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Kačániová M, Čmiková N, Kluz MI, Akacha BB, Saad RB, Mnif W, Waszkiewicz-Robak B, Garzoli S, Hsouna AB. Anti- Salmonella Activity of Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil in Sous Vide Cook-Chill Rabbit Meat. Foods 2024; 13:200. [PMID: 38254501 PMCID: PMC10815041 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Food is generally prepared and vacuum-sealed in a water bath, then heated to a precise temperature and circulated in a sous vide machine. Due to its affordability and ease of use, this cooking method is becoming increasingly popular in homes and food service businesses. However, suggestions from manufacturers and chefs for long-term, low-temperature sous vide cooking raise questions about food safety in the media. In this study, heat treatment with different times and wild thyme essential oil (EO) in sous vide-processed rabbit longissimus dorsi muscle were found to inactivate Salmonella enterica. The rabbit meat samples were vacuum-packed in control groups, in the second group the rabbit meat samples were injected with S. enterica, and in the third group were meat samples infected with S. enterica with Thymus serpylum EO additive. The vacuum-packed samples were cooked sous vide for the prescribed time at 55, 60, and 65 °C. At 5, 15, 30, and 60 min, the quantities of S. enterica, total bacterial counts, and coliform bacteria were measured in groups of sous vide rabbit meat. Microbiological analyses of rabbit meat samples on days 1 and 7 were evaluated. In this study, total viable counts, coliforms bacteria, and number of Salmonella spp. were identified. After incubation, isolates from different groups of microorganisms were identified by the mass spectrometry technique. For each day measured, the test group exposed to a temperature of 55 °C for 5 min had a greater number of total microbiota. The most isolated microorganisms by MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper from the control and treated groups were Lactococcus garvieae and in the treated groups also S. enterica. Based on our analysis of sous vide rabbit meat samples, we discovered that adding 1% of thyme essential oil to the mixture reduced the amount of Salmonella cells and increased the overall and coliform bacterial counts. The microbiological quality of sous vide rabbit meat that was kept for seven days was positively impacted by the addition of thyme essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, 01 043 Warszawa, Poland; (M.I.K.); (B.W.-R.)
| | - Natália Čmiková
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Maciej Ireneusz Kluz
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, 01 043 Warszawa, Poland; (M.I.K.); (B.W.-R.)
| | - Boutheina Ben Akacha
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia (R.B.S.); (A.B.H.)
| | - Rania Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia (R.B.S.); (A.B.H.)
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences at Bisha, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bożena Waszkiewicz-Robak
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, 01 043 Warszawa, Poland; (M.I.K.); (B.W.-R.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anis Ben Hsouna
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia (R.B.S.); (A.B.H.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Nutrition, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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2
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Ramatla TA, Mphuthi N, Ramaili T, Taioe M, Thekisoe O, Syakalima M. Molecular detection of zoonotic pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans:
Salmonella
spp.,
Shigella
spp. and
Escherichia coli
isolated from
Rattus
species inhabiting chicken farms in North West Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022; 93:63-69. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- TA Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - N Mphuthi
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - T Ramaili
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - M Taioe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agriculture Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research,
South Africa
| | - O Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - M Syakalima
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control,
Zambia
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3
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Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two Salmonella Typhimurium strains responsible for consecutive salmonellosis outbreaks in New Zealand. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151534. [PMID: 34564018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT160 was the predominant cause of notified human salmonellosis cases in New Zealand from 2000 to 2010, before it was superseded by another S. Typhimurium strain, DT56 variant (DT56v). Whole genome sequencing and phenotypic testing were used to compare 109 DT160 isolates with eight DT56v isolates from New Zealand animal and human sources. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that DT160 and DT56v strains were distantly related with an estimated date of common ancestor between 1769 and 1821. The strains replicated at different rates but had similar antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Both strains were resistant to the phage expressed from the chromosome of the other strain, which may have contributed to the emergence of DT56v. DT160 contained the pSLT virulence plasmid, and the sseJ and sseK2 genes that may have contributed to the higher reported prevalence compared to DT56v. A linear pBSSB1-family plasmid was also found in one of the DT56v isolates, but there was no evidence that this plasmid affected bacterial replication or antimicrobial susceptibility. One of the DT56v isolates was also sequenced using long-read technology and found to contain an uncommon chromosome arrangement for a Typhimurium isolate. This study demonstrates how comparative genomics and phenotypic testing can help identify strain-specific elements and factors that may have influenced the emergence and supersession of bacterial strains of public health importance.
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4
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Springer S, Theuß T, Toth I, Szogyenyi Z. Invasion inhibition effects and immunogenicity after vaccination of SPF chicks with a Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:249-255. [PMID: 34425613 PMCID: PMC8382381 DOI: 10.1055/a-1520-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective
Meat and eggs from chickens infected with
Salmonella
Enteritidis,
Salmonella
Typhimurium and
Salmonella
Infantis are considered to be an important source of
Salmonella
infections for humans. In order to control
Salmonella
infections in chickens, basic biosecurity measures are taken in combination with inactivated or attenuated live vaccines. Apart from an adaptive immune response, some live vaccines also induce innate immune mechanisms that prevent or inhibit systemic invasion with homologous
Salmonella
serovars. It is unknown whether these invasion inhibition effects are also directed against heterologous
Salmonella
serovars. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the adaptive immune response after vaccination with a
Salmonella
Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine is also directed against other phage types of
Salmonella
Enteritidis and Typhimurium.
