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Bao R, Wade L, Leahy AA, Owen KB, Hillman CH, Jaakkola T, Lubans DR. Associations Between Motor Competence and Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02040-1. [PMID: 38769244 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence and executive functions co-develop throughout childhood and adolescence, and there is emerging evidence that improvements in motor competence may have cognitive benefits in these populations. There is a need to provide a quantitative synthesis of the cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies that have examined the association between motor competence and executive functions in school-aged youth. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of our systematic review was to synthesise evidence of the association between motor competence and executive functions in school-aged children and adolescents (5-18 years). Our secondary aim was to examine key moderators of this association. METHODS We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and EMBASE databases from inception up to 27 June 2023. We included cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies that assessed the association between motor competence (e.g., general motor competence, locomotor skills, object control skills and stability skills) and executive functions (e.g., general executive functions, inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility) in children and adolescents aged 5-18 years. RESULTS In total, 12,117 records were screened for eligibility, and 44 studies were included. From the 44 included studies, we meta-analysed 37 studies with 251 effect sizes using a structural equation modelling approach in the statistical program R. We found a small positive association (r = 0.18, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.22]) between motor competence and executive functions. The positive associations were observed in cross-sectional (r = 0.17, [95% CI 0.13-0.22]), longitudinal (r = 0.15, [95% CI 0.03-0.28]) and experimental studies (r = 0.25, [95% CI 0.01-0.45]). We also found that general motor competence (r = 0.25, [95% CI 0.18-0.33]), locomotor (r = 0.15, [95% CI 0.09-0.21]), object control (r = 0.14, [95% CI 0.08-0.20]) and stability (r = 0.14, [95% CI 0.08-0.20]) skills were associated with executive functions. We did not find any moderating effects for participants' age on the associations between motor competence and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a small-to-moderate positive association between motor competence and executive functions in children and adolescents. The small number of experimental studies included in this review support the assertion that interventions targeting children's motor competence may be a promising strategy to improve their executive functions; however, more research is needed to confirm these findings. Future studies should explore the underlying mechanisms linking motor competence and executive functions as their comprehension may be used to optimise future intervention design and delivery. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42021285134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Bao
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Levi Wade
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Angus A Leahy
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine B Owen
- SPRINTER, Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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Smith JN, Jusko ML, Fosco WD, Musser ED, Raiker JS. A critical review of hot executive functioning in youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Methodological limitations, conceptual considerations, and future directions. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:601-615. [PMID: 36734223 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hot executive functioning (EF) - EF under emotionally or motivationally salient conditions - is a putative etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disruptive behavior problems (DBPs), and their related impairments. Despite two decades of research, the present study is the first review of the construct in youth ADHD, with a particular focus on the role of task design, age, and DBPs, as well as relevant conceptual and methodological considerations. While certain hot EF tasks have been investigated extensively (e.g., choice impulsivity), substantial inconsistency in measurement of the broader construct remains, severely limiting conclusions. Future research should a) consider the extent to which various hot EF tasks relate to one another, a higher order factor, and other related constructs; b) further investigate task design, particularly the elicitation of emotion or motivation and its anticipated effect on EF; and c) incorporate multiple levels of analysis to validate similarities and differences among tasks with regard to the affective experiences and cognitive demands they elicit. With improved measurement and conceptual clarity, hot EF has potential to advance the literature on etiological pathways to ADHD, DBPs and associated impairments and, more broadly, may represent a useful tool for understanding the influence of emotion and motivation on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erica D Musser
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
- FIU Embrace, USA
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Florida International University (FIU), USA
- FIU Center for Children and Families, USA
