Magnesium homeostasis in cattle: absorption and excretion

Metabolic profile of transition period in ewes and its influence on passive immunity transference in lambs

The intensification of ewe production, focusing on increasing prolificity, results in a higher incidence of metabolic disorders, especially in the transition period, which can lead to production losses with consequences for the health of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile in transition period Lacaune ewes according to the parity and litter size born and its influence on the transference of passive immunity. Nineteen Lacaune ewes, with initial mean body weight of 76.36 ± 10.37 kg (SD), kept in a semi-extensive system and receiving the same diet, were used. Ewes were classified according to parity (primiparous and multiparous) and the litter size born at parturition (1, 2, and 3). On days - 14, - 7, and - 4 of the expected date of parturition and on days 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postpartum, blood sampling, the evaluation of the body condition score (BCS), and the weighing of animals were performed. Blood samples were taken from the lambs 48 h after birth. Colostrum was collected up to 6 h postpartum to determine the brix percentage. Serum concentrations of total plasma proteins (TPP), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), paraoxonase (PON1), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were evaluated. In lambs, the blood parameters evaluated were TPP, albumin, GGT, and PON1. Lamb plasma was used to estimate colostrum efficiency, brix percentage immunity, and total plasma protein (PPT). Productive data, pre- and postpartum metabolic variables for ewes, lambs, and those related to colostrum brix were analyzed. The BCS had a reduction (p < 0.0001) in the postpartum period, which is evidenced on days 7 and 14 (2.88 and 2.73, respectively). Serum concentration of BHB presented the highest concentrations in the prepartum period for ewes that gave birth to triplets, from day - 14, and for ewes that gave birth to twins on day - 4 (p = 0.0245). Serum concentration of NEFA demonstrated the highest value on day 14 in primiparous (1.07; p = 0.0402). Calcium had the lowest concentrations on day 1 (8.85 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and magnesium on day 3 (1.79 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) postpartum. The multiparous with two lambs had higher brix percentages (30.5%), and the lowest value was observed in primiparous ewes that gave birth to a single lamb (27.06%; p = 0.0395). Triplet lambs had the lowest weight (3.73 kg, p = 0.0007), and the best brix percentage in plasma was observed in twins (10.29%, p = 0.0174). Regardless of the parity, the ewes that presented the greatest metabolic challenge were those that gave birth to triplets, and these lambs presented the worst immunity and the lowest live weight. The quality of colostrum was influenced by the parity, and multiparous ewes that gave birth to triplets had the lowest brix percentage in the colostrum.

Effect of source and amount of vitamin D on serum concentrations and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in dairy cows

The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effects of supplementing 2 amounts of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcidiol; CAL) compared with equal amounts of vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol; CHOL) on serum concentrations, absorptions, and retentions of Ca, Mg, and P in periparturient dairy cows. One hundred seventy-seven (133 parous and 44 nulliparous) pregnant Holstein cows were enrolled in the experiment. Cows were blocked by parity and previous lactation milk yield (parous) or genetic merit for energy-corrected milk yield (nulliparous) and assigned randomly to receive 1 or 3 mg/d of CAL or CHOL in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were provided to individual cows as a top-dress to the prepartum diet from 250 d gestation until parturition. The prepartum diet had a dietary cation-anion difference of -128 mEq/kg of dry matter. All cows were fed a common postpartum diet containing 46 μg of vitamin D₃/kg of dry matter without further supplementation of treatments. Concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, Ca, Mg, and P in serum were measured pre- and postpartum, in addition to total-tract digestibility and urinary excretion of Ca, Mg, and P in the prepartum period. Feeding 3 mg compared with 1 mg of CAL increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (CAL1 = 94 vs. CAL3 = 173 ± 3 ng/mL). In comparison, the increment in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ from feeding 3 mg compared with 1 mg of CHOL was small (CHOL1 = 58 vs. CHOL3 = 64 ± 3 ng/mL). Feeding CAL increased prepartum concentration of P in serum compared with CHOL (CHOL = 1.87 vs. CAL = 2.01 ± 0.02 mM), regardless of the amount fed, but neither source nor amount affected prepartum Ca or Mg in serum. Feeding CAL increased serum Ca and P for the first 11 d postpartum compared with CHOL (CHOL = 2.12 vs. CAL = 2.16 ± 0.01 mM serum Ca; CHOL = 1.70 vs. CAL = 1.78 ± 0.02 mM serum P) but the amount of vitamin D did not affect postpartum concentrations of Ca, Mg, and P in serum. Feeding CAL increased prepartum apparent digestibility of Ca compared with CHOL (CHOL = 26.6 vs. CAL = 33.5 ± 2.8%) but treatments did not affect Ca retention prepartum. Neither source nor amount of vitamin D affected Mg and P apparent digestibility, but CAL decreased the concentration of P excreted in urine during the prepartum period (CHOL = 1.8 vs. CAL = 0.8 ± 0.3 g/d). Calcidiol tended to increase the amount of Ca secreted in colostrum (CHOL = 9.1 vs. CAL = 11.2 ± 0.9 g/d) and Ca excreted in urine postpartum (CHOL = 0.4 vs. CAL = 0.6 ± 0.1 g/d) compared with CHOL. Collectively, feeding CAL at 1 or 3 mg/d compared with CHOL in the last 24 d of gestation is an effective way to increase periparturient serum P concentration and postpartum serum Ca of dairy cows fed a prepartum diet with negative DCAD.