Material and methods
Specific pathogen-free day-old chicks were vaccinated orally with a commercially available
Salmonella
Enteritidis live vaccine. To test the invasion inhibition effect, the animals were challenged orally with a labelled
Salmonella
Typhimurium or
Salmonella
Infantis strain 1 day after vaccination. To demonstrate the adaptive immune response against non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain, the chickens were challenged with
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains of phage types 1, 8 and 21 and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain (Definitive Type 193). After challenge, the abundance of the challenge strain in liver and cecal tissue was enumerated and compared with a corresponding control group.
Results
Findings showed that the live
Salmonella
Enteritidis vaccine inhibits systemic invasion after early infection with
Salmonella
Typhimurium and
Salmonella
Infantis. Furthermore, adaptive immunity against the tested non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and the monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain was demonstrated.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
The results of this study demonstrate that vaccination with the
Salmonella
Enteritidis phage type 4 live vaccine significantly inhibits the invasion of
Salmonella
Typhimurium and Infantis. Furthermore, an adaptive immune response was also detected against non-phage type 4
Salmonella
Enteritidis strains and a monophasic
Salmonella
Typhimurium strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Toth
- Ceva Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals co. Ltd
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5
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Kasjanenko S, Kasjanenko O, Nagornaya L, Yevstafieva V, Melnychuk V, Lukyanova G, Gurenko I. Yeast-rich mannan fractions in duck cultivation: prospects of using. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-337-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Due to the trend of avoiding antibiotics and acquiring eco-friendly products, the use of environmentally safe preparations is becoming increasingly relevant in poultry farming.
Study objects and methods. We used Salmonella enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry carcasses. At the first in vitro stage, we studied the ability of mannan oligosaccharides, isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, to adsorb bacterial pathogens. At the second stage, we studied the influence of fraction on the activity, colonization and microflora composition of ducklings’ intestines. At the third stage, we determined the antagonistic activity of Bifidobacterium spp. (Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum) and Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus fermentun, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus) against Salmonella enteritidis and Campylobacter jejuni isolates. The experiment was conducted on the ducklings of Star 53 H.Y. cross. Their diet was supplemented with probiotics, prebiotics, and their combination.
Results and discussion. In vitro studies showed the ability of mannan oligosaccharides isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to adsorb Salmonella enteritidis and Campylobacter jejun. In vivo experiment showed the ability of mannan oligosaccharides to prevent colonization of poultry intestines by bacterial pathogens with type I fimbriae.
Conclusion. The reisolation rate of ducks infected with Salmonella enteritidis was 53.6% lower, and those infected with Campylobacter jejuni, 66.2% lower than the control. Mannan oligosaccharides added to the diet did not affect the concentration of lactobacilli, enterococci, and anaerobic bacteria in the ducks’ intestines. A combined use of Bifidobacterium spp. and mannan oligosaccharides improved the preservation of poultry stock by 8.7%, which made it an effective way to prevent poultry salmonellosis.
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Van Damme I, Mattheus W, Bertrand S, De Zutter L. Quantification of hygiene indicators and Salmonella in the tonsils, oral cavity and rectal content samples of pigs during slaughter. Food Microbiol 2018; 71:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beirão BCB, Ingberman M, Fávaro C, Mesa D, Bittencourt LC, Fascina VB, Caron LF. Effect of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic on specific IgA following live Salmonella Enteritidis vaccination of layer chickens. Avian Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29534604 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1450487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics and immunization are being widely adopted by the poultry industry with the goal of controlling Salmonella enterica. However, the interaction between these two management protocols has been sparsely studied. The present study aimed to understand the role of an Enterococcus faecium probiotic in the production of salmonella-specific IgA in layers immunized with a live vaccine. Four groups were used: "Control" (no vaccine or probiotic); "Probiotic" (which received an E. faecium product); "Vaccine" (immunized with two doses of a live attenuated S. Enteritidis vaccine); and "Vaccine + probiotic". Faecal salmonella-specific IgA was analysed 7 and 20 days post-vaccination (dpv) boost. At 7 dpv, the "Vaccine" and "Vaccine + probiotic" groups had similar IgA levels. However, at 20 dpv, IgA levels were two times higher in the "Vaccine + probiotic" group compared to the "Vaccine" group. To understand the role of the intestinal microbiota in this finding, bacterial diversity in faeces was analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The improvement in IgA production in probiotic-treated birds was accompanied by marked changes in the faecal microbiome. Some of the main differences between the "Vaccine" and "Vaccine + probiotic" groups included reduction of Escherichia-Shigella and increases in Blautia, Anaerotruncus and Lactobacillus in the latter group. Although no direct causal link can be established from this study design, it is possible that the E. faecium probiotic induces improved antibody production following vaccination via modulation of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- a Imunova Análises Biológicas , Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Max Ingberman
- a Imunova Análises Biológicas , Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Celso Fávaro
- a Imunova Análises Biológicas , Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Dany Mesa
- b Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Felipe Caron
- b Setor de Ciências Biológicas UFPR, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
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8