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Jansen JM, Franse ME. Executive functioning in antisocial behavior: A multi-level systematic meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102408. [PMID: 38430781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurobiological information - including executive functioning - is increasingly relevant for forensic clinical practice, as well as for the criminal justice system. Previous meta-analyses report that antisocial populations show impaired performance on executive functioning tasks, but these meta-analyses are outdated, have limitations in their methodological approach, and are therefore in need of an update. The current multi-level meta-analysis including 133 studies (2008-2023) confirms impaired performance in executive functioning (d=.42), but studies are heterogeneous. Several moderator analyses showed that neuropsychological test used, type of executive function component, and control group characteristics moderated the overall effect. Specifically, matching psychiatric problems in the non-antisocial control group eliminated any differences in executive functioning between groups. No moderation effects were found for assessment quality, hot or cold executive functions, and various population characteristics. These results could indicate that the assessment of executive functioning in antisocial populations may be less relevant for recidivism risk assessment than thought, although this should first be assessed in prospective longitudinal studies. Executive functioning could potentially be used to identify or screen for individuals with certain treatment needs or be used as a responsivity factor, especially in disorders which are often underdiagnosed in criminal justice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Milan Jansen
- Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Inforsa, Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Melanie Elisabeth Franse
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Science and Education, Herman Gorterstraat 5, 3511EW Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333AK Leiden, Netherlands
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Melogno S, Pinto MA, Vulchanova M. Insights into Oral and Written Competencies in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Brain Sci 2024; 14:163. [PMID: 38391737 PMCID: PMC10886674 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of language abilities offers privileged insights to access the multifaceted world of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD, henceforth), showing how particular aspects of language may be handled differently as a function of typical neuropsychological features of specific disorders [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Melogno
- Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, "Niccolò Cusano" University of Rome, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pinto
- Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mila Vulchanova
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Wilson A, Beribisky N, Desrocher M, Dlamini N, Williams T, Westmacott R. Predictors of externalizing behavior outcomes following pediatric stroke. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:241-263. [PMID: 36891616 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2185216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Children who experience pediatric stroke are at higher risk for future behavioral problems in childhood. We examined the prevalence of parent reported externalizing behaviors and executive function problems in children following stroke and neurological predictors. This study included 210 children with pediatric ischemic stroke (mean age 9.18 years (SD = 3.95)). The parent form of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) were used to evaluate externalizing behavior and executive function. No externalizing behavior or executive function differences were found between perinatal (n = 94) or childhood (n = 116) stoke, except for the shift subscale which had higher T-scores among the perinatal group (M = 55.83) than childhood group (M = 50.40). When examined together, 10% of children had clinically elevated hyperactivity T-scores as opposed to the expected 2%. Parents endorsed higher ratings of concern on the behavior regulation and metacognition indices of the BRIEF. Externalizing behaviors were correlated moderately to strongly with executive functions (r = 0.42 to 0.74). When examining neurological and clinical predictors of externalizing behaviors, only female gender was predictive of increased hyperactivity (p = .004). However, there were no significant gender differences in diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In summary, in this cohort, children with perinatal and childhood stroke did not differ on parent reported externalizing behavior or executive function outcomes. However, compared to normative data, children with perinatal or childhood stroke are significantly more likely to experience clinically elevated levels of hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssia Wilson
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mary Desrocher
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nomazulu Dlamini
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tricia Williams
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robyn Westmacott