Effect of Sugar Beet Pulp and Anionic Salts on Metabolic Status and Mineral Homeostasis during the Peri-Parturient Period of Dairy Sheep

Sugar beet pulp is a popular by-product of sugar extraction; however, it can potentially cause depletion of Ca availability due to its oxalic content. The experiment examined the effect of sugar beet pulp and anionic salts administration during the dry period on the serum concentration of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and potassium of dairy sheep. Eighty-seven sheep were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) according to their body condition score (BCS) and age at 40 days before the expected lambing. All groups received alfalfa hay, mixed grass straw, and a concentrate supplement. The concentrate fed to groups B and C contained sugar beet pulp. The nutritional value fed to all three groups was similar, except for Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD). Animals of group A had a DCAD of +198 mEq/kg, animals of group B of +188 mEq/kg, and animals of group C were fed 20 gr/d ammonium chloride to achieve a negative DCAD (-52 mEq/kg). All groups were fed the same ration after lambing. Blood samples were collected 30 d, 20 d, 17 d, 14 d, 10 d, 7 d, and 4 d before lambing (a.p.), 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 7 d, 10 d, and 15 d after lambing (p.p) for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and potassium, and 30 d a.p., 7 d, and 15 d p.p. for beta hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) concentrations. Urine samples were also collected 20 d, 10 d, 4 d a.p., and 7 d p.p for the evaluation of pH levels. Ca levels of the control group decreased earlier and were lower at 4 d a.p. compared to those of group B and C. Additionally, the control group showed lower p values compared to group C at 20 d and 17 d a.p. P levels recovered earlier post parturition in young (age 1-1.5 years old) compared to older ewes. Group C had lower urine pH values throughout the pre-parturient period, reflecting the acidifying effect of the administered ammonium chloride, without any side effect on macromineral blood concentration. Feeding sugar beet pulp and systemic acidifying before parturition is considered safe and might even be beneficial in preventing hypocalcemia.

Assessment of spent hemp biomass as a potential ingredient in ruminant diet: nutritional quality and effect on performance, meat and carcass quality, and hematological parameters in finishing lambs

Spent hemp biomass (SHB), a byproduct of cannabinoid extraction from the production of industrial hemp has not been approved by FDA-CVM since its effects on animal health, performance, and product quality are unknown. Our objective was to investigate the effects of feeding two levels of SHB and a 4-wk withdrawal period on performance, carcass characteristic, meat quality, and hematological parameters in finishing lambs. A total of 35 weaned, Polypay male lambs kept in single pens were randomly assigned to five feeding treatments (n = 7) and fed diets containing either no SHB (CON) or SHB at 10% (LH1) or 20% (HH1) for 4 wk with 4 wk of clearing period from SHB, or SHB at 10% (LH2) or 20% (HH2) for 8 wk. Chemical analysis revealed SHB to have a nutritive quality similar to alfalfa with no mycotoxin, terpenes, or organic residuals as a result of the extraction process. Feed intake of lambs was negatively affected by 20% SHB in period 1 but not in period 2 where feed intake was the greatest in HH1 and LH2. In contrast, none of the performance data, including liveweight gains, were different across the groups and periods. In period 1, blood glucose, cholesterol, calcium, paraoxonase, and tocopherol were decreased by the level of SHB fed, while bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were increased. In period 2, the concentration in blood of urea, magnesium, bilirubin, ALP, and ferric reducing ability of the plasma (FRAP) were higher in LH2 and HH2 as compared with CON, while β-hydroxybutyrate was lower in HH2. Blood parameters related to liver health, kidney function, immune status, and inflammation were unaffected by feeding SHB. Most carcass and meat quality parameters did not differ across feeding groups either. Except carcass purge loss and meat cook loss were larger in lambs that were fed 20% SHB. Although lower feed intake of lambs that were fed 20% SHB initially in period 1 suggested SHB was not palatable to the lambs, increased feed intake at a lower level of inclusion at 10% in period 2 may point to a positive long-term effect of feeding SHB.

