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Hammond A, Buchynski K, Shynkaruk T, Crowe T, Schwean-Lardner K. Are turkey hens affected by light flicker? Effects on performance and health. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103747. [PMID: 38657524 PMCID: PMC11058885 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Light flicker is a commonly overlooked factor of artificial light sources. This study aimed to determine the impacts of light-flicker frequency on performance, general health, and mortality of 11-wk Nicholas Select turkey hens. The experiment consisted of 2 trials (block) in a randomized complete block design, with 3 light-flicker frequency treatments (30, 90, or 195 Hz). Turkeys (n = 364 per replicate) were randomly placed into environmentally controlled rooms (3 room replicates per treatment per trial). Group body weight (BW) and feed consumption were measured at 0, 4, 8, and 11 wk, and feed efficiency (mortality corrected feed-to-gain; F:Gm) was calculated for each period. Mortality and culls were collected twice daily. Flock uniformity, feather condition and cleanliness, footpad score, and mobility were evaluated at 10 wk (30 birds per room). Litter quality and ocular weight and dimensions were evaluated (11 wk; 4 birds per room). Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4) and significance was declared when P < 0.05. At 8 wk, BW was lower under 30 Hz compared to 195 Hz (P = 0.03). Feed consumption was lowest under 30 Hz (0-4 wk and 4-8 wk; P < 0.01). Mortality-corrected F:G was improved under 30 Hz for 8 to 11 wk and 0 to 11 wk (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively). Total mortality was lower under 195 Hz compared to 30 Hz (P = 0.02). Uniformity, gait score, feather condition, and litter quality were unaffected by flicker. Footpad scores were improved under 90 Hz (P = 0.01), leading to an improved average footpad score (P = 0.02). Feather cleanliness was improved under 90 Hz compared to both 30 Hz and 195 Hz (P<0.01). Right eyeball dimensions differed across lighting treatments, with the dorso-ventral diameter being larger in birds under 30 Hz compared to 195 Hz (P = 0.05). The anterior-posterior size also increased in birds under 30 Hz compared to 90 Hz (P = 0.03). Light flicker impacted turkey hens, with the results demonstrating negative impacts on early growth and changes to ocular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hammond
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N5A8
| | - K Buchynski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N5A8
| | - T Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N5A8
| | - T Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N5A9
| | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N5A8.
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Coudert E, Baeza E, Zemb O, Bousleh A, Cauquil L, Farizon Y, Hondelatte A, Germain K, Boulmane R, Nyvall-Collen P, Berri C. Effect of dietary supplementation with algae extracts on growth performance and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38578279 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2328676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to test the dose response of dietary supplementation with algae extracts rich in marine-sulphated polysaccharides (MSP1 and MSP2) on the growing performance, body composition at slaughter and caecal microbiota of broiler chickens.2. Male broiler Ross 308 chicks 1-d-old were distributed into eight groups, a control group (unsupplemented), four groups supplemented with increasing doses of algae extract MSP1 (40, 81, 121 and 162 g/ton feed) and three groups supplemented with increasing doses of algae extract MSP2 (40, 81 and 162 g/ton feed). Each group comprised six pens of 56 chickens.3. All chickens were reared under challenging conditions, i.e. high rearing density of 42 kg/m2, fed growing and finishing diets containing, palm oil, rye and high levels of wheat and subjected to short daily fasting periods. The growth performance was recorded during rearing. At 10, 22 and 31 d of age, 12 chickens per group were euthanised to collect the caecal contents and determine microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid levels. At d 35, the quality of litter and the condition of feathers, footpads and tarsals were scored. At d 36, 7 chickens per pen were slaughtered under commercial conditions to determine carcass composition and breast meat quality (ultimate pH and colour).4. Algal extract MSP1 increased the weight of the caeca and butyrate concentration in the caeca at d 22 (p ≤ 0.05). It increased the ultimate pH of breast fillet measured after slaughter at d 36 (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the group receiving 162 g/t MSP1 had a more diverse microbiota at d22. However, algal extract MSP2 had negligible effect on the different measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coudert
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - E Baeza
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - O Zemb
- INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | | | | | - Y Farizon
- INRAE, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- ENVT, Service d'alimentation, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | | | - K Germain
- INRAE, UE EASM, Le Magneraud, Surgères, France
| | - R Boulmane
- OLMIX, ZA du Haut du Bois, Bréhan, France
| | | | - C Berri
- INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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3
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Cuta L, Baums CG, Cramer K, Harzer M, Hauptmann J, Heenemann K, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Stegmaier I, Vahlenkamp TW, Schmidt V. An Explorative Study of the Causal Pathogenesis of Green Liver Discoloration in Organically Reared Female Bronze Turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo) Considering the Infectious Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050918. [PMID: 36899775 PMCID: PMC10000099 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study revealed that organically raised Bronze turkeys showed a high prevalence of green liver discoloration. This alteration is commonly associated with the Turkey Osteomyelitis Complex and potentially caused by opportunistic bacteria. Therefore, 360 organically fattened Bronze turkeys were examined post-mortem throughout two fattening trials with two examinations each to determine possible infectious risk factors and reduce disease prevalence. Clinical and pathoanatomical examinations were performed on every hen. Histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations were performed on at least six hens without and, if applicable, six hens with green livers on each examination date. Overall, 9.0% of all hens had a green liver without a correlation with bacterial or parasitological findings but multiple health impairments. The discoloration correlated significantly with the detection of immunosuppressive turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus at the early stage and macro- and histological joint/bone lesions at the late fattening stage, indicating the presence of two different predisposing pathogeneses. Flocks not being vaccinated against hemorrhagic enteritis but having a virus-positive sample showed the highest prevalence of green liver discoloration and developed worse in various parameters. In conclusion, an adequate vaccination schedule and the prevention of field infections may lead to a decreased risk of performance reduction and improved animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Cuta
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)341-9738405
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maxi Harzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jutta Hauptmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ines Stegmaier
