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Khan SA, Mason RW, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi S, Tomatsu S. Advances in glycosaminoglycan detection. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:101-109. [PMID: 32247585 PMCID: PMC7198342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged long linear (highly sulfated) polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units that are expressed on the surfaces of all nucleated cells. The expression of GAGs is required for embryogenesis, regulation of cell growth and proliferation, maintenance of tissue hydration, and interactions of the cells via receptors. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are caused by deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes that result in the accumulation of GAGs in multiple tissues leading to organ dysfunction. Therefore, GAGs are important biomarkers for MPS. Without any treatment, patients with severe forms of MPS die within the first two decades of life. SCOPE OF REVIEW Accurate measurement of GAGs is important to understand the diagnosis and pathogenesis of MPS and to monitor therapeutic efficacy before, during, and after treatment of the disease. This review covers various qualitative and quantitative methods for measurement of GAGs, including dye specific, thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography, ELISA, and automated high-throughput mass spectrometry. Major conclusion: There are several methods for GAG detection however, specific GAG detection in the various biological systems requires rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective methods such as LC-MS/MS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review will describe different methods for GAG detection and analysis, including their advantages and limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat A Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ke Y, Li SL, Chang LD, Kapanadze T. A novel ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of sucrose octasulfate in dog plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 978-979:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Heparin-derived supersulfated disaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in sheep. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 28:77-86. [PMID: 24355631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tetrasaccharide sequence of heparin oligosaccharides is the minimum chain length possessing anti-allergic activity, as the disaccharide fraction is inactive. Since sulfation pattern can modify the biological actions of heparin, we hypothesized that "supersulfation" of the inactive heparin disaccharide could confer anti-allergic activity to this molecule. To test this, we produced a supersulfated heparin disaccharide (Hep-SSD) and evaluated its anti-allergic activity in sheep with documented antigen-induced early and late airway responses (EAR and LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Porcine intestinal heparin was depolymerized with nitrous acid, the disaccharide fraction separated by size exclusion chromatography, and then treated with pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex to yield Hep-SSD. Its chemical structure [IdoU2',3',4'S (1→4) AMan1,3,6S] was confirmed by HPLC, Mass Spectrometry and NMR analysis. Inhaled doses of 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg Hep-SSD produced inhibition of EAR (8%, 35% and 35%), LAR (50%, 80%, and 77%) and AHR (67%, 100% and 75%), respectively. A single oral dose of 2 mg/kg Hep-SSD given 90 min before challenge significantly inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR, but 1 mg/kg was ineffective. Multi dose oral treatment with Hep-SSD had a cumulative effect, as a once daily dose of 2 mg/kg for 3 days (last dose, 16 h before antigen) inhibited EAR, LAR and AHR by 30%, 75% and 74%, respectively. Finally, the oral activity of Hep-SSD could be enhanced 4 fold by formulating it with Carbopol(®)934P, in an enteric coated capsule. These data demonstrate that "supersulfation" can confer biological activity to the inactive heparin disaccharide. Both inhaled and oral Hep-SSD demonstrate significant anti-allergic activity and, therefore, may have therapeutic potential.
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Huang R, Liu J, Sharp JS. An approach for separation and complete structural sequencing of heparin/heparan sulfate-like oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5787-95. [PMID: 23659663 PMCID: PMC3725598 DOI: 10.1021/ac400439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As members of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family, heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are responsible for mediation of a wide range of essential biological actions, most of which are mediated by specific patterns of modifications of regions of these polysaccharides. To fully understand the regulation of HS modification and the biological function of HS through its interactions with protein ligands, it is essential to know the specific HS sequences present. However, the sequencing of mixtures of HS oligosaccharides presents major challenges due to the lability of the sulfate modifications, as well as difficulties in separating isomeric HS chains. Here, we apply a sequential chemical derivatization strategy involving permethylation, desulfation, and trideuteroperacetylation to label original sulfation sites with stable and hydrophobic trideuteroacetyl groups. The derivatization chemistry differentiates between all possible heparin/HS sequences solely by glycosidic bond cleavages, without the need to generate cross-ring cleavages. This derivatization strategy combined with LC-MS/MS analysis has been used to separate and sequence five synthetic HS-like oligosaccharides of sizes up to dodecasaccharide, as well as a highly sulfated Arixtra-like heptamer. This strategy offers a unique capability for the sequencing of microgram quantities of HS oligosaccharide mixtures by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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5