Rumen Microbial Metabolic Responses of Dairy Cows to the Honeycomb Flavonoids Supplement Under Heat-Stress Conditions

Flavonoids played critical roles in stabilizing microbial homoeostasis when animals suffered exoteric stresses. However, whether flavonoids attenuated heat stress of dairy cows is still not clear. Therefore, in the present article, flavonoids extracted from honeycomb were supplemented to investigate the production, digestibility, and rumen microbial metabolism responses of cows under heat stress conditions. A total of 600 multiparous dairy herds were randomly allotted into the control treatment (CON), the heat stress (HS) treatment, and the honeycomb flavonoids supplement under heat stress conditions (HF) treatment for a 30-day-long trial. Each treatment contains 4 replicates, with 50 cows in each replicate. Production performances including dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk quality were measured on the basis of replicate. Furthermore, two cows of each replicate were selected for the measurement of the nutrient digestibility, the ruminal fermentable parameters including ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia-N, and the rumen microbial communities and metabolism. Results showed that HF effectively increased DMI, milk yield, milk fat, and ruminal acetate content (p < 0.05) compared with HS. Likewise, digestibility of NDF was promoted after HF supplement compared with HS. Furthermore, relative abundances of rumen microbial diversities especially Succiniclasticum, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Acetitomaculum, Streptococcus, and Succinivibrio, which mainly participated in energy metabolism, significantly improved after HF supplement. Metabolomic investigation showed that HF supplement significantly upregulated relative content of lipometabolic-related metabolites such as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, while it downregulated biogenic amines. In summary, HF supplement helps proliferate microbial abundances, which further promoted fiber digestibility and energy provision, and ultimately enhances the production performances of dairy cows under heat stress conditions.

Effects of butyrate− on ruminal Ca2+ transport: evidence for the involvement of apically expressed TRPV3 and TRPV4 channels

The ruminal epithelium absorbs large quantities of NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. A role for TRPV3 has emerged, but data on TRPV4 are lacking. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) stimulate ruminal Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ uptake in vivo and in vitro, but the pathway is unclear. Sequencing of the bovine homologue (bTRPV4) revealed 96.79% homology to human TRPV4. Two commercial antibodies were tested using HEK-293 cells overexpressing bTRPV4, which in ruminal protein detected a weak band at the expected ~ 100 kDa and several bands ≤ 60 kDa. Immunofluorescence imaging revealed staining of the apical membrane of the stratum granulosum for bTRPV3 and bTRPV4, with cytosolic staining in other layers of the ruminal epithelium. A similar expression pattern was observed in a multilayered ruminal cell culture which developed resistances of > 700 Ω · cm² with expression of zonula occludens-1 and claudin-4. In Ussing chambers, 2-APB and the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A stimulated the short-circuit current across native bovine ruminal epithelia. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on HEK-293 cells, bTRPV4 was shown to be permeable to NH₄⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ and highly sensitive to GSK1016790A, while effects of butyrate⁻ were insignificant. Conversely, bTRPV3 was strongly stimulated by 2-APB and by butyrate⁻ (pH 6.4 > pH 7.4), but not by GSK1016790A. Fluorescence calcium imaging experiments suggest that butyrate⁻ stimulates both bTRPV3 and bTRPV4. While expression of bTRPV4 appears to be weaker, both channels are candidates for the ruminal transport of NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. Stimulation by SCFA may involve cytosolic acidification (bTRPV3) and cell swelling (bTRPV4).

Ensiled biomass of Solaris tobacco variety used as forage: chemical characteristics and effects on growth, welfare, and follow-up of Holstein heifers

This study examined the use of an innovative tobacco variety, Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Solaris, as forage. The whole plant biomass was ensiled, and the composition of SiloSolaris from bunker-silo and mini-silos was investigated. The effects of dietary inclusion of SiloSolaris on the growth, welfare, and nutritional profile of sixteen Holstein heifers, divided into two groups (n = 8), SiloSolaris (SS) and Control (CTR), were investigated. Heifers were group-fed diets with a 70:30 forage to concentrate ratio (on a DM basis). Both groups received 16.24 kg DM of concentrate mixture daily, including corn meal, wheat middlings and soybean meal. The CTR group was fed 39.43 kg DM of hay daily, and the SS group received 23.00 kg DM of the same hay and 12.69 kg DM SiloSolaris blended with the concentrate mixture. The feeding trial lasted eighty-one days with a thirty-six day adaptation phase. Data on forty-five days of diet administration are reported. At the end of the feeding trial, the plasma constituents of the heifers were studied. Moreover, heifers were monitored during a follow-up period, lasting up to 1 year after calving, for age at first insemination, age at first calving and daily milk yield. The SiloSolaris chemical composition showed an average DM content of 24.1 (±0.65) g/100 g. During ensiling, a decrease in CP and an increase in ammonia nitrogen contents were observed. The lactic acid content was variable (9.00 ± 2.66 g/100 g DM), while the acetic acid concentration was stable (4.27 ± 0.21 g/100 g DM). No butyric acid was detected in SiloSolaris, whose ammonia nitrogen content accounted for 15.7 (±1.86)% of the total nitrogen on average, and the mean pH value was 5.02 (±0.08). The SiloSolaris diet did not affect heifer growth performance. No differences were detected for body condition, fecal consistency, or locomotion scores. All the investigated plasma constituents were within or very close to the ranges reported for heifers; however, significant differences between the experimental groups were observed for triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, and magnesium. The follow-up results did not differ between the experimental groups. These initial findings suggest that Nicotiana tabacum cv. Solaris is a promising ensiled forage for growing heifers that deserve to be further investigated.