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Stracke J, Andersson R, Volkmann N, Spindler B, Schulte-Landwehr J, Günther R, Kemper N. Footpad Monitoring: Reliability of an Automated System to Assess Footpad Dermatitis in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) During Slaughter. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:888503. [PMID: 35664852 PMCID: PMC9157434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.888503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Footpad dermatitis (FPD) is an indicator of animal welfare in turkeys, giving evidence of the animals' physical integrity and providing information on husbandry management. Automated systems for assessing FPD at slaughter can present a useful tool for objective data collection. However, using automated systems requires that they reliably assess the incidence. In this study, the feet of turkeys were scored for FPD by both an automated camera system and a human observer, using a five-scale score. The observer reliability between both was calculated (Krippendorff's alpha). The results were not acceptable, with an agreement coefficient of 0.44 in the initial situation. Therefore, pictures of 3,000 feet scored by the automated system were evaluated systematically to detect deficiencies. The reference area (metatarsal footpad) was not detected correctly in 55.0% of the feet, and false detections of the alteration on the footpad (FPD) were found in 32.9% of the feet. In 41.3% of the feet, the foot was not presented straight to the camera. According to these results, the algorithm of the automated system was modified, aiming to improve color detection and the distinction of the metatarsal footpad from the background. Pictures of the feet, now scored by the modified algorithm, were evaluated again. Observer reliability could be improved (Krippendorff's alpha = 0.61). However, detection of the metatarsal footpad (50.9% incorrect detections) and alterations (27.0% incorrect detections) remained a problem. We found that the performance of the camera system was affected by the angle at which the foot was presented to the camera (skew/straight; p < 0.05). Furthermore, the laterality of the foot (left/right) was found to have a significant effect (p < 0.001). We propose that the latter depends on the slaughter process. This study also highlights a high variability in observer reliability of human observers. Depending on the respective target parameter, the reliability coefficient (Krippendorff's alpha) ranged from 0.21 to 0.82. This stresses the importance of finding an objective alternative. Therefore, it was concluded that the automated detection system could be appropriate to reliably assess FPD at the slaughterhouse. However, there is still room to improve the existing method, especially when using FPD as a welfare indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stracke
- Institute of Animal Science, Ethology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robby Andersson
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nina Volkmann
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Science and Innovation for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Vechta, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Birgit Spindler
| | | | - Ronald Günther
- Heidemark Mästerkreis GmbH u. Co. KG, Haldensleben, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Jhetam S, Buchynski K, Shynkaruk T, Schwean-Lardner K. Evaluating the effects of stocking density on the behavior, health, and welfare of turkey hens to 11 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101956. [PMID: 35679672 PMCID: PMC9189194 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicholas Select hens (n = 3,550 poults in each of 2 experimental trials) were randomly placed in 1 of 4 stocking density (SD) treatments of 30, 40, 50, or 60 kg/m2 until 11 wk. Birds were housed in open rooms (67.5 m2) with 4 replications per treatment. Ventilation was adjusted in each room independently to ensure air quality measures did not differ across replicate rooms. At wk 8 and 11, footpad lesions, mobility, feather cover and cleanliness, behavior (recorded), and litter moisture were evaluated. Incidences of aggressive pecking were recorded daily. Heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were evaluated at 3, 5, 8, and 11 wk. Data were analyzed using regression analyses in SAS 9.4 (Proc Reg and Proc RSReg; SD as independent variable). Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Gait scores were not affected by SD. Average footpad scores worsened with increasing SD at wk 8 (linear) but were not affected at wk 11. Total feather cover scores and average feather cleanliness were poorer at high SD (linear) at wk 8 and 11. The incidence of aggressive pecking and culls for aggressive damage decreased linearly as SD increased. At 5 (linear) and 11 (quadratic) wk, H/L ratios increased as SD increased. At 8 wk, H/L ratios were highest in the 40 kg/m2 treatment (quadratic). At 8 wk, the percentage of birds at the feeder, resting, and total disturbances linearly increased as SD increased. The percentage of birds standing, walking, and litter pecking decreased linearly with increasing SD, while total aggressive behaviors (sum of fighting and aggressive pecking) decreased (quadratic). At 11 wk, the percentage of birds at the drinker, and decreased with increasing SD while resting, feather pecking, and severe disturbances increased as SD increased. Litter moisture increased linearly with increasing SD (wk 11). Turkey hen health and welfare were negatively impacted by higher SD. At low SD, there was notably more aggression which may also impact welfare.
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6
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Stracke J, Volkmann N, May F, Döhring S, Kemper N, Spindler B. Walking on Tiptoes: Digital Pads Deserve Increased Attention When Scoring Footpad Dermatitis as an Animal Welfare Indicator in Turkeys. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:613516. [PMID: 33585603 PMCID: PMC7873931 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.613516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is one of the most challenging issues in modern farm animal husbandry. Animal welfare indicators can be used to monitor welfare on farms or at slaughterhouses, with footpad dermatitis (FPD) being one of the most important indicators used in turkeys. Up to now, the severity of FPD has been measured by evaluating the size of altered lesions on the metatarsal pad of birds. However, such lesions are not only found on the metatarsal pads, but alterations can also occur on the digital pads of the animals, the latter is not included in the European standard scoring systems for turkeys so far. The aim of the present study was to give a detailed outline of alterations on the digital pads of turkeys and associate their occurrence to a standardly used five-point scoring system, which is based on alterations of the metatarsal pad only. Therefore, pictures of 500 feet of turkeys from 16 flocks at the end of the fattening phase were taken, using an automatic camera system. Based on these pictures, alterations on the digits were scored according to different parameters (lesions, swellings, and number of affected digits). Furthermore, detailed measurements were conducted using an imaging software. Results were compared with a standardly used five-point scoring system (standard FPD scoring system), based on the metatarsal pad as reference. Results provide no equivalence in occurrence and severity of alterations on the metatarsal pads compared to those found on the digits. Pathologic alterations on the digits were already present at standard FPD scoring level 0; no differentiation became obvious between the higher scoring levels 2-4. Strong correlations were found when comparing percentage of alterations of the standard FPD scoring system to those of a system including alterations on the digits and the metatarsal pad, using the total foot as a reference (rp = 0.9, p < 0.001). This was the first study conducting a detailed analysis of alterations on the digits of turkeys. In conclusion, results of this study show that including the evaluation of alterations on digits could refine the present FPD scoring system, especially when using FPD as an animal welfare indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stracke