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Ahmed T, Smith G, Abraham WM. Effect of oral and intravenous heparin tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses: critical role of N-sulfation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:180-8. [PMID: 23085243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that inhaled heparin (hep) oligosaccharides attenuate allergic airway responses in sheep and that this anti-allergic activity resides in a tetrasaccharide sequence. Here we determined: (a) the anti-allergic activity of oral and intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide on allergic airway responses in the sheep model of asthma; and (b) the role of N-sulfation in mediating this anti-allergic activity. Ascaris suum-induced early (EAR) and Late (LAR) airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to carbachol were measured in allergic sheep without and after treatment with different doses of oral or intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide. At doses of 0.06 mg/kg, 0.125 mg/kg, and 0.25 mg/kg, oral hep-tetrasaccharide caused a dose-dependent inhibition of EAR and LAR. Post-antigen AHR was also inhibited dose dependently. The same doses of intravenous hep-tetrasaccharide yielded comparable inhibition of EAR, LAR and AHR, confirming that orally delivered hep-tetrasaccharide has good bioavailability. The protection by hep-tetrasaccharide on EAR and LAR was dependent on N-sulfation, as N-desulfated/N-acetylated tetrasaccharide had a markedly reduced effect. However, inhibition of the post-antigen AHR was independent of N-sulfation. These results demonstrate that orally administered hep-tetrasaccharide inhibits allergic airway responses in the sheep model of asthma. Hep-tetrasaccharide has good oral bioavailability and its anti-allergic activity is critically dependent on N-sulfation of the glucosamine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ahmed
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 4300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA.
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Shi X, Huang Y, Mao Y, Naimy H, Zaia J. Tandem mass spectrometry of heparan sulfate negative ions: sulfate loss patterns and chemical modification methods for improvement of product ion profiles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1498-511. [PMID: 22825743 PMCID: PMC4146577 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccharide modified with sulfation, acetylation, and epimerization that enable its binding with protein ligands and regulation of important biological processes. Tandem mass spectrometry has been employed to sequence linear biomolecules e.g., proteins and peptides. However, its application in structural characterization of HS is limited due to the neutral loss of sulfate (SO(3)) during collisional induced dissociation (CID). In this report, we studied the dissociation patterns of HS disaccharides and demonstrate that the N-sulfate (N-S) bond is especially facile during CID. We identified factors that influence the propensities of such losses from precursor ions and proposed a Free Proton Index (FPI) to help select ions that are able to produce meaningful backbone dissociations. We then investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of SO(3) loss from sulfates that are protonated, deprotonated, and metal-adducted using density functional theory computations. The calculations showed that sulfate loss from a protonated site was much more facile than that from a deprotonated or metal-adducted site. Further, the loss of SO(3) from N-sulfate was energetically favored by 3-8 kcal/mol in transition states relative to O-sulfates, making it more prone to this process by a substantial factor. In order to reduce the FPI, representing the number of labile sulfates in HS native chains and oligosaccharides, we developed a series of chemical modifications to selectively replace the N-sulfates of the glucosamine with deuterated acetyl group. These modifications effectively reduced the sulfate density on the HS oligosaccharides and generated considerably more backbone dissociation using on-line LC/tandem MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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7
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Tripathi CKM, Banga J, Mishra V. Microbial heparin/heparan sulphate lyases: potential and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:307-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Ahmed T, Smith G, Vlahov I, Abraham WM. Inhibition of allergic airway responses by heparin derived oligosaccharides: identification of a tetrasaccharide sequence. Respir Res 2012; 13:6. [PMID: 22269021 PMCID: PMC3296655 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed that heparin's anti-allergic activity is molecular weight dependent and resides in oligosaccharide fractions of <2500 daltons. Objective To investigate the structural sequence of heparin's anti-allergic domain, we used nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine heparin to prepare an oligosaccharide, and then fractionated it into disaccharide, tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide, and octasaccharide fractions. The anti-allergic activity of each oligosaccharide fraction was tested in allergic sheep. Methods Allergic sheep without (acute responder) and with late airway responses (LAR; dual responder) were challenged with Ascaris suum antigen with and without inhaled oligosaccharide pretreatment and the effects on specific lung resistance and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to carbachol determined. Additional inflammatory cell recruitment studies were performed in immunized ovalbumin-challenged BALB/C mice with and without treatment. Results The inhaled tetrasaccharide fraction was the minimal effective chain length to show anti-allergic activity. This fraction showed activity in both groups of sheep; it was also effective in inhibiting LAR and AHR, when administered after the antigen challenge. Tetrasaccharide failed to modify the bronchoconstrictor responses to airway smooth muscle agonists (histamine, carbachol and LTD4), and had no effect on antigen-induced histamine release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in sheep. In mice, inhaled tetrasaccharide also attenuated the ovalbumin-induced peribronchial inflammatory response and eosinophil influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Chemical analysis identified the active structure to be a pentasulfated tetrasaccharide ([IdoU2S (1→4)GlcNS6S (1→4) IdoU2S (1→4) AMan-6S]) which lacked anti-coagulant activity. Conclusions These results demonstrate that heparin tetrasaccharide possesses potent anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties, and that the domains responsible for anti-allergic and anti-coagulant activity are distinctly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ahmed
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA.