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rastikerdar N, Nejati V, Sammaknejad N, Fathabadi J. Developmental trajectory of hot and cold executive functions in children with and without attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 137:104514. [PMID: 37105003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a delayed development. Two main cognitive models of ADHD are executive (cold) and motivational (hot) models. In this study, we aimed to compare the development of hot and cold executive functions in children with and without ADHD. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty-six children with ADHD symptoms (56% boys) and forty-four typically developing controls (54% boys), in three age groups of 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12 years, were participated in the study. Go/No-Go Task (GNGT), One-Back Test (OBT) and Shifting Attention Test (SAT), Delay Discounting Test (DDT) and Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) were used for assessment. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Children with ADHD showed lower performance in GNG, OBT, SAT, and BART, but intact performance in DDT. The tasks' performance was significantly different between three age groups in GNG and SAT, but similar in OBT and BART. The interaction effect was significant only for the BART measures. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Children with ADHD compared to typically developing children, experience impaired hot and cold executive functions. The cognitive delay was found only in risky decision making as a hot executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Rastikerdar
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Sammaknejad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Fathabadi
- Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Astle DE, Holmes J, Kievit R, Gathercole SE. Annual Research Review: The transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:397-417. [PMID: 34296774 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Practitioners frequently use diagnostic criteria to identify children with neurodevelopmental disorders and to guide intervention decisions. These criteria also provide the organising framework for much of the research focussing on these disorders. Study design, recruitment, analysis and theory are largely built on the assumption that diagnostic criteria reflect an underlying reality. However, there is growing concern that this assumption may not be a valid and that an alternative transdiagnostic approach may better serve our understanding of this large heterogeneous population of young people. This review draws on important developments over the past decade that have set the stage for much-needed breakthroughs in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. We evaluate contemporary approaches to study design and recruitment, review the use of data-driven methods to characterise cognition, behaviour and neurobiology, and consider what alternative transdiagnostic models could mean for children and families. This review concludes that an overreliance on ill-fitting diagnostic criteria is impeding progress towards identifying the barriers that children encounter, understanding underpinning mechanisms and finding the best route to supporting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rogier Kievit
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan E Gathercole
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Neuropsychological Characterization of Aggressive Behavior in Children and Adolescents with CD/ODD and Effects of Single Doses of Medications: The Protocol of the Matrics_WP6-1 Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121639. [PMID: 34942941 PMCID: PMC8699463 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behaviors and disruptive/conduct disorders are some of the commonest reasons for referral to youth mental health services; nevertheless, the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in real-world clinical practice remains unclear. In order to define more appropriate targets for innovative pharmacological therapies for disruptive/conduct disorders, the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) funded the MATRICS project (Multidisciplinary Approaches to Translational Research in Conduct Syndromes) to identify neural, genetic, and molecular factors underpinning the pathogenesis of aggression/antisocial behavior in preclinical models and clinical samples. Within the program, a multicentre case-control study, followed by a single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, randomized acute single-dose medication challenge, was conducted at two Italian sites. Aggressive children and adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were compared to the same age (10–17 y) typically developing controls (TDC) on a neuropsychological tasks battery that included both “cold” (e.g., inhibitory control, decision making) and “hot” executive functions (e.g., moral judgment, emotion processing, risk assessment). Selected autonomic measures (heart rate variability, skin conductance, salivary cortisol) were recorded before/during/after neuropsychological testing sessions. The acute response to different drugs (methylphenidate/atomoxetine, risperidone/aripiprazole, or placebo) was also examined in the ODD/CD cohort in order to identify potential neuropsychological/physiological mechanisms underlying aggression. The paper describes the protocol of the clinical MATRICS WP6-1 study, its rationale, the specific outcome measures, and their implications for a precision medicine approach.