Mineral status of soil, sea water, and mangrove (Avicennia marina) forages in several coastal areas of West Sumatra

Background and Aim

The availability of minerals in the soil affect the mineral content of mangrove leaves. This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods

In this study, soil, water, and mangrove leaves were extracted from the mangrove plant's environment. The mineral contents were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Beijing Rayleigh Analytical Instrument Corporation (make and country of origin). The total phenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and hide-powder methods, respectively.

Results

The mineral content of the soil affected the mineral content of the plants. The soil and leaves of A. marina in the Pariaman area were richer in terms of macro- and microminerals. The soil had pH value, organic carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium of 5.65, 4.21%, 3.39%, 0.17%, 1.99%, and 0.54%, respectively. A. marina leaves had a total phenol and tannin contents of 24.51 mg GAE/g check the unit and 4.09%, respectively.

Conclusion

This research showed that the mineral content in the soil in several mangrove areas in West Sumatra has a positive correlation with the mineral content in the leaves of A. marina, which have a complete mineral content. Therefore, A. marina leaves could be recommended as a mineral source for ruminants.

The Combined Influence of Magnesium and Insulin on Central Metabolic Functions and Expression of Genes Involved in Magnesium Homeostasis of Cultured Bovine Adipocytes

At the onset of lactation, dairy cows suffer from insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both, similar to human diabetes, resulting in lipolysis, ketosis and fatty liver. This work explored the combined effects of different levels of magnesium (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM) and insulin (25, 250 and 25,000 pM) on metabolic pathways and the expression of magnesium-responsive genes in a bovine adipocyte model. Magnesium starvation (0.1 mM) and low insulin (25 pM) independently decreased or tended to decrease the accumulation of non-polar lipids and uptake of the glucose analog 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-6-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG). Activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) was highest at 25 pM insulin and 3 mM magnesium. Expression of SLC41A1 and SLC41A3 was reduced at 0.1 mM magnesium either across insulin concentrations (SLC41A1) or at 250 pM insulin (SLC41A3). MAGT1 expression was reduced at 3 mM magnesium. NIPA1 expression was reduced at 3 mM and 0.1 mM magnesium at 25 and 250 pM insulin, respectively. Expression of SLC41A2, CNNM2, TRPM6 and TRPM7 was not affected. We conclude that magnesium promotes lipogenesis in adipocytes and inversely regulates the transcription of genes that increase vs. decrease cytosolic magnesium concentration. The induction of GAPDH activity by surplus magnesium at low insulin concentration can counteract excessive lipomobilization.

Short term magnesium supplementation to reduce dark cutting in pasture finished beef cattle

This study assessed the capacity of magnesium supplementation to reduce muscle glycogen loss, ultimate pH and increase plasma magnesium in pasture fed slaughter cattle. Beef cattle (n = 1075) from 14 farms were supplemented with or without magnesium pellets for 7-14 days prior to slaughter. Magnesium was allocated at 9.83 g of elemental magnesium per head per day, while the control diet was balanced to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, but contained no added magnesium. Groups of cattle (n = 44) were slaughtered at the same processing plant over two consecutive seasons, from August - September 2016 to May - July 2017. Magnesium supplementation increased muscle glycogen (P < 0.01) in cattle supplied from 2 of 14 farms, and increased plasma magnesium in 4 of 14 farms (P < 0.01). Magnesium supplementation had no effect on overall incidence of ultimate pH between the magnesium and control supplementation groups. The benefits of short term magnesium supplementation prior to slaughter was inconsistent for protecting muscle glycogen.

The Contribution of Dietary Magnesium in Farm Animals and Human Nutrition

Magnesium (Mg) is a mineral that plays an essential role as cofactor of more than 300 enzymes. Mg in farm animals' and human nutrition is recommended to avoid Mg deficiency, ensure adequate growth and health maintenance. Mg supplementation above the estimated minimum requirements is the best practice to improve farm animals' performances (fertility and yield) and food products' quality, since the performance of farm animals has grown in recent decades. Mg supplementation in pigs increases meat quality and sows' fertility; in poultry, it helps to avoid deficiency-related health conditions and to improve meat quality and egg production by laying hens; in dairy cows, it serves to avoid grass tetany and milk fever, two conditions related to hypomagnesaemia, and to support their growth. Thus, Mg supplementation increases food products' quality and prevents Mg deficiency in farm animals, ensuring an adequate Mg content in animal-source food. These latter are excellent Mg sources in human diets. Sub-optimal Mg intake by humans has several implications in bone development, muscle function, and health maintenance. This review summarizes the main knowledge about Mg in farm animals and in human nutrition.

