Scientist, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Heather Prior
- Data Analyst, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Kari-Lynne Mcgowan
- Research Coordinator, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Hui Chen
- Data Analyst, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Randy Walld
- Data Analyst, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Janelle De Rocquigny
- Graduate Student, Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zamorski MA, Rusu C, Garber BG. Prevalence and correlates of mental health problems in Canadian Forces personnel who deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan: findings from postdeployment screenings, 2009-2012. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:319-26. [PMID: 25007406 PMCID: PMC4079150 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An important minority of military personnel will experience mental health problems after overseas deployments. Our study sought to describe the prevalence and correlates of postdeployment mental health problems in Canadian Forces personnel. METHOD Subjects were 16 193 personnel who completed postdeployment screening after return from deployment in support of the mission in Afghanistan. Screening involved a detailed questionnaire and a 40-minute, semi-structured interview with a mental health clinician. Mental health problems were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version. Logistic regression was used to explore independent risk factors for 1 or more of 6 postdeployment mental health problems. RESULTS Symptoms of 1 or more of 6 mental health problems were seen in 10.2% of people screened; the most prevalent symptoms were those of major depressive disorder (3.2%), minor depression (3.3%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (2.8%). The strongest risk factors for postdeployment mental health problems were past mental health care (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.89) and heavy combat exposure (AOR 2.57 for third tertile, compared with first tertile). These risk groups might be targeted in prevention and control efforts. In contrast to findings from elsewhere, Reservist status, deployment duration, and number of previous deployments had no relation with mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS An important minority of personnel will disclose symptoms of mental health problems during postdeployment screening. Differences in risk factors seen in different nations highlight the need for caution in applying the results of research in one population to another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Zamorski
- Head, Deployment Health Section, Directorate of Mental Health, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Corneliu Rusu
- Biostatistician, Directorate of Mental Health, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Bryan G Garber
- Deployment Health Research and Education, Directorate of Mental Health, Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suicide mortality gap between Francophones and Anglophones of Quebec, Canada. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:1125-32. [PMID: 23262814 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies evaluate language-group differences in suicide mortality. This study assessed the suicide mortality gap between Francophones and Anglophones of Quebec, Canada according to age, sex, method, region and socioeconomic deprivation. METHODS Suicide decedents were extracted from the Quebec death file for 1989-2007 (N = 24,465). Age- and sex-specific suicide mortality rates were calculated for four periods (1989-1993, 1994-1998, 1999-2003, 2004-2007) for Francophones and Anglophones aged ≥10 years. Age-standardized rates of suicide by method, region, and level of social and material deprivation were calculated for each sex. Rate ratios and rate differences were estimated. RESULTS Suicide rates for Francophones were two to three times higher than rates for Anglophones, and differences were greatest for adults aged 25-64 years. Francophone males had more than two times the rate of suicide by hanging or firearms than Anglophone males. Francophone females had twice the rate of hanging, poisoning or firearm suicide as Anglophone females, although precision was low. Francophone-Anglophone suicide mortality gaps were higher in urban areas despite lower suicide rates, and varied little across levels of social and material deprivation. CONCLUSIONS There was a large suicide mortality gap between Francophones and Anglophones of Quebec; especially, among adults aged 25-64 years.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Suicide-related outcomes are a major public health challenge in communities of color in the United States. To address these challenges, this Major Contribution makes theoretical, empirical, and practice-related contributions to scholarship on suicide-related outcomes among people of color. In this article, the authors present a new framework to conceptualize previous suicidology scholarship, address existing literature gaps, and inform counseling psychologists’ future work on suicide-related outcomes in U.S. communities of color. The framework consists of three components and nine principles that highlight the types of constructs, populations, and preventive interventions that should be emphasized in theory, research, and practice addressing suicide-related outcomes in communities of color. The authors explain why suicide-related outcomes in communities of color deserve attention, describe the framework, and discuss implications of the framework for future practice and training. It is hoped that this framework can serve as a resource and impetus for new paradigms of suicidology work in communities of color.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pan YJ, Stewart R, Chang CK. Socioeconomic disadvantage, mental disorders and risk of 12-month suicide ideation and attempt in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) in US. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:71-9. [PMID: 22996607 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to explore the distinctive interrelationships between family income and mental disorders on suicidality in recent 12 months. METHODS A stratified random subsample of adults in a household survey in US, National Comorbidity Survey Replication, was used for analyses. The ratio of family income to poverty threshold (RoFIPT) per capita was the primary predictor of interest to 12-month occurrence of suicide ideation and attempt. Effect modification by mental disorders was further explored. RESULTS A total of 4,724 subjects were analyzed. Inverse associations were found with RoFIPT for both suicidal outcomes after confounding control. Furthermore, effect modification was revealed that RoFIPT was more strongly associated with suicide ideation for those with mental disorders (OR 0.87; 95 % CI 0.79, 0.95). CONCLUSIONS An inverse gradient of RoFIPT was shown with suicide ideation and attempt. Moreover, having mental disorders was found to be an effect modifier for the relationships between family income and suicidality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin LJ, Houston S, Yasui Y, Wild TC, Saunders LD. Poorer physical health-related quality of life among Aboriginals and injection drug users treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2012. [PMID: 23618106 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal HIV patients after they started highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Edmonton, Alberta and investigated whether clinical status (CD4 cell count and viral load) might explain any observed differences. METHODS In 2006-2007, eligible patients who started HAART in 1997-2005 completed the MOS-HIV to measure HRQL. Using multiple linear regression models, we compared physical (PHS) and mental (MHS) health summary scores across four groups: Aboriginals infected with HIV via injection drug use (AB/IDUs); Aboriginal non-IDUs (AB/non-IDUs); non-Aboriginal IDUs (non-AB/IDUs); and non-Aboriginal non-IDUs (non-AB/non-IDUs). To assess whether clinical status could explain any observed group differences, we fitted a model adjusting for socio-demographics (age and sex) and years since starting HAART only and then additionally adjusted for current clinical status. RESULTS Ninety-six patients were eligible (35% Aboriginal, 42% IDU). Adjusting for socio-demographics and years since starting HAART, AB/IDUs (p=0.008), AB/non-IDUs (p=0.002), and non-AB/IDUs (p=0.002) had lower PHS scores than non-AB/non-IDUs. After additionally adjusting for clinical status, these relationships remained significant for AB/non-IDUs (p=0.027) and non-AB/IDUs (p=0.048) but not for AB/IDUs (p=0.12). AB/IDUs and non-AB/IDUs tended to have worse MHS scores than non-AB/non-IDUs, but these relationships were not statistically significant and weakened after adjusting for current clinical status. CONCLUSIONS AB/IDU, AB/non-IDUs, and non-AB/IDUs had significantly poorer physical HRQL than non-AB/non-IDUs. These differences appear to be partially explained by poorer clinical status, especially for AB/IDUs, which suggests that observed inequalities in physical HRQL may be diminished by improving patients' clinical status; for example, through improved adherence to HAART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Martin
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kosidou K, Hellner-Gumpert C, Fredlund P, Dalman C, Hallqvist J, Isacsson G, Magnusson C. Immigration, transition into adult life and social adversity in relation to psychological distress and suicide attempts among young adults. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46284. [PMID: 23056275 PMCID: PMC3463579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of mental health problems among young people is a major concern in many Western countries. The causal mechanisms underlying these trends are not well established, but factors influenced by current societal changes ought to be implicated. Such factors include immigration and social adversity as well as the timing of taking on adult social roles (e.g. gainful employment, parenthood and own housing tenure). We therefore examined relationships between these factors and the risks of psychological distress as well as suicide attempts in young adults, with a focus on gender differences. METHODS We conducted a population-based study including 10,081 individuals aged 18-29, recruited in 2002 and 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden. Data were collected by record linkage and questionnaires. RESULTS Non-European immigrants had an increased risk of distress, and female non-European immigrants had a markedly higher risk of suicide attempts. Both early parenthood (≤ 24 years) and not being a parent, being a student and the lack of own housing tenure were associated with distress, but only in women. In both sexes, financial strain was associated with the increased risk of distress and suicide attempts, while unemployment was only associated with distress. CONCLUSIONS Immigration from outside Europe and social adversity are associated with mental health problems in young adults, especially females. Postponed transition into adulthood is associated with poor mental health in young women. These factors are influenced by current societal changes, and may have contributed to the increasing incidence of mental health problems among young people in Western countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Kosidou
- Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kumar MB, Walls M, Janz T, Hutchinson P, Turner T, Graham C. Suicidal ideation among Métis adult men and women--associated risk and protective factors: findings from a nationally representative survey. Int J Circumpolar Health 2012; 71:18829. [PMID: 22901287 PMCID: PMC3417687 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.18829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation among Métis men and women (20–59 years) and identify its associated risk and protective factors using data from the nationally representative Aboriginal Peoples Survey (2006). Study design Secondary analysis of previously collected data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. Results Across Canada, lifetime suicidal ideation was reported by an estimated 13.3% (or an estimated 34,517 individuals) of the total population of 20-to-59-year-old Métis. Of those who ideated, 46.2% reported a lifetime suicide attempt and 6.0% indicated that they had attempted suicide in the previous 12 months. Prevalence of suicidal ideation was higher among Métis men than in men who did not report Aboriginal identity in examined jurisdictions. Métis women were more likely to report suicidal ideation compared with Métis men (14.9% vs. 11.5%, respectively). Métis women and men had some common associated risk and protective factors such as major depressive episode, history of self-injury, perceived Aboriginal-specific community issues, divorced status, high mobility, self-rated thriving health, high self-esteem and positive coping ability. However, in Métis women alone, heavy frequent drinking, history of foster care experience and lower levels of social support were significant associated risk factors of suicidal ideation. Furthermore, a significant interaction was observed between social support and major depressive episode. Among Métis men, history of ever smoking was the sole unique associated risk factor. Conclusion The higher prevalence of suicidal ideation among Métis women compared with Métis men and the observed gender differences in associations with some associated risk and protective factors suggest the need for gender-responsive programming to address suicidal ideation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan B Kumar