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Volkmann
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska May
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Döhring
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Narita FB, Scardoeli B, Gallo Neto H, Coelho CDP. Homeopathic Treatment of Pododermatitis in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). HOMEOPATHY 2020; 110:62-66. [PMID: 33316832 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problems with the feet are common in penguins, with a particular predisposition to pododermatitis. This condition usually occurs due to the changes in normal activity that result from being held captive, but its precise pathogenesis is still undetermined. METHODS/PATIENTS This veterinary case study reports the use of oral homeopathic treatment on acute and chronic pododermatitis in five Magellanic penguins in a zoological park setting. During treatment, the patients remained in the penguins' living area, and the effect of the treatment on the progression of their lesions was assessed visually once weekly. The treatment consisted of a combination of Arnica montana and Calcarea carbonica. RESULTS After treatment, the appearance of the lesions had noticeably improved: in the majority of penguins there was no longer evidence of infection or edema in the feet. The rate of recovery depended on the initial severity of the lesion. Those penguins that still showed signs of infection nevertheless exhibited a clear diminution of the size and thickness of the lesions. Homeopathic treatment did not cause any side effects. CONCLUSION Homeopathy offers a useful treatment option for pododermatitis in captive penguins, with easy administration and without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franscinne Brait Narita
- Institute Argonauta para Conservação Costeira e Marinha/Sabina Zoo, Escola Parque do Conhecimento, Santo André, Brazil.,High Dilution Science, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil.,Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Gallo Neto
- Institute Argonauta para Conservação Costeira e Marinha/Ubatuba Aquarium, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cidéli de Paula Coelho
- High Dilution Science, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil.,Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pirgozliev V, Simic A, Rose SP, Pérez Calvo E. Dietary microbial muramidase improves feed efficiency, energy and nutrient availability and welfare of broilers fed commercial type diets containing exogenous enzymes. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:131-137. [PMID: 32875828 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1817330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of graded levels of the microbially derived feed lysozyme, muramidase (MUR) on feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), European Performance Index (EPI), dietary N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), footpad dermatitis score (FPD) and other welfare variables, when fed to broilers from 0 to 42d age. 2. A four-phase dietary programme and four experimental pelleted diets were used; a control diet (following breeder recommendations without MUR supplementation), and three diets based on the control diet supplemented with 25,000, 35,000 and 45,000 LSU (F)/kg of MUR, respectively. In addition, all experimental diets contained exogenous xylanase, phytase and a coccidiostat. Each diet was fed to birds in 24 pens (20 male Ross 308 chicks in each pen) following randomisation. Dietary AMEn was determined at 21 d of age, and FPD was evaluated at the end of the study. Data were analysed by ANOVA, using orthogonal polynomials for assessing linear and quadratic responses to MUR activity. 3. The inclusion of MUR did not change FI (P > 0.05), but increased WG in a linear manner (P < 0.05) and reduced FCR in a quadratic manner, with optimum WG and FCR observed in birds fed approximately 35 000 LSU (F)/kg. In accordance with the improvement in FCR, 35 000 LSU (F)/kg MUR supplementation produced the highest EPI (P < 0.05). FPD score was linearly decreased with increased addition of MUR (P < 0.05). Dietary AMEn responded in a quadratic fashion to the MUR inclusion, as the highest values were obtained with the highest inclusion rate (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, the results showed that inclusion of MUR improved feed efficiency and the foot health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pirgozliev
- NIPH, Harper Adams University , Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - A Simic
- NIPH, Harper Adams University , Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - S P Rose
- NIPH, Harper Adams University , Newport, Shropshire, UK
| | - E Pérez Calvo
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition & Health R& D , Village-Neuf, France
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Lemme A, Hiller P, Klahsen M, Taube V, Stegemann J, Simon I. Reduction of dietary protein in broiler diets not only reduces n-emissions but is also accompanied by several further benefits. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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An assessment of some poultry management practices and disease recognition by poultry farmers in Maiduguri arid zone, Nigeria. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933910000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hinz K, Stracke J, Schättler JK, Kemper N, Spindler B. Effects of Enriched Charcoal as Permanent 0.2% Feed-Additive in Standard and Low-Protein Diets of Male Fattening Turkeys: An On-Farm Study. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E541. [PMID: 31398925 PMCID: PMC6721224 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wet litter is the most important cause of footpad dermatitis in poultry, this in turn being a highly relevant animal-related welfare indicator. This field study was subdivided into two experiments. In Experiment 1, the standard diet was supplemented by 0.2% enriched charcoal, being a non-specific absorber and therefore might be promising in reducing faecal moisture. In Experiment 2, the experimental group received a reduced crude protein diet during weeks 6-13, combined with a 0.2% enriched charcoal supplementation. The trials were each conducted with two batches on three farms under on-farm conditions. The animals were observed at 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks of age to collect data on body weight and different health parameters. The mortality and litter samples were analysed after slaughtering. In Experiment 1, performance and health were not affected despite higher dry matter content of the litter. In Experiment 2, the weight of birds receiving the protein-reduced diet was decreased significantly throughout the experiment. However, the slaughter weight did not differ. The mortality was reduced by 0.5% in the experimental group. Therefore, it was concluded that 0.2% of enriched charcoal is not a valuable feed-additive regarding animal health, while temporary protein reduction might have positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hinz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jenny Stracke
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jule Katrin Schättler
- Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Division Agriculture, Mars-la-Tour-Str. 6, D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15 (Building 116), D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Freihold D, Bartels T, Bergmann S, Berk J, Deerberg F, Dressel A, Erhard MH, Ermakow O, Huchler M, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Spindler B, Thieme S, Hafez HM. Investigation of the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis at the slaughterhouse in fattening turkeys reared in organic production systems in Germany. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1559-1567. [PMID: 30496524 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study shows the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis (FPD) in turkeys reared in organic production systems assessed at slaughterhouses in Germany. The investigations of altogether 1,860 turkeys of the strains Kelly Broad Breasted Bronze (Kelly BBB; 540 toms, 540 hens) and British United Turkeys (B.U.T.) 6 and the Test Product 7 (TP 7; 780 hens) showed that 97.7% of the examined turkeys were diagnosed with different degrees of FPD. Only 4.6% of the toms and 1.3% of the hens had feet without lesions. Most frequent were necrotic lesions measuring up to 2 cm in diameter (64.3% of all turkeys). Extensive necrotic lesions of the foot pads (toms: 29.8%; hens: 12.4%) and necrosis of superficial scales (toms: 11.3%; hens: 7.6%) were less frequent. Plantar abscesses were rare findings (1.9%). In general, the feet of the Kelly BBB hens were more affected by foot pad lesions than those of the Kelly BBB toms. There were significant differences between the investigated flocks concerning the occurrence of foot pad lesions. The aim in rearing turkeys must be the reduction of FPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Freihold
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Bartels
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - S Bergmann
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - J Berk
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - F Deerberg
- Oeko-Berater, Beratung & Projektmanagement Ökologischer Landbau
| | - A Dressel
- Veterinär- und Lebensmittelüberwachungsamt, Landkreis Stendal, Germany
| | - M H Erhard
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - O Ermakow
- Fachdienst 39, Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim, Germany
| | - M Huchler
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - M-E Krautwald-Junghanns
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Germany
| | - S Thieme
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Working Group Meat Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Public Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - H M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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14
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Toppel K, Spindler B, Kaufmann F, Gauly M, Kemper N, Andersson R. Foot Pad Health as Part of On-Farm-Monitoring in Turkey Flocks. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 30838219 PMCID: PMC6389698 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no consistent approach to on-farm and post-mortem foot pad (FP) assessment in turkey husbandry in sampling of both feet, sample sizes of birds and scoring schemes during the production period. Therefore, in a field study, 11,400 turkeys, i.e., 22,800 feet, were macroscopically scored at 4-week intervals, 60 birds per flock per date, in accordance with the scale system of Hocking et al. (1). Spearman's rho was calculated between the foot pad dermatitis (FPD) score of both feet of an individual turkey. Sample size for FPD monitoring was calculated for several flock sizes, considering expected FPD prevalence and the error and confidence level (α = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1). To compare macroscopic to histological findings, ten excised FPs were histopathologically investigated by hematoxylin & eosin staining. To align manual macroscopic FPD evaluations with a technical system, 20 photographic images of FPD were measured using the ImageJ program. The scores of both feet of an individual turkey correlated between r = 0.252 and r = 1.000. Thus, both feet of a bird should be monitored, while the worse foot should be evaluated. As an exemplary sample size for on-farm FPD assessment, 77 turkey poults were calculated in a flock of 4,000 birds with an expected FPD prevalence of 40% and α = 0.1. The sample size of monitored birds within a flock should differ and depend on flock size and expected FPD prevalence. Histopathological findings showed normal and non-affected structures of a macroscopic Score 0 and a moderate ulcer of the macroscopic Score 1 and Score 2. The applied assessment scheme should distinguish first alterations and scar tissue as separate scores to differentiate the need for management intervention vs. the success of management measures that were already implemented. FPD affected areas were given lower Scores and assessed to be healthier when evaluated by an image system, compared to a manual assessment. Furthermore, with regard to an increase in camera-based assessments, the boundary of the metatarsal pad needs to be clarified. In conclusion, a new scoring system is required, as the size of the FP cannot be clearly defined and different tissue textures, as well as valid sample sizes are not currently sufficiently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Toppel
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Falko Kaufmann
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robby Andersson
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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15
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Beaulac K, Schwean-Lardner K. Assessing the Effects of Stocking Density on Turkey Tom Health and Welfare to 16 Weeks of Age. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:213. [PMID: 30234138 PMCID: PMC6131652 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Four levels of turkey tom stocking density (SD) (30, 40, 50, 60 kg/m2) were evaluated in two 16 week trials (n = 2,868 Nicholas Select). Poults were allocated to one of eight independently ventilated rooms per trial (6.71 × 10.06 m) based on final predicted body weight (two replicates per SD per trial). Room temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia concentration were recorded throughout the trial; ventilation was adjusted to equalize air quality across treatments. Mobility (gait score, scale 0-5) was recorded at 12 and 16 weeks (20 birds per replicate). Footpad lesion score (scale 0-4), feather condition (scale 1-4), and cleanliness scores (scale 1-4) were recorded at 10 (Trial 2), 12, and 16 weeks of age (20 birds per replicate). Aggressive injury incidence was recorded daily for Trial 2. Stress (heterophil/lymphocyte ratio) was evaluated at 4, 12, and 16 weeks of age (15 birds per replicate). Behavior was recorded and scan sampled (field of view) at 12 (Trial 1), 14, and 16 weeks. Data were analyzed using regression analysis (linear, Proc Reg; quadratic, Proc RSReg) for relationships between the variables and SD. Differences were considered significant when p ≤ 0.05. Mobility and footpad lesions were negatively affected by increasing SD (linear) at 16 weeks only. Feather condition and cleanliness decreased linearly as SD increased at week 10, 12, and 16. The incidence of aggressive damage was higher as SD increased during week 4-8 (quadratic). Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios increased linearly at 4 weeks (similar trend at 12 weeks). Behavior was impacted at 12 weeks of age with standing behavior showing a quadratic response, and walking and total disturbance showing a linear decrease as SD increased. Resting, preening, and comfort behaviors increased linearly (14 weeks), while walking and strutting decreased linearly with increasing SD. Finally, at 16 weeks of age resting, standing, walking, feeding, and total disturbance responded quadratically while preening behavior increased linearly with increasing SD. Results suggest that increasing SD negatively impacts bird health and wellbeing through decreased mobility, increased footpad lesions, poorer feather condition and cleanliness, and behavioral changes, but that very low SD (30 kg/m2) may result in increased aggressive damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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16