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van Goozen SHM, Langley K, Hobson CW. Childhood Antisocial Behavior: A Neurodevelopmental Problem. Annu Rev Psychol 2021; 73:353-377. [PMID: 34587779 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-052621-045243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset disruptive, aggressive, and antisocial behavior is persistent, can become increasingly serious as children grow older, and is difficult to change. In 2007, our group proposed a theoretical model highlighting the interplay between neurobiological deficits and cognitive and emotional functioning as mediators of the link between genetic influences and early social adversity, on the one hand, and antisocial behavioral problems in childhood, on the other. In this article, we review the post-2007 evidence relevant to this model. We discuss research on genetics/epigenetics, stress/arousal regulation, and emotion and executive functioning in support of the argument that antisocial children, especially those who persist in engaging in antisocial behavior as they grow older, have a range of neuropsychological characteristics that are important in explaining individual differences in the severity and persistence of antisocial behavior. Current clinical practice tends not to acknowledge these individual neuropsychological risks factors or to target them for intervention. We argue that aggressive and disruptive behavior in childhood should be regarded as a neurodevelopmental problem and that intervening at the level of mediating neuropsychological processes represents a promising way forward in tackling these serious behavioral problems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H M van Goozen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom; .,Department of Clinical Neurodevelopmental Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kate Langley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom;
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Honrath P, Kohls G, Moore TM, Dogan I, Gur RC, Habel U, Konrad K, Reetz K, Gur RE. Investigating Neurocognitive Functioning in Youths With Externalizing Disorders From the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:100-107. [PMID: 33317916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are externalizing disorders that frequently co-occur but also have distinct clinical characteristics. Identifying distinct neurocognitive phenotypes may help optimizing individual diagnosis and treatment of both disorders. METHODS Using data from 6,517 children and adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we investigated diagnostic group (i.e., typically developing, DBD, ADHD, DBD + ADHD) and sex differences across various neurocognitive functions, as well as co-occurring psychiatric symptoms, while adjusting for various confounding factors. RESULTS Neurocognitive deficits were associated with ADHD but not DBD. Co-occurring DBD in both girls and boys with ADHD did not appear to have an additive deteriorating effect on neurocognitive functioning. Task-specific sex differences were observed but did not interact with diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that neurocognitive deficits in DBD seem to be largely driven by co-occurring ADHD and this applies equally to both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Honrath
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Imis Dogan
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Institute of Brain Structure-Function Relationships, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Aachen, Germany; Child Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Aachen, Germany
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Holl AK, Vetter NC, Elsner B. Disentangling the relations of theory of mind, executive function and conduct problems. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bernardes ET, Manitto AM, Miguel EC, Pan PM, Batistuzzo MC, Rohde LA, Polanczyk GV. Relationships between childhood maltreatment, impairment in executive functions and disruptive behavior disorders in a community sample of children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:969-978. [PMID: 31559500 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence points to an independent relationship among childhood maltreatment, impairments in executive functions (EF) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). However, it is still not fully understood how these three factors are interrelated. This study evaluated the association between childhood maltreatment and DBD testing the role of EF performance as a mediator or moderator. We studied a probabilistic school-based sample of 2016 children from 6 to 12 years. Mental disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment with parents and children. Children answered questions about exposure to child maltreatment and were evaluated with a set of cognitive tasks addressing inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning. Childhood maltreatment was strongly associated with DBD (OR = 7.7, CI 95% 4.5-12.9). No association was found between childhood maltreatment and EF performance. Children with DBD showed worse performance in cognitive flexibility, which was not identified as a mediator or moderator of the association between childhood maltreatment and DBD. Results indicate that the association between maltreatment and disruptive behavior occurs regardless of performance in executive function in a community sample. Future studies are essential to confirm these findings and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms involved in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Teixeira Bernardes
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 875, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alicia Matijasevich Manitto
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de pos-graduacao em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, R. Mal. Deodoro, 1160, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 875, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mario Pan
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Labortatorio Interdisciplinar de Neuroimagem e Cognicao (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Pedro de Toledo, 669, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 875, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departmento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 875, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 31249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Candice L Odgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Boys with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder Show Impaired Adaptation During Stress: An Executive Functioning Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:298-307. [PMID: 28755013 PMCID: PMC5856866 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for problems in executive functioning (EF) in children with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) is mixed and the impact stress may have on EF is understudied. Working memory, sustained attention, inhibition and cognitive flexibility of boys with ODD/CD (n = 65) and non-clinical controls (n = 32) were examined under typical and stressful test conditions. Boys with ODD/CD showed impaired working memory under typical testing conditions, and impairments in working memory and sustained attention under stressful conditions. In contrast to controls, performance on sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and inhibition was less influenced by stress in boys with ODD/CD. These results suggest that boys with ODD/CD show impairments in adaptation to the environment whereas typically developing boys show adaptive changes in EF.