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Yang B, Solakyildirim K, Chang Y, Linhardt RJ. Hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:541-57. [PMID: 20853165 PMCID: PMC3235348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the structure of glycosaminoglycan has proven to be challenging for analytical chemists. Molecules of glycosaminoglycan have a high negative charge and are polydisperse and microheterogeneous, thus requiring the application of multiple analytical techniques and methods. Heparin and heparan sulfate are the most structurally complex of the glycosaminoglycans and are widely distributed in nature. They play critical roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes through their interaction with heparin-binding proteins. Moreover, heparin and low-molecular weight heparin are currently used as pharmaceutical drugs to control blood coagulation. In 2008, the health crisis resulting from the contamination of pharmaceutical heparin led to considerable attention regarding their analysis and structural characterization. Modern analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, played critical roles in this effort. A successful combination of separation and spectral techniques will clearly provide a critical advantage in the future analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This review focuses on recent efforts to develop hyphenated techniques for the analysis of heparin and heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kemal Solakyildirim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Yuqing Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Malavaki CJ, Theocharis AD, Lamari FN, Kanakis I, Tsegenidis T, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Heparan sulfate: biological significance, tools for biochemical analysis and structural characterization. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:11-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Bultel L, Landoni M, Grand E, Couto AS, Kovensky J. UV-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of heparin oligosaccharides obtained by nitrous acid controlled degradation and high performance anion exchange chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:178-190. [PMID: 19892568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid degradation of heparin followed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) separation and ultraviolet matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (UV-MALDI-TOF) analysis led to the structural determination of six sulfated oligosaccharides. Three different matrices (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), nor-harmane, and dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB)) have been used, and the complementary results obtained allowed in most cases to assign the position of sulfate groups. Based on the different cleavages produced on the purified oligosaccharides in source during the MS analysis by the use of the different matrices, this approach provides a new tool for structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bultel
- Laboratoire des Glucides CNRS UMR 6219, Institut de Chimie de Picardie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Abstract
Carbohydrates exhibit many physiologically and pharmacologically important activities, yet their complicated structure and sequence pose major analytical challenges. Although their structural complexity makes analysis of carbohydrate difficult, mass spectrometry (MS) with high sensitivity, resolution and accuracy has become a vital tool in many applications related to analysis of carbohydrates or oligosaccharides. This application is essentially based on soft ionization technique which facilitates the ionization and vaporization of large, polar and thermally labile biomolecules. Electrospray-ionization (ESI), one of the soft ionization technique, tandem MS has been used in the sequencing of peptides, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and more recently carbohydrates. The development of the ESI and tandem MS has begun to make carbohydrate analysis more routine. This review will focus on the application of the ESI tandem MS for the sequence analysis of native oligosaccharides, including neutral saccharides with multiple linkages, and the uronic acid polymers, alginate and glycosaminoglycans structures containing epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Korir AK, Larive CK. Advances in the separation, sensitive detection, and characterization of heparin and heparan sulfate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:155-69. [PMID: 18841350 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the relationship between the structure and biological function of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) presents an important analytical challenge mainly due to the difficulty in determining their fine structure. Heparin and HS are responsible for mediation of a wide range of biological actions through specific binding to a variety of proteins including those involved in blood coagulation, cell proliferation, differentiation and adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions. Therefore, there is a growing interest in characterizing the microstructure of heparin and HS and in elucidating the molecular level details of their interaction with peptides and proteins. This review discusses recent developments in the analytical methods used for sensitive separation, detection, and structural characterization of heparin and HS. A brief discussion of the analysis of contaminants in pharmaceutical heparin is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert K Korir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Physical Sciences Bldg. 1, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Behr JR, Matsumoto Y, White FM, Sasisekharan R. Quantification of isomers from a mixture of twelve heparin and heparan sulfate disaccharides using tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2553-62. [PMID: 16124039 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparin/heparan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) have been implicated in clinically relevant processes such as hemostasis, infection, development, and cancer progression, through their interactions with proteins. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) were combined to identify and quantify 12 HSGAG disaccharides that can be generated by enzymatic depolymerization with heparin lyases. This technique includes free amine-containing disaccharides that had previously been observed in MSn but not quantified. Our methods use diagnostic product ions from MSn spectra of up to three isomeric disaccharides at once, and up to three sequential stages of MSn in tandem, for the quantitative analysis of the relative percentage of each of these isomers. The isomer quantification was validated using mock mixtures and showed acceptable accuracy and precision. These methods may be applied to the quantification of other isomers by MSn. While each of the 12 disaccharides alone had a linear response to an internal standard in the MS1 spectra, the individual response factors did not remain constant when the concentrations of the other 11 disaccharides in the mixtures fluctuated, due to competition for electrospray ionization. The absolute concentration of one fluctuating isomer was determined out of a constant mixture of the other disaccharides. The rapid, accurate, and sensitive quantification of all isomeric disaccharides may contribute to the eventual sequencing of longer saccharides by MSn, enabling the elucidation of the structure-function relationships of HSGAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Behr
- Biological Engineering Division, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Thanawiroon C, Linhardt RJ. Separation of a complex mixture of heparin-derived oligosaccharides using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1014:215-23. [PMID: 14558627 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPIPC) method for the separation of a complex mixture of heparin-derived oligosacchrides has been developed by a stepwise optimization of the mobile phase, in which the concentration of ion-pairing reagent, mobile phase pH, and acetonitrile concentration were varied. The resolution of more than 30 oligosaccharide components was obtained, under optimized conditions, in an analysis time of less than 30 min. This represents the first RP-HPLC method that can separate a complex mixture of both small and large sulfated oligosaccharides in a single chromatographic step. The heparin-derived oligosaccharides, in this mixture, can also be separated under a second set of RP-HPIPC conditions using a volatile ion-pairing reagent, tributylammonium acetate, to aid in the recovery of individual sulfated oligosaccharides. Moreover, it was possible to replace sodium chloride gradient, required for eluting highly sulfated oligosaccharides, with a fixed, low concentration of a volatile salt, ammonium acetate, by utilizing an acetonitrile gradient. This solvent system might make it possible to directly interface this RP-HPIPC separation with mass spectral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuwan Thanawiroon
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification to cell surface and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as to lipids. As a result, cells carry a dense coat of carbohydrates on their surfaces that mediates a wide variety of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are crucial to development and function. Because of the historical difficulties with the analysis of complex carbohydrate structures, a detailed understanding of their roles in biology has been slow to develop. Just as mass spectrometry has proven to be the core technology behind proteomics, it stands to play a similar role in the study of functional implications of carbohydrate expression, known as glycomics. This review summarizes the state of knowledge for the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides with regard to neutral, sialylated, and sulfated compound classes. Mass spectrometric techniques for the ionization and fragmentation of oligosaccharides are discussed so as to give the reader the background to make informed decisions to solve structure-activity relations in glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., R-806, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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18
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Gunay NS, Tadano-Aritomi K, Toida T, Ishizuka I, Linhardt RJ. Evaluation of counterions for electrospray ionization mass spectral analysis of a highly sulfated carbohydrate, sucrose octasulfate. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3226-31. [PMID: 12964773 DOI: 10.1021/ac034053l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A systematic approach was used to evaluate the electrospray ionization mass spectral (ESI-MS) analysis of sucrose octasulfate (SOS), an important pharmaceutical agent. SOS represents a model for other suffated carbohydrates, such as heparin and glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides that also are highly sulfated and pose difficult analytical problems. A survey of ammonium counterions showed that 1 degree, 2 degrees, and 3 degrees ammonium salts of SOS gave substantial fragmentation as a result of sulfate loss. In contrast, quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts gave excellent ESI spectra, particularly in the positive ion mode. This represents the first report of the ESI-MS analysis of sulfated carbohydrates in the positive ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sibel Gunay
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Saad OM, Leary JA. Compositional analysis and quantification of heparin and heparan sulfate by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2985-95. [PMID: 12964742 DOI: 10.1021/ac0340455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method using a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) was developed for the identification and quantitative analysis of eight heparan sulfate (HS)- and heparin-derived delta-disaccharides obtained by enzymatic depolymerization. The compositional analysis of nonisomeric disaccharide constituents of heparin/HS was achieved from full-scan MS1 spectra using an internal standard and a calculated response factor for each disaccharide. Diagnostic product ions from MSn spectra of isomeric disaccharides were used for the quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of each of the isomers in mixtures. The protocol was validated using several quality control samples and showed satisfactory accuracy and precision. The analysis is rapid, accurate, and uses no purification or separation steps prior to analysis by MS, thus reducing sample consumption and analysis time of traditional methods. Using this quantitative analysis procedure, percentages of disaccharide compositions for heparins from porcine and bovine intestinal mucosa and heparan sulfate from bovine kidney were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Saad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Yu G, Gunay NS, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Shadid H, Ferro V, Li C, Fewings K, Palermo MC, Podger D. Preparation and anticoagulant activity of the phosphosulfomannan PI-88. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:783-91. [PMID: 12446036 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A yeast-derived phosphomannan mixture was chemically sulfonated and the composition and structure of the product mixture was studied. This phosphosulfomannan mixture, PI-88, is currently under clinical evaluation as an anti-cancer agent. Analysis using capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that PI-88 was a multi-component mixture. Gel permeation chromatography provided four fractions of PI-88 that contained components which differed in size from disaccharide to hexasaccharide, and by degree of sulfation. These fractions were characterised by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and the structure of PI-88 is that expected based on the structure of the phosphomannan starting material. The anticoagulant activity of these fractions was evaluated and the structural requirements for activity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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21
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Casu B, Lindahl U. Structure and biological interactions of heparin and heparan sulfate. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:159-206. [PMID: 11836942 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Casu
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, Milan, Italy
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22
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Pope RM, Raska CS, Thorp SC, Liu J. Analysis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides by nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2001; 11:505-13. [PMID: 11445555 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.6.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive method to identify and quantify heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides by using nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nESI-MS) is described. The new approach allows us to detect approximately 50 nM of a chemically synthesized pentasaccharide with a structure of GlcNS6S-GlcA-GlcNS6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS6SOMe (3-OH pentasaccharide). Typically, solutions were infused for a total of 5 min, at an average flow rate of 30 nl/min, and the remaining sample was recovered from the nanovial. The spectra shown were obtained by summing scans for 1--3 min. Hence, our data indicated that as little as 3 x 10(-15) mole of the pentasaccharide was consumed to obtain a reasonable spectrum at the concentration as low as 50 nM. In addition, we found a linear relationship between the relative response of the molecular ion and the concentration of the analyzed 3-OH pentasaccharide, demonstrating that this approach can be used to determine the amount of HS oligosaccharides. To this end, a 3-O-sulfated pentasaccharide was prepared by incubating the 3-OH pentasaccharide with purified HS 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phospho[(35)S]sulfate. The resulting 3-O-sulfated pentasaccharide was purified and analyzed by nESI-MS. Based on the standard curve constructed with the 3-OH pentasaccharide, we calculated the concentration of the 3-O-sulfated pentasaccharide by the relative response. The result indicates that this value is very close to the value measured by [(35)S]sulfate radioactivity. In conclusion, nESI-MS provides both high sensitivity and the capacity to quantify HSs. This approach is likely to become a very important tool for structural analysis and sequencing of HS and heparin oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pope
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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23
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Oguma T, Toyoda H, Toida T, Imanari T. Analytical method of heparan sulfates using high-performance liquid chromatography turbo-ionspray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:153-9. [PMID: 11318410 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We established a highly sensitive quantitative analytical method of heparan sulfates (HS) by LC-MS-MS. It became possible to determine the unsaturated disaccharides produced by the enzyme digestion of HS, and to perform the whole analyses on one sample within 3 min by use of a short column of CAPCELL PAK NH2 UG80 (35 mm x 2 mm I.D.). The assay method was validated and showed the satisfactory sensitivity, precision and accuracy, which enabled the quantitation up to picomol level. By employing this method, we performed the analyses of HS in mouse brain and liver, and tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mouse transplanted subcutaneously with Meth A fibrosarcoma cells. The compositions of the unsaturated disaccharide units derived from HS were found to be somewhat different among those tissues. It is assumed that the site of sulfation in HS may be controlled by certain regulatory mechanisms. The quantitative method developed in this study is believed to be a very useful method for the determination of compositional profiles of constitutive disaccharide units of tissue HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oguma