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Kapell DNRG, Hocking PM, Glover PK, Kremer VD, Avendaño S. Genetic basis of leg health and its relationship with body weight in purebred turkey lines. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1553-1562. [PMID: 28339774 PMCID: PMC5447359 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters for leg and foot health and mobility in purebred turkey lines and their genetic correlations with BW. Traits were gait score (GS) as an overall measure of leg health, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and 2 skeletal leg health traits, namely, valgus and varus deformities (VVD) and tibial dyschondroplasia (TD). Data from 4 different lines, comprising 3 yr of phenotypic records and 4 yr of pedigree information per line, were used. The sex average BW for the lines at 18 wk ranged from 19.1 kg (line A) to 12.4 kg (line D). The prevalence of VVD ranged from 5.2 to 14.6% and for TD from 4.1 to 23.2%. The average score for FPD on a scale of 0 to 100 ranged from 48.5 to 61.1. Gait Score was scored on a scale of 1 to 5, standardized to a mean of 3 and SD of 1. Heritabilities were estimated at 0.08 to 0.13 for GS, 0.01 to 0.07 for VVD, 0.06 to 0.12 for TD, and 0.10 to 0.15 for FPD (all SE ≤ 0.02). Estimates of the genetic correlations between VVD and TD ranged from 0.03 to 0.21 (all SE ≤ 0.08), and estimates of these with GS ranged from 0.07 to 0.87 (all SE ≤ 0.09). The genetic correlations of FPD with GS ranged from 0.00 to 0.34 (all SE ≤ 0.04), and with the skeletal leg health traits from -0.06 to 0.33 (all SE ≤ 0.06). Body weight showed estimated genetic correlations ranging from 0.28 to 0.51 (all SE ≤ 0.06) with GS, -0.06 to 0.50 (all SE ≤ 0.13) with VVD/TD and 0.05 to 0.34 (all SE ≤ 0.05) with FPD. The results suggest that selection for improved leg health can be incorporated effectively in a commercial turkey breeding program using balanced breeding goals, in which production traits and leg health traits are considered simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - P K Glover
- Aviagen Turkeys Inc., Lewisburg, West Virginia 24901
| | - V D Kremer
- Aviagen Turkeys Ltd, Tattenhall, Cheshire CH3 9GA, UK
| | - S Avendaño
- Aviagen Ltd, Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, UK
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17
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Chuppava B, Visscher C, Kamphues J. Effect of Different Flooring Designs on the Performance and Foot Pad Health in Broilers and Turkeys. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8050070. [PMID: 29751573 PMCID: PMC5981281 DOI: 10.3390/ani8050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The contact of the birds’ feet with litter and their excreta during the fattening period might lead to reduced body weight, carcass weight, feed intake, and impaired foot pad health in poultry. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of different flooring designs with reduced (50% or 100% slatted floors) contact to the excreta on the above-mentioned parameters in the fattening of broilers and turkeys. The provision of litter on the floor had no relevant effect on foot pad health in broilers. Using fully-slatted flooring in fattening turkeys led to a higher body weight, while reducing incidence of injuries of foot pads. It is, therefore, necessary to consider how a similar excellent litter quality can be achieved in basically littered husbandry systems common in Europe. Abstract Litter quality has a significant influence on the performance and foot pad health in poultry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of flooring designs on the performance and foot pad health in fattening broilers and turkeys. Three trials were conducted for each species using a total of 720 Ross 308 broilers and 720 Big 6 turkeys. After day seven, animals were randomly assigned to four groups with three subgroups each: G1—floor pens with litter, G2—floor pens with litter and floor heating, G3—partially-slatted flooring, including a littered area, and G4—fully-slatted flooring with a sand bath (900 cm2). Animals of both species had a significantly higher final body weight at dissection (day 36) after being reared on fully-slatted floors compared to common littered floors. In turkeys, the feed conversion ratio was worse in G4 (1.53 ± 0.04) than in G1 (1.47 ± 0.02) and G2 (1.48 ± 0.03). Water to feed ratio was significantly higher in G2 than other groups. Turkeys’ foot pad health was significantly better in G4 than in other groups beginning at day 21. In turkeys, platforms with slatted floors that allow for temporary separation of the feet from the litter could lead to improvements in foot pad health which could better enable the realization of species-specific behaviours and activities in littered areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany.
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Hocking PM, Vinco LJ, Veldkamp T. Soya bean meal increases litter moisture and foot pad dermatitis in maize and wheat based diets for turkeys but maize and non-soya diets lower body weight. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:227-231. [PMID: 29308938 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1423675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to compare the effects of wheat or maize based diets differing in dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on litter moisture and foot pad dermatitis (FPD) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age in heavy-medium turkeys. A second objective was to investigate the effects on foot pad dermatitis of the interaction between dietary composition and artificially increasing litter moisture by adding water to the litter. 2. High DEB diets contained soya as the main protein source whereas low DEB diets did not contain soya bean meal. Diets were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous in each of 3 successive 4-week phases following recommended dietary compositions. DEB concentrations were 330, 290 and 250 mEq/kg in high DEB diets and 230, 200 and 180 mEq/kg in low DEB diets. 3. Litter moisture and mean FPD score were higher in turkeys fed on high DEB diets compared with low DEB diets whereas there was no difference between maize and wheat. 4. Food intake was similar and body weight was lower after litter moisture was artificially raised in the wet compared with the dry litter treatment and there was no interaction with dietary composition. 5. Mean body weight and feed intake were higher in turkeys fed on wheat compared with maize and in high DEB compared with low DEB diets at 12 weeks of age. 6. Lowering dietary DEB for turkeys may improve litter moisture and lower the prevalence of FPD in commercial turkey flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hocking
- a The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - L J Vinco
- b National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare , Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia , Italy
| | - T Veldkamp
- c Department of Animal Nutrition , Wageningen Livestock Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
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19
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Erdaw MM, Perez-Maldonado RA, Iji PA. Physiological and health-related response of broiler chickens fed diets containing raw, full-fat soya bean meal supplemented with microbial protease. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:533-544. [PMID: 29024064 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 2 × 3 factorial study (protease: 0 or 1,5000 PROT/kg and raw full-fat soya bean meal [RSBM] replacing the commercial SBM at 0, 45 and 75 g/kg of diet) was conducted to examine the performance of broilers. Phytase (2000 FYT/kg) was uniformly added to each diet, each also replicated six times, with eight birds per replicate. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms using sawdust as the bedding material and offered starter, grower and finisher diets. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were reduced (p < .05) due to increasing levels of RSBM, but feed conversion ratio (FCR; 0-35 days) was unaffected. Over the first 24 days, neither RSBM nor protease supplementation affected (p > .05) mortality, footpad dermatitis or intestinal lesions in birds. At day 24, the weight, length, width and strength of tibia bone were reduced in chickens that received an elevated level of RSBM (75 g/kg of diet), but this was not significant at day 35. At day 24 (p < .05) and 35 (p < .01), Ca concentration in the litter was reduced when the RSBM level was increased in the diet, but P content was not affected. On days 24 (p < .05) and 35 (p < .01), the N content in litter was also increased with increase in dietary RSBM. Protease supplementation increased (p < .05) the uric acid concentration in the litter (at day 35), but the reverse was the case for ammonia concentration. Overall, the results of this study indicate that there are no major health-related risks, associated with the replacement of commercial SBM with RSBM (≤25%) in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Erdaw