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Seixas R, Nunes T, Machado J, Tavares L, Owen S, Bernardo F, Oliveira M. Demographic characterization and spatial cluster analysis of human Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- infections in Portugal: A 10 year study. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:178-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Haagsma JA, Havelaar AH, Bertrand S, Vandenberg O, Quoilin S, Brandt PT, Speybroeck N. Burden of salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and listeriosis: a time series analysis, Belgium, 2012 to 2020. Euro Surveill 2017; 22:30615. [PMID: 28935025 PMCID: PMC5709949 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.38.30615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and listeriosis are food-borne diseases. We estimated and forecasted the number of cases of these three diseases in Belgium from 2012 to 2020, and calculated the corresponding number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The salmonellosis time series was fitted with a Bai and Perron two-breakpoint model, while a dynamic linear model was used for campylobacteriosis and a Poisson autoregressive model for listeriosis. The average monthly number of cases of salmonellosis was 264 (standard deviation (SD): 86) in 2012 and predicted to be 212 (SD: 87) in 2020; campylobacteriosis case numbers were 633 (SD: 81) and 1,081 (SD: 311); listeriosis case numbers were 5 (SD: 2) in 2012 and 6 (SD: 3) in 2014. After applying correction factors, the estimated DALYs for salmonellosis were 102 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 8-376) in 2012 and predicted to be 82 (95% UI: 6-310) in 2020; campylobacteriosis DALYs were 1,019 (95% UI: 137-3,181) and 1,736 (95% UI: 178-5,874); listeriosis DALYs were 208 (95% UI: 192-226) in 2012 and 252 (95% UI: 200-307) in 2014. New actions are needed to reduce the risk of food-borne infection with Campylobacter spp. because campylobacteriosis incidence may almost double through 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Arie H Havelaar
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sophie Quoilin
- Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Helmy YA, El-Adawy H, Abdelwhab EM. A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6030033. [PMID: 28754024 PMCID: PMC5617990 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41511 Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 335516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Mucosal immunization of BALB/c mice with DNA vaccines encoding the SEN1002 and SEN1395 open reading frames of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis induces protective immunity. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:247-56. [PMID: 26113459 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881500120x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is the main cause of foodborne salmonellosis worldwide. The limited effectiveness of current interventions against this pathogen has been the main incentive to develop new methods for the efficient control of this infection. To investigate the use of DNA vaccines against S. Enteritidis in humans, immune responses stimulated by two plasmids containing the genes designated SEN1002, located in the pathogenicity island SPI-19 and encoding a Hcp protein involved in transport mechanisms, and SEN1395, located in the genomic island ΦSE14 and encoding a protein of a new superfamily of lysozymes, were evaluated. Humoral and cellular responses following intranasal immunization of two groups of BALB/c mice with the plasmids pV1002 and pV1395 plus adjuvant were evaluated and it was observed that the IgG2a/IgG1 ratios were sixfold higher than control groups. Both plasmids stimulated specific secretory IgA production. Increased proliferation of lymphocytes and IFN-γ production were detected in both experimental groups. DNA-vaccinated mice developed protective immunity against a virulent strain of S. Enteritidis, with nearly 2 logs of protection level compared to the negative control values in the spleen. Therefore, DNA vaccines are efficient at stimulating cellular and humoral immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels.
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12
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Ghunaim H, Desin TS. Potential Impact of Food Safety Vaccines on Health Care Costs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:733-40. [PMID: 26111256 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens continue to cause several outbreaks every year in many parts of the world. Among the bacterial pathogens involved, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and nontyphoidal Salmonella species cause a significant number of human infections worldwide, resulting in a huge annual economic burden that amounts to millions of dollars in health care costs. Human infections are primarily caused by the consumption of contaminated food. Vaccination of food-producing animals is an attractive, cost-effective strategy to lower the levels of these pathogens that will ultimately result in a safer food supply and fewer human infections. However, producers are often reluctant to routinely vaccinate animals against these pathogens since they do not cause any detectable clinical symptoms. This review highlights recent approaches used to develop effective food safety vaccines and the potential impact these vaccines might have on health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Ghunaim
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University , Doha, Qatar
| | - Taseen S Desin
- 2 Basic Sciences Department, College of Science & Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Salaheen S, Chowdhury N, Hanning I, Biswas D. Zoonotic bacterial pathogens and mixed crop-livestock farming. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1398-1410. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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14
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Bertrand S, De Lamine de Bex G, Wildemauwe C, Lunguya O, Phoba MF, Ley B, Jacobs J, Vanhoof R, Mattheus W. Multi locus variable-number tandem repeat (MLVA) typing tools improved the surveillance of Salmonella enteritidis: a 6 years retrospective study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117950. [PMID: 25693200 PMCID: PMC4334661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis is generally considered to benefit from molecular techniques like multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA), which allow early detection and confinement of outbreaks. Here, a surveillance study, including phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and MLVA on 1,535 S. Enteritidis isolates collected between 2007 and 2012, was used to evaluate the added value of MLVA for public health surveillance in Belgium. Phage types PT4, PT8, PT21, PT1, PT6, PT14b, PT28 and PT13 dominate the Belgian S. Enteritidis population. The isolates of S. Enteritidis were most frequently susceptible to all antibiotics tested. 172 different MLVA profiles were detected, of which 9 frequent profiles included 67.2% of the S. Enteritidis population. During a serial passage experiment on selected isolates to investigate the in vitro stability of the 5 MLVA loci, no variations over time were observed indicating that the MLVA profiles were stable. The MLVA profile of isolates originating from different outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 2010 and 2011 were distinct from any of the MLVA profiles found in Belgian isolates throughout the six year observational period and demonstrates that MLVA improves public health surveillance of S. Enteritidis. However, MLVA should be complemented with other subtyping methods when investigating outbreaks is caused by the most common MLVA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bertrand
