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Mou J, Ding J, Qin W. Modern Potentiometric Biosensing Based on Non-Equilibrium Measurement Techniques. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302647. [PMID: 37733874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Modern potentiometric sensors based on polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have achieved new breakthroughs in sensitivity, selectivity, and stability and have extended applications in environmental surveillance, medical diagnostics, and industrial analysis. Moreover, nonclassical potentiometry shows promise for many applications and opens up new opportunities for potentiometric biosensing. Here, we aim to provide a concept to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of potentiometric biosensors with polymeric membrane ISEs. This Concept article articulates sensing mechanisms based on non-equilibrium measurement techniques. In particular, we emphasize new trends in potentiometric biosensing based on attractive dynamic approaches. Representative examples are selected to illustrate key applications under zero-current conditions and stimulus-controlled modes. More importantly, fruitful information obtained from non-equilibrium measurements with dynamic responses can be useful for artificial intelligence (AI). The combination of ISEs with advanced AI techniques for effective data processing is also discussed. We hope that this Concept will illustrate the great possibilities offered by non-equilibrium measurement techniques and AI in potentiometric biosensing and encourage further innovations in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Mou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, Shandong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiawang Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, Shandong, P. R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, Shandong (P. R. China), Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai, 264003, Shandong, P. R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, Shandong (P. R. China), Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, P. R. China
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Mousavi MPS, Abd El-Rahman MK, Mahmoud AM, Abdelsalam RM, Bühlmann P. In Situ Sensing of the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine in a Dynamic Range of 1 nM to 1 mM. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2581-2589. [PMID: 30398333 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the dynamics of ACh concentration changes and kinetics of ACh degradation in the living brain is crucial to unravel the pathophysiology of such diseases and the rational design of therapeutics. In this work, an electrochemical sensor capable of dynamic, label-free, selective, and in situ detection of ACh in a range of 1 nM to 1 mM (with temporal resolution of less than one second) was developed. The sensor was employed for the direct detection of ACh in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and rat brain homogenate, without any prior separation steps. A potentiometric receptor-doped ion-selective electrode (ISE) with selectivity for ACh was designed by taking advantage of the positive charge of ACh. The dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD), and the selectivity of the sensor were optimized stepwise by (i) screening of hydrophobic biomimetic calixarenes to identify receptors that strongly bind to ACh based on shape-selective multitopic recognition, (ii) doping of the ISE sensing membrane with an ACh-binding hydrophobic calixarene to enable selective detection of ACh in complex matrices, (iii) utilizing a hydrophilic calixarene in the inner filling solution of the ISE to buffer the concentration of ACh and, thereby, lower the LOD of the sensor, and (iv) introducing a surface treatment step prior to the measurement by placing the sensor for ∼1 min in a solution of a hydrophilic calixarene to lower the LOD of the sensor even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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High-throughput measurements of ciprofloxacin, clomipramine and fexofenadine hydrochlorides with an 8-channel electrical titrator. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Simple and cost-effective determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by electrical micro-titration. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jansod S, Wang L, Cuartero M, Bakker E. Electrochemical ion transfer mediated by a lipophilic Os(ii)/Os(iii) dinonyl bipyridyl probe incorporated in thin film membranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10757-10760. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new lipophilic dinonyl bipyridyl Os(ii)/Os(iii) complex successfully mediates ion transfer processes across voltammetric thin membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutida Jansod
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
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Zhai J, Bakker E. Complexometric titrations: new reagents and concepts to overcome old limitations. Analyst 2016; 141:4252-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00538a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chelators and end point indicators are the most important parts of complexometric titrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva
- Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhai J, Xie X, Bakker E. Ion-Selective Optode Nanospheres as Heterogeneous Indicator Reagents in Complexometric Titrations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2827-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504213q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Bakker E. Evaluation of Egorov’s Improved Separate Solution Method for Determination of Low Selectivity Coefficients by Numerical Simulation. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8021-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502638s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai E.-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhai J, Xie X, Bakker E. Ionophore-based ion-exchange emulsions as novel class of complexometric titration reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12659-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexometric titrations rely on a drastic change of the pM value at the equivalence point with a water soluble chelator forming typically 1 : 1 complexes of high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Bakker
- University of Geneva
- 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Singh S, Rani G. Comparative Study of Holmium (III) Selective Sensors Based on Thiacalixarene and Calixarene Derivatives as an Ionophore. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li XG, Feng H, Huang MR, Gu GL, Moloney MG. Ultrasensitive Pb(II) Potentiometric Sensor Based on Copolyaniline Nanoparticles in a Plasticizer-Free Membrane with a Long Lifetime. Anal Chem 2011; 84:134-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2028886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gui Li
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hao Feng
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mei-Rong Huang
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Guo-Li Gu
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mark G. Moloney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Egorov VV, Zdrachek EA, Nazarov VA. Methods for Estimation of Generalized Diffusion Parameter at Membrane-Solution Interface. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ding J, Qin W. Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrode for Butyrylcholinesterase Based on Controlled Release of Substrate. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lanthanide recognition: A Ho3+ potentiometric membrane sensor as a probe for determination of terazosin. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ding J, Qin W. Potentiometric sensing of butyrylcholinesterase based on in situ generation and detection of substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:971-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b817064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morf WE, Pretsch E, De Rooij NF. Theory and Computer Simulation of the Time-Dependent Selectivity Behavior of Polymeric Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008; 614:15-23. [PMID: 20411043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical treatment of the time-dependent potential response of ion-selective electrodes to sample solutions containing primary and interfering ions is presented. The theory accounts for the influence of ion fluxes in the electrode membrane and the contacting aqueous sample layer and describes the variations in the apparent selectivity behavior as a function of the measuring time. The applicability of the theory is demonstrated by comparing predicted response curves with results of virtual experiments based on computer simulation. A close and convincing agreement was achieved for a large series of different examples, which confirms that the new theory can be successfully applied for general cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Morf