Preference for inorganic sources of magnesium and phosphorus in sheep as a function of need

We determined whether sheep discriminate among different mineral supplements containing P and Mg and if they modify their selection as a function of the basal diet received. Forty lambs were offered four-way choices among inorganic sources of P and Mg: magnesium oxide in its coarse 1) C-MgO and granular 2) MgO forms and magnesium phosphate: 3) Mag33 (33% Mg and 2.7% P), and 4) MGP (25% Mg and 15% P), and two-way choices between MGP and each of the other minerals, and between MgO and C-MgO (baseline). Subsequently, lambs were randomly assigned to four groups (10 lambs/group) and fed rations such that the levels of Mg and P were low (LMg_LP), adequate (NMg_NP), low in Mg and adequate in P (LMg_NP), or adequate in Mg and low in P (NMg_LP). After 29 d, choice tests (post-deficiency) were repeated. During baseline, lambs ate and preferred Mag33 > C-MgO = MGP > MgO (P < 0.05). This pattern remained during post-deficiency tests, but lambs in LMg_LP and LMg_NP increased their preference for MGP and C-MgO, respectively, whereas lambs in NMg_LP increased their preference for C-MgO and MGP relative to baseline (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of P and Mg increased after preference tests, and preference for MgO and MGP in low-Mg groups increased as the serum concentration of Mg declined (P < 0.05). Thus, lambs discriminated among different minerals and some groups modified their preferences based on the basal diets received, which rectified mineral imbalances.

Menthol stimulates calcium absorption in the rumen but not in the jejunum of sheep

Stimulation of Ca²⁺ absorption can counteract hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation. The plant bioactive lipid compound (PBLC) menthol is an agonist for nonselective cation channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. It acutely stimulated Ca²⁺ absorption in ruminal epithelia of nonadapted animals ex vivo and caused higher plasma Ca²⁺ concentrations in cows and sheep in vivo. To elucidate the pathway by which menthol feeding increases plasma Ca²⁺ level, the present study aimed to investigate the long-term dose-dependent effects of dietary menthol-rich PBLC on Ca²⁺ absorption and mRNA abundances of TRP channels in both rumen and jejunum. Twenty-four growing Suffolk sheep were equally distributed to a Con, PBLC-L, and PBLC-H group, which received 0, 80, and 160 mg/d of a menthol-rich PBLC. After 4 wk, ruminal and jejunal epithelia were analyzed for mRNA abundances of TRPA1, TRPV3, TRPV5-6, and TRPM6-8 genes. The Ca²⁺ flux rates and electrophysiological properties of epithelia from rumen and mid-jejunum were measured in Ussing chambers in the presence and absence of mucosal Na⁺. Acute changes in Ca²⁺ flux rates were measured after mucosal application of 50 µM menthol. Ruminal epithelia had quantifiable transcripts of TRPV3 = TRPM6 >TRPM7 >TRPA1 with no difference among feeding groups. Jejunum had quantifiable transcripts of TRPM7 >TRPA1 ≥ TRPM6 ≥ TRPV6 >TRPV5, where TRPA1, TRPV5, and TRPV6 tended to decrease linearly with increasing PBLC dose. Absorptive net flux of Ca²⁺ was detected only in the rumen, whereas jejunum showed a high passive permeability to Ca²⁺. Net flux rates of Ca²⁺ in the rumen increased in a quadratic manner (highest in PBLC-L animals) and were systematically decreased with the omission of mucosal Na⁺. Short-circuit current increased in both PBLC feeding groups compared with Con only in the rumen. Acute application of menthol-stimulated mucosal-to-serosal and net Ca²⁺ flux rates only in ruminal epithelia with higher stimulation in PBLC-fed animals. We conclude that Ca²⁺ transport is mainly active and transcellular in the rumen. It most likely involves TRPV3 that can be stimulated by menthol. Pre-feeding of menthol-rich PBLC enhances ruminal Ca²⁺ absorption and sensitizes it to acute stimulation by menthol. By contrast, intestinal Ca²⁺ absorption is not sensitive to menthol stimulation. Menthol could be used as a tool to enhance ruminal Ca²⁺ absorption and to prevent hypocalcemia in dairy cows.