- Métis Centre, National Aboriginal Health Organization, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Immigrant Density, Sense of Community Belonging, and Suicidal Ideation Among Racial Minority and White Immigrants in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health 2012; 15:34-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Hansson EK, Tuck A, Lurie S, McKenzie K. Rates of mental illness and suicidality in immigrant, refugee, ethnocultural, and racialized groups in Canada: a review of the literature. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:111-21. [PMID: 22340151 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies from around the world point to differences in the rates of mental illnesses between immigrant, refugee, ethnocultural, and racialized (IRER) groups and host populations. Risk of illness depends on social contexts; therefore, to offer the best information for people aiming to develop and offer equitable services, local information on rates of mental illness in different population groups is required. METHODS We performed a literature review of peer-reviewed journals and the grey literature between 1990 and 2009 using standard techniques and identified primary research reporting the rates of mental illness and suicidality in IRER groups in Canada. RESULTS Among the 229 papers we reviewed, 17 were included. Most papers reported rates for depression. There was no clear pattern, with different IRER groups and different age groups reporting either elevated or lower rates, compared with white Canadians. Refugee youth in Quebec have higher rates of numerous mental health problems and illnesses. When immigrant groups were considered as a whole, suicide rates were low but different national origin groups reported different trajectories in rates across the generations. CONCLUSION The literature on rates of mental illness and suicidality in IRER groups in Canada is diverse and not comprehensive. In addition, most research has been conducted in 3 provinces and, in particular, 3 major cities. The rates of mental illness seem to vary by national origin groups, age, and status in Canada. There is very little research on nonimmigrant, culturally diverse populations in Canada. This lack of information may undermine efforts to develop equitable mental health services for all Canadians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Hansson
- Health Systems and Health Services Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jasperse M, Ward C, Jose PE. Identity, Perceived Religious Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in Muslim Immigrant Women. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
All-cause and HIV-related mortality rates among HIV-infected patients after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy: the impact of Aboriginal ethnicity and injection drug use. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2011. [PMID: 21608378 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aboriginals are over-represented in Canada's HIV epidemic and are commonly infected with HIV via injection drug use (IDU); however, little is known about the impact of Aboriginal ethnicity on mortality after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Therefore, we compared mortality rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal HIV patients and between IDU and non-IDU HIV patients after they initiated HAART. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of antiretroviral-naïve patients starting HAART January 1999-June 2005 (baseline), followed until December 2005. We constructed two Cox proportional hazards models, one to estimate all-cause and one to estimate HIV-related mortality hazard ratios (HRs), considering sex, and baseline age, CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, calendar year, and HAART regimen as potential confounders. RESULTS The 548 study patients were followed for 1,889.8 person-years; 194 (35%) were Aboriginal, 255 (46%) were IDUs. We observed 55 deaths; 47% were HIV-related. In multivariable models, Aboriginals experienced higher all-cause (HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.05-3.26, p = 0.034) and HIV-related (HR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.36-8.83, p = 0.009) mortality rates compared to non-Aboriginals; and, compared to patients with other exposures, IDUs experienced higher all-cause (HR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.31-4.57, p = 0.005) but similar HIV-related (p = 0.27) mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS Compared to non-Aboriginals, Aboriginal HIV patients suffer higher all-cause and HIV-related mortality rates after starting HAART. The strongest and most significant predictor of higher all-cause mortality was IDU. Future research should examine reasons for the observed poorer survival of Aboriginal and IDU HIV patients after initiating HAART to develop interventions to improve the prognosis for these vulnerable populations.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Comparing mental health of francophone populations in Canada, france, and belgium: 12-month prevalence rates of common mental disorders (part 1). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2010; 55:289-94. [PMID: 20482955 DOI: 10.1177/070674371005500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the 12-month prevalence of common mental disorders among francophones in Canada, France, and Belgium. This is the first article in a 2-part series comparing mental disorders and service use prevalence of French-speaking populations. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2) in 2002 and the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders-Mental Health Disability (ESEMeD) from 2001 to 2003, where comparable questionnaires were administered to representative samples of adults in Canada, France, and Belgium. In Canada, francophone respondents living in Quebec (n = 7571) and outside Quebec (n = 500) completed the French version of the CCHS 1.2 questionnaire. Francophone respondents in Belgium (n = 389) and in France (n = 1436) completed the French version of the ESEMeD population survey questionnaire. Major depressive episodes (MDEs), specific anxiety disorders (ADs), and alcohol abuse and (or) dependence disorders' rates were assessed. RESULTS The overall prevalence rate for the presence of any MDE, AD, or alcohol abuse and (or) dependence was similar in all francophone populations studied in Canada and Europe and averaged 8.5%. CONCLUSIONS Mental disorders were equally distributed in all francophone populations studied. Cross-national comparisons continue to be instrumental in providing information useful for the creation of appropriate policies and programs for specific subsets of populations.