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15
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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA. Assessment of executive function in ADHD adolescents: contribution of performance tests and rating scales. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:1063-1087. [PMID: 29041835 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1386781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze performance on measures of neuropsychological and behavioral executive functions (EF) in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to evaluate the utility of performance-based tests for predicting scores on behavioral EF ratings. One hundred eighteen adolescents (75 ADHD and 43 controls) aged 12-16 years performed neuropsychological tests and completed a behavior rating scale of EF. The ADHD group presented significantly lower scores than controls on Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and all indexes of the WISC-IV, except the verbal comprehension index (VCI). The ADHD group had significantly lower scores on performance-based tests of working memory, planning and inhibition, and on EF rating scales. Scores on the cognitive EF working memory, planning and flexibility modestly predicted performance on behavioral EF. The results suggest that the combined use of performance-based tests and rating scales provides valuable complementary information that can improve the assessment of executive domains in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- a Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- a Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Institute of Neuroscience , University of Barcelona (UBneuro) , Barcelona , Spain
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16
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Glenn AL, Remmel RJ, Ong MY, Lim NSJ, Ang RP, Threadgill AH, Ryerson N, Raine A, Fung D, Ooi YP. Neurocognitive characteristics of youth with noncomorbid and comorbid forms of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28636895 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies investigating neurocognitive deficits in youth with conduct disorder (CD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often confounded by the high rates of comorbidity between the two. METHOD Neurocognitive functioning was examined in three diagnostic groups (ADHD only, CD only, comorbid ADHD and CD) matched by age, sex, IQ, and medication status (n=28-32 per group). RESULTS No significant differences emerged between the diagnostic groups on measures of risk-taking or response inhibition. Children with CD performed better on a measure of spatial planning than those with comorbid ADHD and CD, and dimensional analyses in the full sample (n=265) revealed a small association between ADHD symptoms and poorer spatial planning. CONCLUSION These results suggest that deficits in spatial planning may be more pronounced in individuals with ADHD, but that the neurocognitive functioning of youth with noncomorbid and comorbid CD and ADHD are largely similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Glenn
- Center for the Prevention of Youth Behavior Problems, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, USA.
| | - Rheanna J Remmel
- Center for the Prevention of Youth Behavior Problems, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, USA
| | - Min Yee Ong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Nikki S J Lim
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Rebecca P Ang
- Psychological Studies, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | | | - Adrian Raine
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Fung
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Yoon Phaik Ooi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore; Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Raine A, Venables PH. Adolescent daytime sleepiness as a risk factor for adult crime. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:728-735. [PMID: 28229495 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While recent cross-sectional research has documented a relationship between sleep problems and antisocial behavior, the longitudinal nature of this relationship is unknown. This study tests both the hypothesis that adolescent daytime sleepiness is associated with later adult criminal offending, and also tests a biopsychosocial mediation model in which social adversity predisposes to sleepiness, which in turn predisposes to attentional impairment, and to adult crime. METHODS Schoolboys aged 15 years rated themselves on self-report sleepiness. Age 15 antisocial behavior was assessed by teacher ratings and self-reports, while convictions for crime were assessed at age 29. Attentional capacity at age 15 was assessed by autonomic orienting, with arousal assessed by the electroencephalogram (EEG). RESULTS Sleepy adolescents were more likely to be antisocial during adolescence, and were 4.5 times more likely to commit crime by age 29. The sleepiness-adult crime relationship withstood control for adolescent antisocial behavior. Self-report sleepiness predicted to adult crime over and above objective measures of daytime sleepiness (EEG theta activity) and age 15 antisocial behavior. Poor daytime attention partly mediated the sleep-crime relationship. Mediation analyses also showed that social adversity predisposed to daytime sleepiness which was associated with reduced attention which in turn predisposed to adult crime. CONCLUSIONS Findings are the first to document a longitudinal association between sleepiness in adolescence and crime in adulthood. The longitudinal nature of this relationship, controlling for age 15 antisocial behavior, is consistent with the hypothesis that adolescent sleepiness predisposes to later antisociality. Findings are also consistent with the