Blood leukocyte composition and function in periparturient ewes kept on different dietary magnesium supply

Background

Transition period (TP) is characterised by physiological and metabolic changes contributing to immunodysregulation. Since knowledge about this period in sheep is scarce, we analysed changes in selected immune variables during the TP in ewes and whether dietary magnesium (Mg) supplementation could modulate these immune variables. Pregnant ewes (2nd and 3rd lactation) were divided into a control group (CONT, n = 9) and a Mg group (MAG, n = 10) supplemented with Mg oxide resulting in a daily Mg intake of approximately 0.30 and 0.38% (MAG) of dry matter during ante- (a.p.) and post-partum (p.p.) periods, respectively. Blood samples were collected between days (d) 30 a.p. and d 30 p.p.. Whole blood neutrophil phagocytic activity, monocyte subset (classical cM, intermediate intM, non-classical ncM) composition and the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes were determined flow cytometrically. At d 14 a.p., all ewes were vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP).

Results

Both groups showed a sharp increase in the total leukocyte counts (TLC) and neutrophil counts (P < 0.0001), at d 1 p.p., while, monocytes and their subpopulations displayed the highest values at d 30 p.p. (P ≤ 0.05). At d 1 p.p. the neutrophil phagocytic activity was higher (P < 0.05) in MAG ewes. Throughout the TP, the proliferative response of CD4+ cells was significantly higher in the MAG group (P < 0.05). Ewes in both groups responded with an increase in the TLC, neutrophil numbers (P ≤ 0.05) and ncM (P < 0.001) 24 h post vaccination, whereas monocytes and cM dropped in numbers (P ≤ 0.05). Numbers of intM only increased in MAG ewes (P < 0.05), whereas lymphocyte numbers decreased (P < 0.01). Mg supplementation did not affect the significant increase in MAP-specific antibodies at d 7 and 21 post vaccination. Total Mg and Ca serum levels did not show any differences between the two groups.

Conclusion

Whereas TP-associated fluctuations in blood leukocyte numbers are not influenced by Mg supplementation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, the proliferative capacity of CD4+ cells and the cellular response within 24 h after a vaccination are subject to modulation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02705-9.

Serum parameters related to mineral homeostasis and energy metabolism in ewes kept on different dietary magnesium supply during the transition period

The present study investigated the effects of dietary magnesium supplementation on mineral status and intermediary metabolism of ewes during the transition period (TP). For this purpose, 19 pregnant ewes (2nd and 3rd lactation) were divided into a control group (Con, n = 9) kept on a daily magnesium intake of approximately 3.0 g ante-partum (a.p.) and 5.0 g post-partum (p.p.), and a magnesium group (Mg, n = 10, 4.2 g a.p., 7.7 g p.p.). Blood was collected at day (d) 30 a.p., d 14 a.p., d 1 p.p., d 14 p.p. and d 30 p.p., respectively. Serum levels of total magnesium were not affected by the treatment. In Con animals, serum levels of total calcium and phosphate were lower at d 1 p.p. in comparison to d 30 a.p. (P ≤ 0.05). Only in Con ewes, serum glucose levels showed significant fluctuations throughout the entire observation period (P ˂ 0.05) and were correlated negatively with those of beta-hydroxybutyrate (r²: 0.70; P < 0.01, r²: 0.76; P < 0.01) and positively with insulin (r²: 0.46; P < 0.05, r²: 0.59; P < 0.05) on d 30 and 14 a.p., respectively. At d 30 p.p., serum insulin levels were lower in the Mg group compared to the Con group (P < 0.05). As serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate and glucose seemed more stable throughout the TP, magnesium supplementation might be an approach to promote metabolic health in ewes.

Impact of Nutrients on the Hoof Health in Cattle

Lameness is currently one of the most important and economically demanding diseases in cattle. It is manifested in a change in locomotion that is associated with lesions, especially the pelvic limbs. The disease of the hoof is painful, affecting the welfare of dairy cows. Important factors that influence the health of the limbs include nutrition, animal hygiene, stable technology, and genetic and breeding predispositions. Nutrition is one of the basic preventive factors affecting the quality and growth of the hoof horn, and the associated prevalence of hoof disease. The strength and structure of the hoof horn are affected by the composition of the feed ration (amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and toxic substances contaminating the feed ration, or arising in the feed ration as metabolites of fungi).

Changes in plasma pH and blood and urinary macromineral concentrations in experimentally induced hypocalcemic cows with Na2EDTA

This study was performed to confirm the alterations of blood and urine parameters in artificially induced hypocalcemic cows. For a 2 × 2 cross-over design, four non-pregnant, non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows (623 ± 63 kg) were utilized. Cows in the treatment and control group were infused with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na₂EDTA) solution and normal saline through an intravenous catheter for 3 hr, respectively. Laboratory analyses included complete blood cell count, plasma chemistry, blood gas analysis and urine chemistry. During the hypocalcemic period, abnormal signs were not observed clinically, hematologically nor biochemically either in groups. But, plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations continued to decrease throughout Na₂EDTA infusion, and significant group differences (P<0.05 or P<0.001) were detected until 5 hr after the initiation of infusion. Urinary excretions of these minerals were significantly reduced compared to the control group by 6 hr (Ca, P<0.05; Mg, P<0.001). Moreover, there is a significant group difference in the change in plasma pH at 1 hr after Na₂EDTA infusion (P<0.05) and maintained a decreased level until 6 hr. Consequently, the blood pH was diminished simultaneously with hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia induction in cows infused with Na₂EDTA. This phenomenon may be one of the mechanisms to recover normocalcemia including maximizing the effect of parathyroid hormone, however, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism to alter the blood pH in hypocalcemia.