- Drug Metabolism and Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Zaia J, Costello CE. Compositional analysis of glycosaminoglycans by electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2001; 73:233-9. [PMID: 11199971 DOI: 10.1021/ac000777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to analyze glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) directly from complex mixtures without the need to purify individual components. Novel conditions for negative ion electrospray MS of chondroitin sulfate (CS) oligosaccharides are described in which sodium adduction and fragmentation are avoided. Differentiation between positional sulfation isomers is demonstrated for CS disaccharides, and a selected reaction monitoring scheme is used to quantify sulfation isomers in disaccharides liberated from decorin and biglycan. A size exclusion chromatography LC/MS method is shown to be effective for compositional analysis of longer CS oligosaccharides. The SEC step serves to simplify the composition of GAGs entering the mass spectrometer at any time, thus allowing the masses of the constituent molecules to be extracted. Mass spectrometric detection produces far more information than conventional UV or fluorescent detectors and allows the monosaccharide composition of individual components to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zaia
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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25
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Nugent MA. Heparin sequencing brings structure to the function of complex oligosaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10301-3. [PMID: 10984527 PMCID: PMC34039 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.19.10301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Room K420, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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26
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Lin YH, Huang WN, Lee SC, Wu WG. Heparin reduces the alpha-helical content of cobra basic phospholipase A(2) and promotes its complex formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2000; 27:171-6. [PMID: 10771068 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(00)00117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has recently attracted attention in view of its implication on inflammation and cell proliferation. By using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements, we demonstrate here that binding of cobra basic phospholipase A(2) from Naja nigricollis (N-PLA(2)) to heparin may induce a significant conformational change observed in the amide I region of the enzyme's alpha-helical and beta-sheet structure. It is observed that notable conformational change of N-PLA(2) due to heparin binding occurs only when heparin's chain length is at least an octasaccharide as evidenced by circular dichroism and optical density measurements. This correlation may be an important factor in the aggregation of N-PLA(2) and N-PLA(2)-heparin complexes. Heparin induced change in conformation of PLA(2) is suggested to be a notable link in understanding the diversity in PLA(2) activity when rendered to the extracellular matrix of cell membranes that is full of GAG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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27
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Lin YH, Lee SC, Chang PY, Rajan PK, Sue SC, Wu WG. Heparin binding to cobra basic phospholipase A2 depends on heparin chain length and amino acid specificity. FEBS Lett 1999; 453:395-9. [PMID: 10405184 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is shown to bind specifically to the carboxy-terminal region of toxic type I phospholipase A2 from Naja nigricollis (N-PLA2) by competition assay using synthetic polypeptides and heparin affinity chromatography. The binding strength is seen to depend on heparin chain length and the presence of N-sulfate groups of heparin. It is observed that both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions are involved in the specific binding of heparin to the carboxy-terminus. When heparin's size is at least a decasaccharide, about two molecules of N-PLA2 bind to one molecule of heparin, as evidenced by the chemical estimate of protein to carbohydrate ratio in such N-PLA2/heparin complexes. Based on such a stoichiometric measurement and computer modeling of the N-PLA2/heparin complex, it is suggested that the binding sites of the two N-PLA2 molecules on one heparin molecule lie on the opposite sides of the heparin chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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28
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Turnbull JE, Hopwood JJ, Gallagher JT. A strategy for rapid sequencing of heparan sulfate and heparin saccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2698-703. [PMID: 10077574 PMCID: PMC15832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides of repeating disaccharide sequences on which are superimposed highly complex and variable patterns of sulfation, especially in heparan sulfate (HS). HS and the structurally related heparin exert important biological functions, primarily by interacting with proteins and regulating their activities. Evidence is accumulating that these interactions depend on specific saccharide sequences, but the lack of simple, direct techniques for sequencing GAG saccharides has been a major obstacle to progress. We describe how HS and heparin saccharides can be sequenced rapidly by using an integrated strategy with chemical and enzymic steps. Attachment of a reducing-end fluorescent tag establishes a reading frame. Partial selective chemical cleavage at internal N-sulfoglucosamine residues with nitrous acid then creates a set of fragments of defined sizes. Subsequent digestion of these fragments with combinations of exosulfatases and exoglycosidases permits the selective removal of specific sulfates and monosaccharides from their nonreducing ends. PAGE of the products yields a pattern of fluorescent bands from which the saccharide sequence can be read directly. Data are presented on sequencing of heparin tetrasaccharides and hexasaccharides of known structure; these data show the accuracy and versatility of this sequencing strategy. Data also are presented on the application of the strategy to the sequencing of an HS decasaccharide of unknown structure. Application and further development of this sequencing strategy, called integral glycan sequencing, will accelerate progress in defining the structure-activity relationships of these complex GAGs and lead to important insights into their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Turnbull
- School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England.