- Institute of Microtechnology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Tompa K, Birbaum K, Malon A, Vigassy T, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Ion-selective supported liquid membranes placed under steady-state diffusion control. Anal Chem 2007; 77:7801-9. [PMID: 16316191 DOI: 10.1021/ac051362y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supported liquid membranes are used here to establish steady-state concentration profiles across ion-selective membranes rapidly and reproducibly. This opens up new avenues in the area of nonequilibrium potentiometry, where reproducible accumulation and depletion processes at ion-selective membranes may be used to gain valuable analytical information about the sample. Until today, drifting signals originating from a slowly developing concentration profile across the ion-selective membrane made such approaches impractical in zero current potentiometry. Here, calcium- and silver-selective membranes were placed between two identical aqueous electrolyte solutions, and the open circuit potential was monitored upon changing the composition of one solution. Steady state was reached in approximately 1 min with 25-microm porous polypropylene membranes filled with bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate doped with ionophore and lipophilic ion exchanger. Ion transport across the membrane resulted on the basis of nonsymmetric ion-exchange processes at both membrane sides. The steady-state potential was calculated as the sum of the two membrane phase boundary potentials, and good correspondence to experiment was observed. Concentration polarizations in the contacting aqueous phases were confirmed with stirring experiments. It was found that interferences (barium in the case of calcium electrodes and potassium with silver electrodes) induce a larger potential change than expected with the Nicolsky equation because they influence the level of polarization of the primary ion (calcium or silver) that remains potential determining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Tompa
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
For most chemists, potentiometry with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) primarily means pH measurements with a glass electrode. Those interested in clinical analysis might know that ISEs, routinely used for the determination of blood electrolytes, have a market size comparable to that of glass electrodes. It is even less well known that potentiometry went through a silent revolution during the past decade. The lower detection limit and the discrimination of interfering ions (the selectivity coefficients) have been improved in many cases by factors up to 10(6) and 10(10), respectively, thus allowing their application in fields such as environmental trace analysis and potentiometric biosensing. The determination of complex formation constants for lipophilic hosts and ionic guests is also covered in this Minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Prof. Eric Bakker, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, E-mail:
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Prof. Ernö Pretsch, Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, E-mail:
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Zhao C, Danish E, Cameron NR, Kataky R. Emulsion-templated porous materials (PolyHIPEs) for selective ion and molecular recognition and transport: applications in electrochemical sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b700929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Radu A, Peper S, Bakker E, Diamond D. Guidelines for Improving the Lower Detection Limit of Ion-Selective Electrodes: A Systematic Approach. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent progress in the development and application of potentiometric sensors with limits of detection (LODs) in the range 10(-8)-10(-11) M. These LODs relate to total sample concentrations and are defined according to a definition unique to potentiometric sensors. LODs calculated according to traditional protocols (three times the standard deviation of the noise) yield values that are two orders of magnitude lower. We are targeting this article at analytical chemists who are non-specialists in the development of such sensors so that this technology may be adopted by a growing number of research groups to solve real-world analytical problems.We discuss the unique response features of potentiometric sensors and compare them to other analytical techniques, emphasizing that the choice of the method must depend on the problem of interest. We discuss recent directions in sensor design and development and present a list of 23 sensors with low LODs, with references. We give recent examples where potentiometric sensors have been used to solve trace-level analytical problems, including the speciation of lead and copper ions in drinking water, the measurement of free copper in sea water, and the uptake of cadmium ions by plant roots as a function of their speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Selective extraction principles for the recognition of nonelectroactive polyions such as heparin and protamine exist, but the high ionic valency renders the extraction process irreversible. A response principle for the reversible detection of such polyions is proposed here. The extraction of the polyionic analyte to the membrane and its subsequent back-extraction is now controlled electrochemically. The principle is established with a protamine electrode, and excellent stability and reproducibility are demonstrated. This method has important implications for the design of chemical recognition principles for polyionic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shvarev
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Abstract
This paper describes a pulsed galvanostatic technique to interrogate ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with no intrinsic ion-exchange properties. Each applied current pulse is followed by a longer baseline potential pulse to regenerate the phase boundary region of the ion-selective membrane. The applied current fully controls the magnitude and sign of the ion flux into the membrane, thus offering instrumental control over an effect that has become very important in ion-selective electrode research in recent years. The resulting chronopotentiometric response curves essentially mimic traditional ISE behavior, with apparently Nernstian response slopes and selectivities that can be described with the Nicolsky equation. Additionally, the magnitude and sign of the current pulse may be used to tune sensor selectivity. Perhaps most important, however, appears to be the finding that the extent of concentration polarization near the membrane surface can be accurately controlled by this technique. A growing number of potentiometric techniques are starting to make use of nonequilibrium principles, and the method introduced here may prove to be very useful to advance these areas of research. The basic characteristics of this pulsed galvanostatic technique are here evaluated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes containing the sodium-selective ionophore tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetramethyl ester and a lipophilic inert salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shvarev
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Södergård M, Csóka B, Nagy G, Ivaska A. Lowering the Detection Limit of Solvent Polymeric Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. An Experimental Study with Calcium-Selective Micropipette Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120026411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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