The Role of Hormones and Trophic Factors as Components of Preservation Solutions in Protection of Renal Function before Transplantation: A Review of the Literature

Transplantation is currently a routine method for treating end-stage organ failure. In recent years, there has been some progress in the development of an optimal composition of organ preservation solutions, improving the vital functions of the organ and allowing to extend its storage period until implantation into the recipient. Optimizations are mostly based on commercial solutions, routinely used to store grafts intended for transplantation. The paper reviews hormones with a potential nephroprotective effect, which were used to modify the composition of renal perfusion and preservation solutions. Their effectiveness as ingredients of preservation solutions was analysed based on a literature review. Hormones and trophic factors are innovative preservation solution supplements. They have a pleiotropic effect and affect normal renal function. The expression of receptors for melatonin, prolactin, thyrotropin, corticotropin, prostaglandin E1 and trophic factors was confirmed in the kidneys, which suggests that they are a promising therapeutic target for renal IR (ischemia-reperfusion) injury. They can have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, limiting IR injury.

Subclinical hypomagnesemia: Prevalence and causes in dairy cows in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil

ABSTRACT In dairy farming, cows display important metabolic changes during the transition period, particularly high-production cows, which need nutrients in greater quantity to meet the required demand. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in pre- and post-partum dairy cows inserted in milk-production systems in the Sousa microregion and the district of São João do Rio do Peixe, both in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. As such, visits were made every two weeks to 34 rural properties, where the team collected 357 blood samples by venepuncture, 106 from pre-partum lactating cows and 251 from lactating cows in the post-partum period. It was found that the properties supplied three types of mineral supplement: a single supplement of NaCl, a supplement of NaCl + mineral base, and a commercial supplement. The cows receiving the commercial mineral supplement had the highest prevalence (10.53%) of the disorder, even showing a significant difference (P < .05) between the other types of supplement. In relation to reproductive period, it was found that the post-partum cows had a higher prevalence of subclinical hypomagnesemia (9.96%) than did the pre-partem cows (8.49%); there was, however, no significant difference (P > .05) between the two. Studies such as this are fundamental for alerting rural and technical producers to the occurrence of subclinical hypomagnesemia in the region, in addition to the damage caused by metabolic disorders.

A reconnaissance survey of farmers' awareness of hypomagnesaemic tetany in UK cattle and sheep farms

Hypomagnesaemic tetany (HypoMgT) in ruminants is a physiological disorder caused by inadequate intake or impaired absorption of magnesium (Mg) in the gut. If it is not detected and treated in time, HypoMgT can cause the death of the affected animal. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted from July 2016–2017 to assess farmers’ awareness of HypoMgT in cattle and sheep in the UK. The questionnaire was distributed to farmers at farm business events and agricultural shows, and through a collaborative group of independent veterinary practices to their clients. Farmers were asked about (i) the incidence of presumed HypoMgT (PHT); (ii) their strategies to treat or prevent HypoMgT; (iii) mineral tests on animals, forage and soil, and (iv) farm enterprise type. A total of 285 responses were received from 82 cattle, 157 mixed cattle and sheep, and 46 sheep farmers, of whom 39% reported HypoMgT in their livestock, affecting 1–30 animals. Treatment and/or prevention against HypoMgT was reported by 96% respondents with PHT and 79% of those without. Mineral tests on animal, forage, and soil was conducted by 24%, 53%, and 66% of the respondents, respectively, regardless of PHT. There was a highly significant association between the use of interventions to tackle HypoMgT and the incidence of PHT (p < 0.01). The top three treatment/prevention strategies used were reported as being free access supplementation (149), in feed supplementation (59) and direct to animal treatments (drenches, boluses and injections) (45) although these did vary by farm type. Although some (9) reported using Mg-lime, no other pasture management interventions were reported (e.g., Mg-fertilisation or sward composition). Generally, the results indicate that UK farmers are aware of the risks of HypoMgT. A more integrated soil-forage-animal assessment may improve the effectiveness of tackling HypoMgT and help highlight the root causes of the problem.