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellas, Bacterial Diseases Division, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Guillaume De Lamine de Bex
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellas, Bacterial Diseases Division, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christa Wildemauwe
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellas, Bacterial Diseases Division, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Marie France Phoba
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benedikt Ley
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raymond Vanhoof
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellas, Bacterial Diseases Division, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellas, Bacterial Diseases Division, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Trends in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in Salmonella enterica isolates from humans in Belgium, 2009 to 2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:544-52. [PMID: 25385108 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04203-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella received 16,544 human isolates of Salmonella enterica between January 2009 and December 2013. Although 377 different serotypes were identified, the landscape is dominated by S. enterica serovars Typhimurium (55%) and Enteritidis (19%) in a ratio which is inverse to European Union averages. With outbreaks of Salmonella serotypes Ohio, Stanley, and Paratyphi B variant Java as prime examples, 20 serotypes displayed significant fluctuations in this 5-year period. Typhoid strains account for 1.2% of Belgian salmonellosis cases. Large-scale antibiotic susceptibility analyses (n = 4,561; panel of 12 antibiotics) showed declining resistance levels in S. Enteritis and Typhimurium isolates for 8 and 3 tested agents, respectively. Despite low overall resistance to ciprofloxacin (4.4%) and cefotaxime (1.6%), we identified clonal lineages of Salmonella serotypes Kentucky and Infantis displaying rising resistance against these clinically important drugs. Quinolone resistance is mainly mediated by serotype-specific mutations in GyrA residues Ser83 and Asp87 (92.2% not wild type), while an additional ParC_Ser80Ile mutation leads to ciprofloxacin resistance in 95.5% S. Kentucky isolates, which exceeds European averages. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) alleles qnrA1 (n = 1), qnrS (n = 9), qnrD1 (n = 4), and qnrB (n = 4) were found in only 3.0% of 533 isolates resistant to nalidixic acid. In cefotaxime-resistant isolates, we identified a broad range of Ambler class A and C β-lactamase genes (e.g., bla(SHV-12), blaTEM-52, bla(CTX-M-14), and bla(CTX-M-15)) commonly associated with members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. In conclusion, resistance to fluoroquinolones and cefotaxime remains rare in human S. enterica, but clonal resistant serotypes arise, and continued (inter)national surveillance is mandatory to understand the origin and routes of dissemination thereof.
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Curtis D, Hill A, Wilcock A, Charlebois S. Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Selected Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Countries. J Food Sci 2014; 79:R1871-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Curtis
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada N1G2W1
| | - Arthur Hill
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada N1G2W1
| | - Anne Wilcock
- Dept. of Marketing and Consumer Studies; Univ. of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada N1G2W1
| | - Sylvain Charlebois
- Dept. of Marketing and Consumer Studies; Univ. of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada N1G2W1
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Dewaele I, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G, Bertrand S, Wildemauwe C, Wattiau P, Imberechts H, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Van Weyenberg S, De Reu K. Phage and MLVA Typing ofSalmonellaEnteritidis Isolated from Layers and Humans in Belgium from 2000-2010, A Period in which Vaccination of Laying Hens was Introduced. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:398-404. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Dewaele
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
| | - M. Heyndrickx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. Rasschaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
| | - S. Bertrand
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella; Bacterial Diseases Division; Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH); Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Wildemauwe
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella; Bacterial Diseases Division; Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH); Brussels Belgium
| | - P. Wattiau
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA); Brussels Belgium
| | - H. Imberechts
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA); Brussels Belgium
| | - L. Herman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
| | - R. Ducatelle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Van Weyenberg
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
| | - K. De Reu
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Technology and Food Science Unit; Melle Belgium
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Attribution of humanSalmonellainfections to animal and food sources in Italy (2002–2010): adaptations of the Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:1070-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe Dutch and modified Hald source attribution models were adapted to ItalianSalmonelladata to attribute human infections caused by the top 30 serotypes between 2002 and 2010 to four putative sources (Gallus gallus, turkeys, pigs, ruminants), at the points of animal reservoir (farm), exposure (food), and both combined. Attribution estimates were thus compared between different models, time periods and sampling points. All models identified pigs as the main source of human salmonellosis in Italy, accounting for 43–60% of infections, followed byG. gallus(18–34%). Attributions to turkeys and ruminants were minor. An increasing temporal trend in attributions to pigs and a decreasing one in those toG. galluswas also observed. Although the outcomes of the two models applied at farm and food levels essentially agree, they can be refined once more information becomes available, providing valuable insights about potential targets along the production chain.