notion that the well-established link between social adversity and adult crime is partly explained by sleepiness. Results suggest that a very brief and simple assessment of subjective daytime sleepiness may have prognostic clinical value, and that interventions to reduced sleepiness could be a useful avenue for future crime prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Griffith SF, Arnold DH, Rolon-Arroyo B, Harvey EA. Neuropsychological Predictors of ODD Symptom Dimensions in Young Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 48:80-92. [PMID: 28080145 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1266643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood behavior disorder, yet knowledge of relations between ODD and early neuropsychological functions, particularly independent of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is still limited. In addition, studies have not examined neuropsy chological functioning as it relates to the different ODD symptom dimensions. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate how preschool neuropsychological functioning predicted negative affect, oppositional behavior, and antagonistic behavior symptom dimensions of ODD in 224 six-year-old children, oversampled for early behavior problems. Working memory, inhibition, and sustained attention predicted negative affect symptoms of ODD, controlling for ADHD, whereas delay aversion uniquely predicted oppositional behavior, controlling for ADHD. Delay aversion also marginally predicted antagonistic behavior, controlling for ADHD. Results demonstrate that different ODD symptom dimensions may be differentially predicted by different neuropsychological functions. The findings further underscore the importance of future research on ODD to take into account the possible heterogeneity of both symptoms and underlying neuropsychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayl F Griffith
- a Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - David H Arnold
- a Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | | | - Elizabeth A Harvey
- a Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst
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The role of socio-economic disadvantage in the development of comorbid emotional and conduct problems in children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:723-732. [PMID: 28064369 PMCID: PMC5446547 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that, compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD have worse socio-emotional outcomes and more experience of socio-economic disadvantage. In this study, we explored if and how the increased emotional and behavioural difficulties faced by children with ADHD may be accounted for by their more disadvantaged socio-economic circumstances. Our study, using data from 180 children (149 boys) with ADHD from the Millennium Cohort Study, had two aims. First, to examine the role of socio-economic disadvantage in the trajectories of emotional and conduct problems in children with ADHD at ages 3, 5, 7 and 11 years. Second, to explore the roles of the home environment (household chaos) and parenting (quality of emotional support, quality of the parent-child relationship and harsh parental discipline) in mediating any associations between socio-economic disadvantage and child emotional and conduct problems. Using growth curve models, we found that socio-economic disadvantage was associated with emotional and conduct problems but neither the home environment nor parenting attenuated this association. Lower quality of the parent-child relationship and harsher discipline were associated with more conduct problems. It appears that socio-economic disadvantage and parenting contribute independently to the prediction of comorbid psychopathology in children with ADHD.
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20
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Pathways from neurocognitive vulnerability to co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems among women with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively for 16 years. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1013-1031. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUsing a sample of 228 females with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder followed prospectively across 16 years, we measured childhood neurocognitive vulnerability via executive dysfunction using teacher-reported cognitive and learning problems. We then ascertained relations between dimensionally measured internalizing and externalizing psychopathology during adulthood and showed that childhood neurocognitive vulnerability reliably predicted such associated psychopathology. We identified six serial mediation pathways from childhood neurocognitive vulnerability to adult psychopathology through three early- and late-adolescent domains: individual (self-control and delay of gratification), peer (rejection/conflict and acceptance/friendship), and school (academic performance and school failure). The serial indirect effects occurred for the pathways from childhood neurocognitive vulnerability through early-adolescent academic performance, to late-adolescent school failure, to adult associated psychopathology, and from neurocognitive vulnerability through adolescent self-control and then the ability to delay gratification, to adult psychopathology. Furthermore, these indirect effects, plus two others, were moderated by parental distress during childhood and early adolescence, such that under conditions of high distress, the serial indirect effects were weaker than when parental distress was low. We discuss the potential importance of behavioral self-regulation and educational success for later psychological functioning, especially among girls, as well as implications for ontogenic process models of psychopathology.