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R A Perez-Maldonado
- DSM Nutritional Products Animal Nutrition and Health, Mapletree Business City, Singapore
| | - P A Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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20
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Heitmann S, Stracke J, Petersen H, Spindler B, Kemper N. First approach validating a scoring system for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens developed for application in practice. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:63-70. [PMID: 29685446 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the severity of foot-pad dermatitis is an accepted tool monitoring the quality of animal husbandry and welfare. Up to now, a variety of scoring schemes have been used, most of them based on visual evaluation. However, a standardisation and validation of scoring systems is beneficial, not only to compare different studies, but to provide objective indicators in poultry welfare. In this study, we validated one visual scoring system, widely used in Northern Germany, by using additional information of histological measurements. Therefore, feet of broiler chickens (ROSS 308) from one flock were visually scored at the slaughter plant (4-point score). Ten feet per score level (n = 40) were sampled and analysed macroscopically and microscopically. Data were analysed using cluster analysis, providing a classification based on these histopathological findings. Validity of the visual scoring system was analysed by (1) testing the interobserver reliability between different observers and (2) by comparing both, visual and cluster classification types using the McNemar's test. In a last step Kendall tau correlations were calculated in order to find suitable parameters to judge the severity in a visual score more reliably. Results could show that most agreement was found for the score levels 1 and 2, whereas results for score levels 3 and 4 were more divergent. These results were found in both, interobserver reliability and comparison of classification types (visual vs. cluster). Results revealed interaction effects of classification type and scoring level for the width of ulcers (p = 0.0044) and the size of the lesion (p = 0.0081). In the cluster classification, higher values in both, width of ulcer and size of lesion could be found in score level 3. Furthermore, a positive correlation of the size of lesion with the depth of the ulcer was found (0.73). In conclusion, we found that histological findings coincided well with the less severe visual scores (1; 2), whereas the differentiation between the severe scores (3; 4) seemed to be less valid. For practical purposes we therefore recommend keeping visual scoring systems simple. Furthermore, as the correlation coefficient between both was quite high, the size of the lesion might serve as an indirect indicator of the depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Heitmann
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jenny Stracke
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Petersen
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Goodarzi Boroojeni F, Kozłowski K, Jankowski J, Senz M, Wiśniewska M, Boros D, Drażbo A, Zentek J. Fermentation and enzymatic treatment of pea for turkey nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Veldkamp T, Hocking PM, Vinco LJ. Effect of crude protein concentration and dietary electrolyte balance on litter quality, foot pad dermatitis, growth performance and processing yields in two medium heavy turkey hybrids. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:557-568. [PMID: 28675310 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1349296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of crude protein (CP) concentration and dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance, processing yields, litter quality and foot pad dermatitis (FPD) in male turkeys from two commercial hybrids. Soya bean meal was replaced by vegetable protein sources selected for lower K concentrations to lower DEB in order to improve litter quality and subsequent quality of foot pads. 2. Effects of CP on litter friability and wetness were not consistent during the production period. FPD in turkeys fed on diets with low CP was significantly lower than FPD in turkeys fed on diets with high CP until 84 d. Growth performance was adversely affected at low CP. Processing yields were not affected by CP. 3. Litter was significantly dryer in pens of turkeys fed on diets with low DEB than in pens of turkeys fed on diets with high DEB. FPD in turkeys fed on diets with low DEB was significantly lower than in turkeys fed on diets with high DEB. Growth performance and processing yields were adversely affected at low DEB. 4. FPD in turkey hybrid A was higher than in turkey hybrid B at 28 d of age. Thereafter, no differences in FPD between turkey hybrids were observed. Growth performance and processing yields were not affected by turkey hybrid. 5. Overall, a significant interaction effect of CP × DEB was observed for FCR: in turkeys fed on the high DEB treatment, FCR of turkeys fed on the high CP diets was lower than FCR of turkeys fed on the low CP (LCP) diets whereas on the low DEB treatment, FCR was not affected by CP treatment. 6. It was concluded that litter quality can be improved and FPD may be decreased in turkeys fed on diets containing lower CP and DEB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Veldkamp
- a Wageningen Livestock Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - P M Hocking
- b The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , University of Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - L J Vinco
- c National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Brescia , Italy
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23
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Vermette C, Schwean-Lardner K, Gomis S, Grahn B, Crowe T, Classen H. The impact of graded levels of day length on turkey health and behavior to 18 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1223-37. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Schwean-Lardner K, Vermette C, Leis M, Classen HL. Basing Turkey Lighting Programs on Broiler Research: A Good Idea? A Comparison of 18 Daylength Effects on Broiler and Turkey Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6050027. [PMID: 27120624 PMCID: PMC4880844 DOI: 10.3390/ani6050027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Altering daylength in a poultry management program is a simple tool that can have immense impacts on productivity and bird welfare. It is not uncommon for lighting data derived from broiler research to be extrapolated to turkey production. This review of two studies (one with broilers and the second with turkeys), completed in the same research facility using the same lighting programs, shows evidence that some, but not all responses to graded daylengths are similar between these two species. It defines that daylength choices for turkeys should be based on research conducted with turkeys. Abstract Daylength used as a management tool has powerful implications on the welfare of both broilers and turkeys. Near-constant light results in many detrimental impacts, including lack of behavioural rhythms and circadian melatonin rhythms. Both are suggestive that sleep fragmentation could result in birds reared on long photoperiods, which can lead to the same negative health and physiological responses as total sleep deprivation. An indirect comparison of the welfare implications of graded levels of daylength on broilers and turkeys clearly indicate that long daylengths depress welfare by increasing mortality, reducing mobility, increasing ocular pathologies and changing behaviour in both species. Furthermore, long daylengths change melatonin secretion patterns and eliminate behavioural and melatonin circadian rhythms, which were measured in broilers in these works. However, feather pecking in turkeys was reduced when birds were exposed to long daylengths. Exactly how much darkness should be included in a management program to maximize welfare will depend on the species, the age of marketing, and in turkeys, bird gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Catherine Vermette