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29
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Smith G, Leary JA. Mechanistic Studies of Diastereomeric Nickel(II) N-Glycoside Complexes Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9814319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Smith
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Julie A. Leary
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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30
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Bondarenko PV, Wolf B, Cai H, Vincent JB, Macfarlane RD, Vigh G. Characterization of Single-Isomer, Heptasulfated β-Cyclodextrins by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Indirect UV Detection Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac971103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Bondarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
| | - Barbara Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
| | - J. Bryan Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
| | - Ronald D. Macfarlane
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
| | - Gyula Vigh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255
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31
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Chai W, Luo J, Lim CK, Lawson AM. Characterization of heparin oligosaccharide mixtures as ammonium salts using electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2060-6. [PMID: 9608845 DOI: 10.1021/ac9712761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among glycosaminoglycans, polysulfated heparin chains provide the greatest challenge to characterization due to high polarity, structural diversity, and sulfate lability. The present report demonstrates how electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) can be used to derive compositional information from pure and mixed fractions of heparin tetra- to decasaccharide fragments prepared by controlled digestion of heparin with heparinase I. It also describes an improved procedure for fractionation of heparin oligosaccharides up to octadecasaccharides. Ammonium salts prove to be superior to sodium salts, particularly for analysis of mixed components. In the mass spectrum of a hexasaccharide fraction, the identification of six major mass peaks that represent the known hexasaccharide structures confirms that ESMS analysis of heparin oligosaccharide fragments gives a close representation of their constituent composition. In addition to the previously identified components, several unreported oligosaccharides were detected in the spectra of octa- and decasaccharide fractions. The ESMS identification of the three major species in a decasaccharide fraction was confirmed after HPLC subfractionation and reanalysis. ESMS detection sensitivity of low picomole amounts of oligosaccharides can be readily achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chai
- MRC Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College School of Medicine, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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32
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Yamada S, Yamane Y, Tsuda H, Yoshida K, Sugahara K. A major common trisulfated hexasaccharide core sequence, hexuronic acid(2-sulfate)-glucosamine(N-sulfate)-iduronic acid-N-acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid-glucosamine(N-sulfate), isolated from the low sulfated irregular region of porcine intestinal heparin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:1863-71. [PMID: 9442018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major structure of the low sulfated irregular region of porcine intestinal heparin was investigated by characterizing the hexasaccharide fraction prepared by extensive digestion of the highly sulfated region with Flavobacterium heparinase and subsequent size fractionation by gel chromatography. Structures of a tetrasaccharide, a pentasaccharide, and eight hexasaccharide components in this fraction, which accounted for approximately 19% (w/w) of the starting heparin representing the major oligosaccharide fraction derived from the irregular region, were determined by chemical and enzymatic analyses as well as 1H NMR spectroscopy. Five compounds including one penta- and four hexasaccharides had hitherto unreported structures. The structure of the pentasaccharide with a glucuronic acid at the reducing terminus was assumed to be derived from the reducing terminus of a heparin glycosaminoglycan chain and may represent the reducing terminus exposed by a tissue endo-beta-glucuronidase involved in the intracellular post-synthetic fragmentation of macromolecular heparin. Eight out of the 10 isolated oligosaccharides shared the trisaccharide sequence, -4IdceA alpha 1-4GlcNAc alpha 1-4GlcA beta 1-, and its reverse sequence, -4GlcA beta 1-4GlcNAc alpha 1-4IdceA alpha 1-, was not found. The latter has not been reported to date for heparin/heparan sulfate, indicating the substrate specificity of the D-glucuronyl C-5 epimerase. Furthermore, seven hexasaccharides shared the common trisulfated hexasaccharide core sequence delta HexA(2-sulfate)alpha 1-4GlcN(N-sulfate)alpha 1-4IdceA alpha 1-4GlcNAc alpha 1-4GlcA beta 1-4GlcN(N-sulfate) which contained the above trisaccharide sequence (delta HexA, IdceA, GlcN, and GlcA represent 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid, L-iduronic acid, D-glucosamine, and D-glucuronic acid, respectively) and additional sulfate groups. The specificity of the heparinase used for preparation of the oligosaccharides indicates the occurrence of the common pentasulfated octasaccharide core sequence, -4GlcN(N-sulfate)alpha 1-4HexA(2-sulfate)1-4GlcN(N-sulfate) alpha 1-4IdceA alpha 1-4GlcNAc alpha 1-4GlcA beta 1-4 GlcN(N-sulfate)alpha 1-4HexA(2-sulfate)1-, where the central hexasaccharide is flanked by GlcN(N-sulfate) and HexA(2-sulfate) on the nonreducing and reducing sides, respectively. The revealed common sequence constituted a low sulfated trisaccharide representing the irregular region sandwiched by highly sulfated regions and should reflect the control mechanism of heparin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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33