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Resistance genes, phage types and pulsed field gel electrophoresis pulsotypes in Salmonella enterica strains from laying hen farms in southern Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3347-62. [PMID: 23924880 PMCID: PMC3774442 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10083347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four Salmonella enterica isolates (13 serovar Enteritidis and 11 Typhimurium) isolated from 5,600 samples from intensive laying hen farms in Italy in 1998-2007 were characterized for antimicrobial resistance genes, pulsotype and phage type. Most of S. Typhimurium strains were pulsotype STYMXB.0147 (81.8%), phage type DT143 and resistant to sulfamethoxazole encoded by sul2. Two multidrug resistant (MDR) strains were identified. One strain, STYMXB.0061, was resistant to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), streptomycin (S), sulfamethoxazole (Su) and tetracycline (T) encoded by the Salmonella Genomic Island SGI1. The second MDR strain, STYMXB.0110, was resistant to SSuT encoded by sul1 and sul2, aadA1 and tet(C)-flanked by an IS26 element, respectively. The tet(C) gene has been reported to confer low levels of resistance and it has very rarely been detected in S. Typhimurium from poultry. In the current study, the MIC value (32 µg/mL) was consistent with the breakpoint (≥16 µg/mL) reported for Enterobacteriaceae. Most of the S. Enteritidis strains were resistant to Su (encoded by sul2). One MDR strain (ANxSSuT) was identified. With the exception of nalidixic acid (Nx), the resistances were respectively encoded by bla(TEM), strAB, sul2 and tet(A) harbored by an IncN conjugative plasmid. All isolates were pulsotype SENTXB.0001 with PT14b being the most prevalent identified phage type (57.1%). In Europe, SENTXB.0001 is the predominant PFGE profile from clinical cases and the identification of PT14b has steadily been on the increase since 2001. The findings presented in this study highlight the potential spread of S. Enteritidis phage types PT14b and S. Typhimurium DT143 in a field of particular relevance for zoonoses. Additional, the presence of resistance genes and genetic elements (conjugative plasmid and IS element) underlines the need to assess routinely studies in field, such as poultry farms, relevant fot the public health and suitable for the storage and diffusion of antimicrobial resistance.
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Graziani C, Mughini-Gras L, Owczarek S, Dionisi AM, Luzzi I, Busani L. Distribution of Salmonella enterica isolates from human cases in Italy, 1980 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2013. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.7.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Graziani C, Mughini-Gras L, Owczarek S, Dionisi AM, Luzzi I, Busani L. Distribution of Salmonella enterica isolates from human cases in Italy, 1980 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2013. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.27.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe trends of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans in Italy from January 1980 to December 2011. A total of 229,279 Salmonella isolates were reported during this period. Serovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Infantis, Derby, 4,[5],12,:i:-, and Napoli accounted for 135,783 (59%) of these isolates. Temporal trends from 2000 to 2011 varied by serovar: Enteritidis and Infantis decreased significantly (with a mean of -3.0% and -2.8% isolates per year, respectively, p<0.001); Typhimurium remained stable; while 4,[5],12:i:-, Derby and Napoli increased significantly (+66.4%, p<0.001; +8.1%, p<0.001; and +28.2%, p<0.05, respectively). Since 2000, Enteritidis fell consistently below Typhimurium, which is the most reported serovar in Italy in contrast to the international situation where Enteritidis still ranks at the top despite its significant decrease. Most serovars showed a marked seasonality, increasing over the summer months and peaking in August/September. Typhimurium, 4,[5],12:i:-, and Napoli were most likely to be isolated from children, whereas Enteritidis, Derby, and Infantis from adults. We conclude that the applied control measures are not equally efficient against the considered Salmonella serovars and that sources of infection other than those of Enteritidis (laying hens and eggs) have become increasingly important. Further investigations on the emerging serovars and on the causes related to their emergence are needed to define and implement newly tailored control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Graziani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | - L Mughini-Gras
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | - S Owczarek
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Dionisi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - I Luzzi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - L Busani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
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Parmley EJ, Pintar K, Majowicz S, Avery B, Cook A, Jokinen C, Gannon V, Lapen DR, Topp E, Edge TA, Gilmour M, Pollari F, Reid-Smith R, Irwin R. A Canadian application of one health: integration of Salmonella data from various Canadian surveillance programs (2005-2010). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:747-56. [PMID: 23786604 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial pathogens associated with human enteric illness have zoonotic origins and can be transmitted directly from animals to people or indirectly through food and water. This multitude of potential exposure routes and sources makes the epidemiology of these infectious agents complex. To better understand these illnesses and identify solutions to reduce human disease, an integrative approach like One Health is needed. This article considers the issue of Salmonella in Canada and interprets data collected by several Canadian surveillance and research programs. We describe recovery of Salmonella from various samples collected along the exposure pathway and compare the serovars detected in the different components under surveillance (animal, food, environment, and human). We then present three examples to illustrate how an approach that interprets multiple sources of surveillance data together is able to address issues that transcend multiple departments and jurisdictions. First, differences observed in recovery of Salmonella from different cuts of fresh chicken collected by different programs emphasize the importance of considering the surveillance objectives and how they may influence the information that is generated. Second, the high number of Salmonella Enteritidis cases in Canada is used to illustrate the importance of ongoing, concurrent surveillance of human cases and exposure sources to information domestic control and prevention strategies. Finally, changing patterns in the occurrence of ceftiofur-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg in retail meats and humans demonstrates how integrated surveillance can identify an issue in an exposure source and link it to a trend in human disease. Taken together, surveillance models that encompass different scales can leverage infrastructure, costs, and benefits and generate a multidimensional picture that can better inform disease prevention and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jane Parmley
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Desin TS, Köster W, Potter AA. Salmonella vaccines in poultry: past, present and future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:87-96. [PMID: 23256741 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella species are important zoonotic pathogens that cause gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. Poultry products contaminated with these pathogens are one of the major sources of human Salmonella infections. Vaccination of chickens, along with other intervention measures, is an important strategy that is currently being used to reduce the levels of Salmonella in poultry flocks, which will ultimately lead to lower rates of human Salmonella infections. However, despite numerous studies that have been performed, there is still a need for safer, well-defined Salmonella vaccines. This review examines the different classes of Salmonella vaccines that have been tested, highlighting the merits and problems of each, and provides an insight into the future of Salmonella vaccines and the platforms that can be used for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taseen S Desin
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Wasyl D, Hoszowski A. Occurrence and Characterization of Monophasic Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) of Non-human Origin in Poland. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Wasyl