Hypomagnesemia in dairy cattle in Uruguay

ABSTRACT: An outbreak of hypomagnesemia is reported in Holstein dairy cattle grazing lush oat (Avena sativa) pasture in Uruguay. Nine of 270 (3.3%) cows died in May-July (autumn-winter) 2017. These nine cows were from 2 to 9-years-old (1st-6th lactation), with 22 to 194 days of lactation and 15.8 to 31.4L of daily milk production. Two cows with acute sialorrhea, muscle spasms, lateral recumbency, weakness, opisthotonos, and coma, were euthanized and necropsied. No significant macroscopic or histological lesions were found. One untreated clinically-affected cow and eight out of 14 clinically healthy cows of the same group under similar management and production conditions had low serum levels of Mg (lower than 0.7mmol/L). Secondarily, both clinically affected cows and six out of 14 healthy cows had low serum Ca levels. The K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of two oat forages, corn silage, and ration was 5.10, 7.73, 2.45, and 0.85, respectively. A K/(Ca+Mg) ratio lower than 2.2 represents a risk for hypomagnesemia. The difference between the contribution-requirement of minerals in the diet was established and a daily deficiency of Mg (-0.36g/day), Na (-25.2g/day) and Ca (-9.27g/day) was found, while K (184.42g/day) and P (12.81g/day) were in excess. The diet was reformulated to correct the deficiencies and the disease was controlled by the daily administration of 80g of magnesium oxide, 80g of calcium carbonate and 30g sodium chloride per cow. It is concluded that hypomagnesemia is a cause of mortality in dairy cattle in Uruguay, and that the condition can be prevented by appropriate diet formulation.

Assessment of magnesium intake according to requirement in dairy cows

To date, no specific hormonal regulation system has been identified for homoeostatic control of the essential mineral Mg. In cattle, the maintenance of physiological plasma Mg concentration depends on gastrointestinal absorption, primarily from the rumen, which serves as a pool for covering the requirement. Whereas a possible surplus (absorption greater than requirement) is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, a shortage (absorption lower than requirement) cannot be compensated for by mobilization from the large Mg pool in bones or soft tissue, so that the maintenance of the necessary physiological Mg concentration in plasma relies on continuous and sufficient absorption. Our knowledge concerning the site and mechanisms of Mg absorption has improved during the last few decades, and meta-analyses of the absorption of Mg in dairy cows have shown that the K content has a pronounced negative effect on Mg digestibility. The current recommendations of Mg intake propose a constant percentage of Mg and emphasize the depressive effect of high potassium (K) intake on Mg absorption. The current knowledge about the antagonism between K intake and Mg absorption allows a more flexible solution which includes the K content of the diet. An assessment of Mg intake is proposed that incorporates the improved knowledge of Mg absorption, metabolism and requirement. Within this framework, an equation is derived that allows a prediction of the amount of Mg required to compensate for dietary K content, the goal being to avoid both possible undernutrition or an unnecessary surplus of dietary Mg.

Magnesium absorption as influenced by the rumen passage kinetics in lactating dairy cows fed modified levels of fibre and protein

The potassium sensitive magnesium absorption through the rumen wall may be influenced by additional dietary properties, such as diet type, forage type or forage to concentrate ratio. These properties are likely associated to rumen passage kinetics modified by dietary fibre content. The study aimed to assess the effects of rumen passage kinetics on apparent Mg absorption and retention in lactating dairy cows fed modified levels of fibre. Six lactating Red-Holstein and Holstein cows, including four fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 cross-over design. The experimental diets consisted of early harvested low NDF (341 g NDF/kg DM) and late harvested high NDF (572 g NDF/kg DM) grass silage (80% DM) and of concentrates (20% of DM). As the low-fibre diet was excessive in protein, a third high-fibre diet was formulated to be balanced in digestible protein with the low-fibre diet to avoid any eventual confounding effects of NDF and protein excess. All diets were formulated to contain iso-Ca, -P, -Mg, -K and -Na. Passage kinetics of solid and liquid phase of rumen digesta were evaluated using ruminal marker disappearance profiles. Cows fed the low-fibre diet had compared to the other diets, an up to 40% lower solid and 26% lower liquid phase volume of rumen digesta and a 10% numerically higher fractional rumen liquid passage rate. Rumen pH lost 0.6 units and Mg concentration in the rumen liquid phase tripled when cows were fed the low-fibre diet. Faecal Mg excretion was up to 14% higher in cows fed the low-fibre diet and Mg absorbability was 12% compared to up to 19% in other diets. Urinary Mg excretion in cows fed the low-fibre diet was half of the ones in the other treatments, but Mg retention was not affected. Dietary protein excess neither affected rumen passage kinetics nor Mg absorption and retention. Absorption of Mg was correlated with rumen liquid volume which both decreased with decreasing daily NDF intake (NDFi, 11.8 ± 2.4 l/kg NDFi). Consequently, daily Mg absorption decreased by 1.32 ± 0.28 g/kg decreasing NDFi. To conclude, in addition to the known antagonistic effect of dietary K, the present data indicate that Mg absorption was dependent from NDFi which modified rumen liquid volume, but was independent of dietary protein excess likely associated to low NDF herbages.