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21
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Dekkers TJ, Popma A, Agelink van Rentergem JA, Bexkens A, Huizenga HM. Risky decision making in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-regression analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 45:1-16. [PMID: 26978323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ADHD has been associated with various forms of risky real life decision making, for example risky driving, unsafe sex and substance abuse. However, results from laboratory studies on decision making deficits in ADHD have been inconsistent, probably because of between study differences. We therefore performed a meta-regression analysis in which 37 studies (n ADHD=1175; n Control=1222) were included, containing 52 effect sizes. The overall analysis yielded a small to medium effect size (standardized mean difference=.36, p<.001, 95% CI [.22, .51]), indicating that groups with ADHD showed more risky decision making than control groups. There was a trend for a moderating influence of co-morbid Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD): studies including more participants with co-morbid DBD had larger effect sizes. No moderating influence of co-morbid internalizing disorders, age or task explicitness was found. These results indicate that ADHD is related to increased risky decision making in laboratory settings, which tended to be more pronounced if ADHD is accompanied by DBD. We therefore argue that risky decision making should have a more prominent role in research on the neuropsychological and -biological mechanisms of ADHD, which can be useful in ADHD assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho J Dekkers
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands.
| | - Arne Popma
- De Bascule, Academic Center for Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Complex Behavioral Disorders, The Netherlands; Free University Medical Center (VUmc) Amsterdam, Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, The Netherlands; University of Leiden, Department of Criminology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anika Bexkens
- University of Leiden, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, The Netherlands; GGZ Delfland, Center for Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry in Individuals with Intellectual Disability, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Huizenga
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Research Priority Area Yield, The Netherlands
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22
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Noordermeer SDS, Luman M, Oosterlaan J. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging in Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) Taking Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Into Account. Neuropsychol Rev 2016; 26:44-72. [PMID: 26846227 PMCID: PMC4762933 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are common behavioural disorders in childhood and adolescence and are associated with brain abnormalities. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates structural (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) findings in individuals with ODD/CD with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Online databases were searched for controlled studies, resulting in 12 sMRI and 17 fMRI studies. In line with current models on ODD/CD, studies were classified in hot and cool executive functioning (EF). Both the meta-analytic and narrative reviews showed evidence of smaller brain structures and lower brain activity in individuals with ODD/CD in mainly hot EF-related areas: bilateral amygdala, bilateral insula, right striatum, left medial/superior frontal gyrus, and left precuneus. Evidence was present in both structural and functional studies, and irrespective of the presence of ADHD comorbidity. There is strong evidence that abnormalities in the amygdala are specific for ODD/CD as compared to ADHD, and correlational studies further support the association between abnormalities in the amygdala and ODD/CD symptoms. Besides the left precuneus, there was no evidence for abnormalities in typical cool EF related structures, such as the cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Resulting areas are associated with emotion-processing, error-monitoring, problem-solving and self-control; areas associated with neurocognitive and behavioural deficits implicated in ODD/CD. Our findings confirm the involvement of hot, and to a smaller extent cool, EF associated brain areas in ODD/CD, and support an integrated model for ODD/CD (e.g. Blair, Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 865-891, 2005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri D S Noordermeer
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Luman
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Neuropsychology Section, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Long EC, Hill J, Luna B, Verhulst B, Clark DB. Disruptive behavior disorders and indicators of disinhibition in adolescents: The BRIEF-SR, anti-saccade task, and D-KEFS color-word interference test. J Adolesc 2015; 44:182-90. [PMID: 26277405 PMCID: PMC4632655 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disinhibition contributes to the development of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in adolescents. Self-reports and behavioral tasks are commonly used to assess disinhibition, each with their unique strengths and limitations. Accordingly, it is important to identify which measure, or combination thereof, is the most effective in predicting DBD symptoms. This study assessed the relationship between DBD (symptoms of ADHD/ODD/CD) and two behavioral disinhibition tasks: the anti-saccade task and the D-KEFS color-word interference test, as well as a self-report measure (the BRIEF-SR). The results indicated that the BRIEF-Inhibit scale accounted for the majority of the variance in the DBD sum score. The anti-saccade task and color-word interference test were also significantly associated with an increase in the number of DBD symptoms endorsed. These behavioral tasks accounted for 9% additional variance than the self-report alone. Therefore, combining self-report measures with behavioral disinhibition tasks may provide the most thorough assessment of adolescent DBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Long
- Behavioral Sciences Department, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA; Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - J Hill
- Behavioral Sciences Department, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA.