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Puławy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Hoszowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Puławy, Poland
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25
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Dewaele I, Rasschaert G, Wildemauwe C, Van Meirhaeghe H, Vanrobaeys M, De Graef E, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Heyndrickx M, De Reu K. Polyphasic characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates on persistently contaminated layer farms during the implementation of a national control program with obligatory vaccination: A longitudinal study. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2727-35. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Measuring the perceived pressure and stakeholders' response that may impact the status of the safety of the food chain in Belgium. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Zou M, Keelara S, Thakur S. Molecular Characterization ofSalmonella entericaSerotype Enteritidis Isolates from Humans by Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:232-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shivaramu Keelara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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28
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Dewaele I, Van Meirhaeghe H, Rasschaert G, Vanrobaeys M, De Graef E, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Heyndrickx M, De Reu K. Persistent Salmonella Enteritidis environmental contamination on layer farms in the context of an implemented national control program with obligatory vaccination. Poult Sci 2012; 91:282-91. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sánchez-Vargas FM, Abu-El-Haija MA, Gómez-Duarte OG. Salmonella infections: an update on epidemiology, management, and prevention. Travel Med Infect Dis 2011; 9:263-77. [PMID: 22118951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella species are a group of Gram-negative enterobacteria and known human pathogens in developing as well as industrialized countries. Despite significant advances in sanitation, provision of potable water, and highly controlled food chain surveillance, transmission of Salmonella spp. continues to affect communities, preferentially children, worldwide. This review summarizes updated concepts on typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella infections, starting with a historical perspective that implicates typhoid Salmonella as a significant human pathogen since ancient times. We describe the epidemiology of this pathogen with emphasis on the most recent non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in industrialized countries and continued outbreaks of typhoid Salmonella in underserved countries. An overview of clinical aspects of typhoid and non-typhoid infections in developing and industrialized countries, respectively, is provided, followed by a description on current treatment concepts and challenges treating multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections. We conclude with prevention recommendations, and recent research studies on vaccine prevention.
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30
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Majtanova L, Majtan J, Majtan V. Trends in phage types of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolated in Slovakia from 1995 to 2009. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 69:454-6. [PMID: 21396545 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phage typing of 3900 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis and 1741 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium has been carried out in the period 1995-2009. Among Salmonella Enteritidis in individual years, the most prevalent phage type (PT) was 8. The most predominant PTs of Salmonella Typhimurium were DT104 and U302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Majtanova
- National Reference Centre for Phage Typing of Salmonellae, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 14, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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31
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Berghaus RD, Thayer SG, Maurer JJ, Hofacre CL. Effect of vaccinating breeder chickens with a killed Salmonella vaccine on Salmonella prevalences and loads in breeder and broiler chicken flocks. J Food Prot 2011; 74:727-34. [PMID: 21549042 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination of breeder chickens on Salmonella prevalences and loads in breeder and broiler chicken flocks. Chickens housed on six commercial breeder farms were vaccinated with a killed Salmonella vaccine containing Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Kentucky. Unvaccinated breeders placed on six additional farms served as controls. Eggs from vaccinated and unvaccinated breeder flocks were kept separately in the hatchery, and the resulting chicks were used to populate 58 commercial broiler flock houses by using a pair-matched design. Vaccinated breeder flocks had significantly higher Salmonella-specific antibody titers than did the unvaccinated breeder flocks, although they did not differ significantly with respect to environmental Salmonella prevalences or loads. Broiler flocks that were the progeny of vaccinated breeders had significantly lower Salmonella prevalences and loads than broiler flocks that were the progeny of unvaccinated breeders. After adjusting for sample type and clustering at the farm level, the odds of detecting Salmonella in samples collected from broiler flocks originating from vaccinated breeders were 62% lower (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.38 [0.21, 0.68]) than in flocks from unvaccinated breeders. In addition, the mean load of culture-positive samples was lower in broilers from vaccinated breeders by 0.30 log most probable number per sample (95% confidence interval of -0.51, -0.09; P = 0.004), corresponding to a 50% decrease in Salmonella loads. In summary, vaccination of broiler breeder pullets increased humoral immunity in the breeders and reduced Salmonella prevalences and loads in their broiler progeny, but did not significantly decrease Salmonella in the breeder farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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32
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Welby S, Imberechts H, Riocreux F, Bertrand S, Dierick K, Wildemauwe C, Hooyberghs J, Van der Stede Y. Comparison of Salmonella enteritidis phage types isolated from layers and humans in Belgium in 2005. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:929-34. [PMID: 21492025 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the available results for Belgium of the European Union coordinated monitoring program (2004/665 EC) on Salmonella in layers in 2005, as well as the results of the monthly outbreak reports of Salmonella Enteritidis in humans in 2005 to identify a possible statistical significant trend in both populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Separate descriptive statistics and univariate analysis were carried out and the parametric and/or non-parametric hypothesis tests were conducted. A time cluster analysis was performed for all Salmonella Enteritidis phage types (PTs) isolated. The proportions of each Salmonella Enteritidis PT in layers and in humans were compared and the monthly distribution of the most common PT, isolated in both populations, was evaluated. RESULTS The time cluster analysis revealed significant clusters during the months May and June for layers and May, July, August, and September for humans. PT21, the most frequently isolated PT in both populations in 2005, seemed to be responsible of these significant clusters. PT4 was the second most frequently isolated PT. No significant difference was found for the monthly trend evolution of both PT in both populations based on parametric and non-parametric methods. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION A similar monthly trend of PT distribution in humans and layers during the year 2005 was observed. The time cluster analysis and the statistical significance testing confirmed these results. Moreover, the time cluster analysis showed significant clusters during the summer time and slightly delayed in time (humans after layers). These results suggest a common link between the prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in layers and the occurrence of the pathogen in humans. Phage typing was confirmed to be a useful tool for identifying temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Welby
- Unit for Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium.