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Marina Leis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Nascimento CL, Ribeiro MS, Sellera FP, Dutra GHP, Simões A, Teixeira CR. Comparative study between photodynamic and antibiotic therapies for treatment of footpad dermatitis (bumblefoot) in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 12:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Da Costa M, Grimes J, Oviedo-Rondón E, Barasch I, Evans C, Dalmagro M, Nixon J. Footpad dermatitis severity on turkey flocks and correlations with locomotion, litter conditions, and body weight at market age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2013-00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sellera FP, Sabino CP, Ribeiro MS, Fernandes LT, Pogliani FC, Teixeira CR, Dutra GHP, Nascimento CL. Photodynamic therapy for pododermatitis in penguins. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:353-6. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Parra Sellera
- College of Veterinary Medicine; University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP); São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Roberto Teixeira
- College of Veterinary Medicine; State Public University ‘Julio de Mesquita Filho’; Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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Jankowski J, Zduńczyk Z, Mikulski D, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Sosnowska E, Juśkiewicz J. Effect of whole wheat feeding on gastrointestinal tract development and performance of growing turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hoffmann G, Ammon C, Volkamer L, Sürie C, Radko D. Sensor-based monitoring of the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:553-61. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.830174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Allain V, Huonnic D, Rouina M, Michel V. Prevalence of skin lesions in turkeys at slaughter. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:33-41. [PMID: 23444852 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.764397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the prevalence of welfare-related cutaneous lesions in turkeys at the end of the rearing period and (ii) to study the correlations between lesions. 2. The percentage of lesions in each flock was determined by observation at the slaughterhouse. Sixty flocks were investigated in 13 slaughterhouses between April and July 2006. 3. All flocks showed a high proportion of turkeys with footpad lesions, with 40·7% of turkey flocks having severe footpad dermatitis. A significant number of feet had swelling of the footpad and deviated toes (60·0% and 21·4% respectively). Arthritis was observed in 25·4% of the carcases and an average of 30·1% had breast buttons on the keel. 4. Positive correlations were found between evidence of feather pecking and arthritis, toe deviations and swelling of the footpad. Deviated toes, swelling of the feet and feather pecking were negatively linked to the most severe scratches (P < 0·001). 5. A method is proposed to assess turkey welfare at the slaughterhouse based on several criteria: footpad lesions, arthritis, severe scratches, deviated toes, swelling of the footpad and breast buttons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Allain
- Anses, Laboratoire Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, Ploufragan, France.
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Impact of Selected Factors on the Occurrence of Contact Dermatitis in Turkeys on Commercial Farms in Germany. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:608-28. [PMID: 26479524 PMCID: PMC4494451 DOI: 10.3390/ani3030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In two extensive field studies in Germany, the influence of husbandry on health and fitness of fattening turkeys was investigated in living animals of various ages as well as carcasses shortly after slaughter. Already in the early rearing phase, contact dermatitis of foot pads was observed as a relevant problem in turkey farming. Litter quality and condition as well as management must be coordinated at all rearing stages of turkeys to prevent the appearance of high litter moisture values in order to minimize the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis. Abstract In a long term research project in Germany the influence of husbandry on the health of fattening turkeys (Study 1) as well as the influence of practiced rearing conditions on the health of turkey poults (Study 2) was examined in 24 farms and at the meat processing plant. In all examined rearing farms, litter samples for the determination of litter moisture were taken. This paper summarizes the results obtained by our working group from 2007 until 2012. The results elucidate the universal problem of foot pad dermatitis (FPD). Nearly 100% of the observed turkeys showed a clinically apparent FPD at the meat processing plant. Furthermore, skin lesions of the breast, especially breast buttons were diagnosed, particularly at the slaughterhouse. FPD was detected in the first week of the rearing phase. Prevalence and degree showed a progressive development up to the age of 22–35 days, whereas 63.3% of the poults had foot pad alterations. As even mild alterations in the foot pad condition can be indicators for suboptimal design of the rearing environment, especially high litter moisture, it is important to focus on the early rearing phase.
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Bergmann S, Ziegler N, Bartels T, Hübel J, Schumacher C, Rauch E, Brandl S, Bender A, Casalicchio G, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Erhard MH. Prevalence and severity of foot pad alterations in German turkey poults during the early rearing phase. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1171-6. [PMID: 23571325 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the previously performed field study from 2007 to 2009, it became evident that foot pad alterations were already commonly found in turkeys at the age of 6 wk. At this early age, 45% of the clinically examined birds were diagnosed with epithelial necrosis. Therefore, it became important to specifically analyze the situation during the early rearing phase. The present study reflects the prevalence and severity of foot pad alterations of turkey poults up to the age of 35 d (5 wk), starting as early as the age of 3 d. From 24 turkey farms throughout Germany, in general 5,531 turkeys [3,131 male and 2,400 female] of the British United Turkeys 6 strain from 46 flocks, were examined to that effect. Prevalence and severity increased within the duration of stay in the stable, and the prevalence was higher (P < 0.001) during the second visit between d 22 to 35 (factor: 0.94). Therefore, 27.3% (d 3 to 5; male/female: 39.1/25.0%) and 63.3% (d 22 to 35: 61.3/65.7%) of the examined poults had alterations of the foot pads, such as hyperkeratosis (d 3 to 5: 20.4/14.2%; d 22 to 35: 17.6/17.1%), high-grade hyperkeratosis with adhesive dirt (d 3 to 5: 8.7/10.7%; d 22 to 35: 29.2/39.3%), and epithelial necrosis (d 3 to 5: 0.1/0.1%; d 22 to 35: 14.6/9.3%). Female poults showed a higher risk (P < 0.001) of developing food pad alterations (factor: 0.76) than male poults. Male poults developed a higher percentage of epithelial necrosis than hens shortly before relocation. A higher stocking density during the very early rearing phase (d 3 to 5) led to a worse foot pad health status (P < 0.001). Because even mild alterations in the foot pad condition can be indicators for suboptimal design of the rearing environment and are to be seen as a pre-state for severe cases of foot pad dermatitis, it is important to set the main focus on the early rearing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bergmann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Jankowski J, Zduńczyk Z, Lichtorowicz K, Juskiewicz J. Effect of different levels of dietary sodium from sodium chloride on gastrointestinal tract response, tibia mineralization, and footpad dermatitis incidence in young turkeys. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jankowski J, Juśkiewicz J, Lichtorowicz K, Zduńczyk Z. Effects of the dietary level and source of sodium on growth performance, gastrointestinal digestion and meat characteristics in turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mikulski D, Jankowski J, Zdunczyk Z, Juskiewicz J, Slominski BA. The effect of different dietary levels of rapeseed meal on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in turkeys. Poult Sci 2012; 91:215-23. [PMID: 22184447 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary levels of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) on growth performance, blood thyroid hormone concentration, carcass traits, and chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid profile of breast meat in growing turkeys. The experiment lasted for 21 wk. Large White BIG-6 turkeys were fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 180 g/kg of RSM. Each experimental group was comprised of 7 replicates/pen of 28 birds each. There was no effect of graded levels of RSM on final BW. An increase in the inclusion rate of RSM was followed by a linear increase in feed conversion ratio, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the group fed 180 g/kg of RSM. The blood levels of free triiodothyronine decreased significantly (P < 0.05) regardless of the dietary level of RSM. No significant changes in the carcass dressing percentage or the meat fat content were observed. Significant differences were found in the fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of breast meat. The concentrations of margaroleic acid and saturated fatty acids, including myristic and palmitic acid, in meat from male turkeys fed 120 and 180 g/kg of RSM decreased linearly; whereas the levels of oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic and linolenic acid (an n-3 fatty acid), increased linearly. An increase in RSM content of the diets was accompanied by the unfavorable changes in selected functional properties of meat, including a significant increase in drip loss in groups fed 120 g/kg of RSM (from 1.85 to 2.38%) and 180 g/kg of RSM (from 1.85 to 3.02%) and a decrease in Warner-Bratzler shear force values in turkeys fed 180 g/kg of RSM (from 19.1 to 15.8 N). The results suggest that the quality of turkey meat could be affected by impaired triiodothyronine secretion caused by dietary RSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mikulski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Quinton CD, Wood BJ, Miller SP. Genetic analysis of survival and fitness in turkeys with multiple-trait animal models. Poult Sci 2011; 90:2479-86. [PMID: 22010232 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic parameters for production, survival, and structural fitness traits recorded in pedigreed turkey sire and dam parental lines from a nucleus breeding program were estimated with multiple-trait animal models. Survival and conformation traits were scored in binary terms of health, where 0 = died or affected, and 1 = survived or healthy. Walking ability at 20 wk was subjectively scored from 1 (poor) to 6 (excellent). Body weights and egg production displayed moderate heritability (h(2) = 0.18 to 0.35). Early survival (to 3 wk) displayed low heritability (h(2) = 0.02 and 0.04 for the dam and sire lines, respectively). Late survival (3 to 23 wk) and longevity (age at death or cull) had low to moderate heritability (h(2) = 0.12 to 0.14). Walking ability had moderate heritability (h(2) = 0.26, 0.25). Leg structure health displayed low heritability (h(2) = 0.08), as did hip structure, foot, and skin health (h(2) ≤ 0.02). Crop health displayed moderate heritability (h(2) = 0.12). Walking ability, hip and leg structures, footpad, and breast skin health had negative genetic correlations with BW (r(G) = -0.50 to -0.23). Egg production had moderate positive genetic correlation with late survival (r(G) = 0.61). Genetic correlations between early and late survival were close to zero (r(G) = 0.10 and 0.03 for the dam and sire lines, respectively). Walking ability had high positive genetic correlations with late survival, longevity, hip structure, and leg structure in both lines (r(G) = 0.51 to 0.91). These genetic parameters indicate that unchecked selection for growth could decrease survival, walking ability, and hip, leg, footpad, and skin health in turkeys. However, index selection should be effective at improving fitness, survival, and growth simultaneously in commercial turkey lines. Walking ability should be a good indicator trait for selection to improve overall late survival and hip and leg health in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Quinton
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada.
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Jankowski J, Juśkiewicz J, Zduńczyk Z, Smiecinska K, Kwieciński P. Effects of inclusion level and source of dietary sodium on performance and meat characteristics of broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:186-202. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2011.556331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Ellerich R, Mitterer-Istyagin H, Ludewig M, Fehlhaber K, Schuster E, Berk J, Petermann S, Bartels T. Examinations on the prevalence of footpad lesions and breast skin lesions in British United Turkeys Big 6 fattening turkeys in Germany. Part I: prevalence of footpad lesions. Poult Sci 2011; 90:555-60. [PMID: 21325225 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the prevalence of footpad lesions in turkeys and their level of expression in both live birds and in carcasses. In clinical investigations of 11,860 turkeys (5,740 males, 6,120 females) of the strain British United Turkeys Big 6, individuals of all the observed flocks showed alterations to the plantar skin. In general, the degree and severity of skin alterations were higher in the 16th week of life than in the 6th or 11th week of life. Epithelial necrosis, however, was already apparent in about 45% of individuals in the 6th week of life. At this point, deep lesions on the footpad surface were still rare findings. In the 11th week of life, such skin changes were apparent in 14.7% of males and 25.7% of hens. In general, the feet of male turkeys were less affected by footpad damage than those of females in the subsequent fattening period. In hens, the prevalence of lesions of the footpads at wk 16 of age was 60.0%, almost twice as high as in males of the same age group (33.8%). A comparison of the findings from the right and left feet showed that the state of the 2 extremities was correlated (Spearman correlation: r = 0.830). During the visual inspection of 16,200 slaughtered turkeys (7,800 males, 8,400 hens), almost all carcasses studied showed alterations to the footpad skin. Only 2.1% of males and 0.6% of females were without lesions. The most frequently observed lesions measured up to 2 cm in diameter (males: 59.2%; hens: 57.7%). Pronounced skin lesions of the footpad (males: 21.1%; females: 29.5%) and necrosis of the superficial epithelium (males: 17.5%; females: 12.1%) were less common. Foot abscesses were diagnosed only sporadically (males: 0.1%; females: 0.1%).
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