| | - B Luna
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - B Verhulst
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - D B Clark
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Moderators of neuropsychological mechanism in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:271-81. [PMID: 25037459 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological measures have been proposed as both a way to tap mechanisms and as endophenotypes for child ADHD. However, substantial evidence supporting heterogeneity in neuropsychological performance among youth with ADHD as well as apparent effect differences by sex, age, and comorbidity have slowed progress. To address this, it is important to understand sibling effects in relation to these moderators. 461 youth ages 6-17 years (54.8 % male, including 251 youth with ADHD, 107 of their unaffected biological siblings, and 103 non-ADHD controls) completed diagnostic interviews and a theoretically informed battery of neuropsychological functioning. A structural equation model was used to consolidate neuropsychological domains. Group differences between unaffected siblings of youth with ADHD and controls across each domain were first examined as the primary endophenotype test for ADHD. Moderation of these effects was evaluated via investigation of interactions between diagnostic group and both proband and individual level characteristics, including sex, age, and comorbidity status. Unaffected siblings performed worse than control youth in the domains of inhibition, response time variability, and temporal information processing. Individual age moderated these effects, such that differences between controls and unaffected siblings were pronounced among younger children (ages 6-10 years) but absent among older youth (ages 11-17 years). Evidence for moderation of effects by proband sex and comorbidity status produced more variable and smaller effects. Results support the utility of inhibition, response time variability, and temporal processing as useful endophenotypes for ADHD in future genetic associations studies of the disorder, but suggest this value will vary by age among unaffected family members.
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25
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Han G, Helm J, Iucha C, Zahn-Waxler C, Hastings PD, Klimes-Dougan B. Are Executive Functioning Deficits Concurrently and Predictively Associated with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 45:44-58. [PMID: 26042358 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The central objective of the current study was to evaluate how executive functions (EF), and specifically cognitive flexibility, were concurrently and predictively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Adolescents (N = 220) and their parents participated in this longitudinal investigation. Adolescents' EF was assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) during the initial assessment, and symptoms of depressive and anxiety disorders were reported by mothers and youths concurrently and 2 years later. Correlational analyses suggested that youths who made more total errors (TE), including both perseverative errors (PE) and nonperseverative errors (NPE), concurrently exhibited significantly more depressive symptoms. Adolescents who made more TE and those who made more NPE tended to have more anxiety symptoms 2 years later. Structural equation modeling analyses accounting for key explanatory variables (e.g., IQ, disruptive behavior disorders, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder) showed that TE was concurrently associated with parent reports of adolescent depressive symptoms. The results suggest internalizing psychopathology is associated with global (TE) and nonspecific (NPE) EF difficulties but not robustly associated with cognitive inflexibility (PE). Future research with the WCST should consider different sources of errors that are posited to reflect divergent underlying neural mechanisms, conferring differential vulnerability for emerging mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Han
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
| | - Jonathan Helm
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
| | - Cornelia Iucha
- b Department of Psychology , University of Minnesota Twin Cities
| | | | - Paul D Hastings
- a Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain , University of California, Davis
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Khanna D, Shaw J, Dolan M, Lennox C. Does diagnosis affect the predictive accuracy of risk assessment tools for juvenile offenders: Conduct Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Adolesc 2014; 37:1171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Rahimi-Golkhandan S, Piek J, Steenbergen B, Wilson P. Hot executive function in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Evidence for heightened sensitivity to immediate reward. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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