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Leyman B, Boyen F, Van Parys A, Verbrugghe E, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F. Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs. Vaccine 2011; 29:3679-85. [PMID: 21419163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated pork is a major source of human salmonellosis and the serovar most frequently isolated from pigs is Salmonella Typhimurium. Vaccination could contribute greatly to controlling Salmonella infections in pigs. However, pigs vaccinated with the current vaccines cannot be discriminated from infected pigs with the LPS-based serological tests used in European Salmonella serosurveillance programmes. We therefore examined which LPS encoding genes of Salmonella Typhimurium can be deleted to allow differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs (DIVA), without affecting the vaccine strain's protective capacity. For this purpose, deletion mutants in Salmonella strain 112910a, used as vaccine strain, were constructed in the LPS encoding genes: ΔrfbA, ΔrfaL, ΔrfaJ, ΔrfaI, ΔrfaG and ΔrfaF. Primary inoculation of BALB/c mice with the parent strain, ΔrfaL, ΔrfbA or ΔrfaJ strain but not the ΔrfaG, ΔrfaF or ΔrfaI strain protected significantly against subsequent infection with the virulent Salmonella Typhimurium strain NCTC12023. Immunization of piglets with the ΔrfaJ or ΔrfaL mutants resulted in the induction of a serological response lacking detectable antibodies against LPS. This allowed a clear differentiation between sera from pigs immunized with the ΔrfaJ or ΔrfaL strains and sera from pigs infected with their isogenic wild type strain. In conclusion, applying deletions in the rfaJ or the rfaL gene in Salmonella Typhimurium strain 112910a allows differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs in an LPS based ELISA without reducing the strain's protective capacities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregje Leyman
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Ravel A, Smolina E, Sargeant JM, Cook A, Marshall B, Fleury MD, Pollari F. Seasonality in human salmonellosis: assessment of human activities and chicken contamination as driving factors. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:785-94. [PMID: 20184452 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used integrated surveillance data to assess the seasonality in retail chicken contamination and of human activities and their role on the seasonality of human endemic salmonellosis. From June 2005 to May 2008, reported cases of salmonellosis were followed-up comprehensively using a standardized questionnaire, and 616 retail chicken breasts were systematically tested for Salmonella, in one Canadian community. Poisson regression was used to model seasonality of human cases, Salmonella in retail chicken, and to assess the relationship between these and selected meteorological variables. The case-case approach was used to compare the activities of salmonellosis cases that occurred during the summer peak to the other cases. There were 216 human endemic salmonellosis cases (incidence rate: 14.7 cases/100,000 person-years), predominantly of Typhimurium and Enteritidis serotypes (28.4% and 20.8%, respectively). The monthly distribution of cases was associated with ambient temperature (p < 0.001) with a significant seasonal peak in June (p = 0.03) and July (p = 0.0005), but it was not associated with precipitation (p = 0.38). Several activities reported by cases tended to be more frequent during summer. Particularly, attending a barbeque and gardening within the 3 days before the disease onset were two significant risk factors for salmonellosis in June or July compared with the salmonellosis cases that occurred in the other months. Out of all chicken samples, 185 (30%) tested positive for Salmonella spp., Kentucky being the dominant serotype (44.3% of positive samples). The monthly proportion of positive chicken samples showed no seasonal variations (p = 0.30) and was not associated with the monthly count of human cases (p = 0.99). In conclusion, even though evidence generally supports chicken as a primary vehicle of Salmonella to humans, the contamination of retail chicken was not driving the seasonality in human salmonellosis. Attending a barbeque or gardening during the hotter months of the year should be further assessed for their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ravel
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Penha Filho RAC, de Paiva JB, Arguello YMS, da Silva MD, Gardin Y, Resende F, Berchieri Junior AB, Sesti L. Efficacy of several vaccination programmes in commercial layer and broiler breeder hens against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Avian Pathol 2010; 38:367-75. [PMID: 19937524 DOI: 10.1080/03079450903183645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate the protective effect of various vaccination combinations given at 5 and 9 weeks of age against experimental challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) phage type 4 at 12 weeks of age. In Experiment 1, groups of commercial layers were vaccinated by one of the following programmes: Group 1, two doses of a SE bacterin (Layermune SE); Group 2, one dose of a live Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum vaccine (Cevac SG9R) followed by one dose of the SE bacterin; Group 3, one dose of each of two different multivalent inactivated vaccines containing SE cells (Corymune 4K and Corymune 7K; and Group 4, unvaccinated, challenged controls. In Experiment 2, groups of broiler breeders were vaccinated by the same programmes as Groups 1 and 2 above while Group 3 was an unvaccinated, challenged control group. All vaccination programmes and the challenge induced significant (P < 0.05) seroconversion as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, in both experiments, all vaccination schemes were significantly effective in reducing organ (spleen, liver and caeca) colonization by the challenge strain as well as reducing faecal excretion for at least 3 weeks. Vaccinated layers in Groups 1 and 2 and broiler breeders in Group 2 showed the greatest reduction in organ colonization and the least faecal excretion. In Experiment 1, layers vaccinated with multivalent inactivated vaccines containing a SE component (Group 3) were only moderately protected, indicating that such a vaccination programme may be useful in farms with good husbandry and housing conditions and low environmental infectious pressure by Salmonella.