Collapse
|
34
|
Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempts in black patients with sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc 2010; 101:1090-5. [PMID: 19998636 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and depression. Rates of successful suicides are relatively high among the chronically ill compared to other populations but are reduced with treatment. Depression and suicide rates also often differ among blacks as compared to other populations. Using survey methods, we evaluated self-reported rates of depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in 30 male and 37 female black patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a condition characterized by chronic, unpredictable pains and psychosocial distress. Thirty-six percent of the sample self-reported depression in the past 30 days, while 22 percent of the sample exhibited scores on the Beck Depression Inventory indicative of mild or greater depression (mean BDI, 8.31 +/- 7.79). Twenty-nine percent of patients indicated an episode of suicidal ideation and 8%, a suicidal attempt in their lifetime. Thirty-three percent reported treatment by a mental health professional. We conclude that there is a continuing need for mental health services in the management of depressed affect and risk for suicide among patients with SCD. Standards of clinical care must remain flexible to accommodate the mental health needs of this population of patients.
Collapse
|
35
|
Coffman DL, BeLue R. Disparities in Sense of Community: True race differences or differential item functioning? JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 37:547-558. [PMID: 19890462 PMCID: PMC2772185 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sense of community index (SCI) has been widely used to measure psychological sense of community (SOC). Furthermore, SOC has been found to differ among racial groups. Since different ethnic groups have different cultural and historical experiences that may lead to different interpretations of measurement items, it is important to know whether the instrument used to measure the construct of interest has equivalency in measurement across groups or if the instrument exhibits differential item functioning (DIF). Examining DIF in the SCI helps assure that subgroup comparisons identify true differences in SOC between Blacks and Whites. We did not find DIF between races but we did find that that the SCI question 'I feel at home in my neighborhood' was a more reliable measure of SOC for Whites than for Blacks. In other words, this item has less measurement error for Whites than for Blacks. Therefore, differences on the SCI may be attributable to true differences in SOC between races rather than DIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda BeLue
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University
- Department of Health Policy Administration, The Pennsylvania State University
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rhodes A, Bethell J, Jaakkimainen RL, Thurlow J, Spence J, Links PS, Streiner DL. The impact of rural residence on medically serious medicinal self-poisonings. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008; 30:552-60. [PMID: 19061682 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide rates are often high in rural areas. Despite the strong association between deliberate self-harm (DSH) and suicide, few have studied rural residence and DSH. Self-poisonings dominate DSH hospital presentations. We investigate a previously reported association between rural residence and medical severity (defined as a subsequent medical/surgical inpatient stay) among emergency department presentations for medicinal self-poisoning (SP) to determine whether differences in agents taken, mental health service use or hospital-level resources explain the relationship. METHOD A cohort of n=16,294 12-64-year olds presenting with SP to hospital emergency departments in Ontario, Canada, in 2001/2002 was linked to their service records over time. RESULTS The rural-medical severity association was best explained by differences in hospital resources; presenting to hospitals providing inpatient psychiatric services appeared to reduce medical/surgical inpatient stays in favor of psychiatric ones. Among those with a recent psychiatric admission, more intensive ambulatory psychiatric contact may be protective of a psychiatric inpatient stay subsequent to the SP presentation. Compared to nonrural residents, deliberate intent was identified less often in rural residents, particularly males. CONCLUSIONS The rural-medical severity association was best explained by disparities in the delivery systems serving rural and nonrural residents, important to rural suicide prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rhodes
- Suicide Studies Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 1W8.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|