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Van Hoorebeke S, Van Immerseel F, De Vylder J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, de Kruif A, Dewulf J. The age of production system and previous Salmonella infections on-farm are risk factors for low-level Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1315-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on a quantitative estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction of Salmonella in laying hens. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Chen CL, Wang CY, Chu C, Su LH, Chiu CH. Functional and molecular characterization of pSE34 encoding a type IV secretion system inSalmonella entericaserotype Enteritidis phage type 34. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:274-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Van Hoorebeke S, Van Immerseel F, De Vylder J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, de Kruif A, Dewulf J. Faecal Sampling Underestimates the Actual Prevalence ofSalmonellain Laying Hen Flocks. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:471-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chalghoumi R, Marcq C, Théwis A, Portetelle D, Beckers Y. Effects of feed supplementation with specific hen egg yolk antibody (immunoglobin Y) on Salmonella species cecal colonization and growth performances of challenged broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2081-92. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bollaerts KE, Messens W, Delhalle L, Aerts M, Van der Stede Y, Dewulf J, Quoilin S, Maes D, Mintiens K, Grijspeerdt K. Development of a quantitative microbial risk assessment for human salmonellosis through household consumption of fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2009; 29:820-840. [PMID: 19392678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) according to the Codex Alimentarius Principles is conducted to evaluate the risk of human salmonellosis through household consumption of fresh minced pork meat in Belgium. The quantitative exposure assessment is carried out by building a modular risk model, called the METZOON-model, which covers the pork production from farm to fork. In the METZOON-model, the food production pathway is split up in six consecutive modules: (1) primary production, (2) transport and lairage, (3) slaughterhouse, (4) postprocessing, (5) distribution and storage, and (6) preparation and consumption. All the modules are developed to resemble as closely as possible the Belgian situation, making use of the available national data. Several statistical refinements and improved modeling techniques are proposed. The model produces highly realistic results. The baseline predicted number of annual salmonellosis cases is 20,513 (SD 9061.45). The risk is estimated higher for the susceptible population (estimate 4.713 x 10(-5); SD 1.466 x 10(-5)) compared to the normal population (estimate 7.704 x 10(-6); SD 5.414 x 10(-6)) and is mainly due to undercooking and to a smaller extent to cross-contamination in the kitchen via cook's hands.
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Botteldoorn N, Van Coillie E, Goris J, Werbrouck H, Piessens V, Godard C, Scheldeman P, Herman L, Heyndrickx M. Limited genetic diversity and gene expression differences between egg- and non-egg-related Salmonella Enteritidis strains. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:345-57. [PMID: 19486501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis strains of egg- and non-egg-related origin were characterized molecularly to find markers correlated with the egg-contaminating property of Salmonella Enteritidis. Isolates were examined by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), plasmid profiling and phage typing. Furthermore, the presence of 30 virulence genes was tested by PCR. In genetic fingerprinting and gene content, only small differences between the strains were found and no correlation was observed with the origin (egg-related versus non-egg-related). A major RADP group was present in both egg- and non-egg-related strains, but other smaller RAPD groups were present as well in both categories of strains. Phage types PT4 and PT21 were predominant. Differential mRNA expression levels of fimA and agfA under conditions of growth simulating the conditions during egg formation were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Although differences in fimA and agfA expression levels were observed between the strains, these could not be correlated with the origin of the strains (egg-related versus non-egg-related). The highest expression levels of agfA and fimA were only found in two non-egg-related strains, which seemed to be correlated with the presence of a 93 kb plasmid instead of the 60 kb virulence plasmid. Our results seem to indicate only a limited role for at least type I fimbriae (encoded by fim operon) in egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Botteldoorn
- Flemish Government, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Unit, Melle, Belgium
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Gantois I, Eeckhaut V, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. A comparative study on the pathogenesis of egg contamination by different serotypes ofSalmonella. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:399-406. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802216611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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