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Dai Y, Whittal RM, Bridges CA, Isogai Y, Hindsgaul O, Li L. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of monosulfated oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1997; 304:1-9. [PMID: 9403991 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated oligosaccharides are an important class of compounds in the field of glycobiology. Mass spectrometric analysis of these molecules is challenging due to their readiness to dissociate in sample preparation and their tendency to fragment during ionization. Moreover, their presence in small quantity in biological systems poses additional problems. We report the development of a mass spectrometric method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) in a time-lag focusing time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the analysis of monosulfated oligosaccharides. It is found that coumarin 120 is an excellent matrix for the analysis of monosulfated disaccharides, whereas the use of a mixture of coumarin 120 and 6-aza-2-thiothymine is very effective for the ionization of sulfated trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides including those containing N-acetylneuraminic acid. Molecular ions for a series of synthetic sulfo/sialo beta Gal(1-->3)GlcNAc and beta Gal(1-->4)GlcNAc structures can thus be observed with subpicomole detection sensitivity using a uniform microcrystal matrix/sample preparation procedure. It is demonstrated that, with this matrix formulation, the presence of a high amount of sodium chloride or sodium phosphate buffer, which is often the case for the HPLC fractionated samples, does not deteriorate the MALDI performance. The analysis of mixtures containing different types of oligosaccharides is also examined. It is found that different classes of oligosaccharides require different matrix preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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34
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Mourão PA, Pavão MS, Mulloy B, Wait R. Chondroitin ABC lyase digestion of an ascidian dermatan sulfate. Occurrence of unusual 6-O-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid)-beta-D-galactose units. Carbohydr Res 1997; 300:315-21. [PMID: 9210298 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A dermatan sulfate-like glycosaminoglycan was isolated from the body of the ascidian Ascidia nigra (J. Biol. Chem. 270: 31027-31036, 1995). 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) spectra of the tetra and disaccharides formed by chondroitin ABC lyase digestion support the proposed repeating disaccharide structure for this glycosaminoglycan, [-->4)-alpha-L-IdoA(2SO4)-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalNAc(6SO4)-(1-->] , which differ from mammalian dermatan sulfate in its sulfation at both 2-position of the alpha-L-iduronic acid and the 6-position of the N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Mourão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Seifert
- Analytical Chemistry Center, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030, USA
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36
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Juhasz P, Biemann K. Utility of non-covalent complexes in the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of heparin-derived oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1995; 270:131-47. [PMID: 7585697 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular weights of heparin-derived oligosaccharides ranging from disaccharides to hexadecasaccharides have been determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. While these compounds ionize poorly or not at all when used as such, a strong signal can be obtained of their ionic complexes formed with a basic peptide or protein. The molecular weight of the sulfated oligosaccharide is determined by subtracting the mass of the basic component from that of the complex. Optimization of the experimental conditions resulted in sub-picomole sensitivity, in the elimination of sulfate loss and of the interference from attachment of inorganic cations. Synthetic peptides (Arg-Gly)10 and (Arg-Gly)15 were specifically designed as complexing agents for synthetic and natural heparin fragments up to decasaccharides. Accurate molecular weight determination on chemically homogeneous oligosaccharides (+/- 0.05%) unambiguously identified the number of saccharide units, and the number of O,N-sulfate and N-acetyl groups. For oligosaccharides larger than decasaccharides, a small basic protein, angiogenin (M(r) = 14,120), was used to form the complex (an inhomogeneous hexadecasaccharide fraction was the largest available for this study). For inhomogeneous samples larger than decasaccharides, the mass accuracy is lower (+/- 0.2-0.3%) but still suffices to determine the number of saccharide units present and to estimate the number of sulfate groups, except it is no longer possible to differentiate one sulfate from two N-acetyl groups (delta = 4 Da). However, taking into account known regularities of sulfation and acetylation, the specificity of heparin lyases and chemical degradation steps, the method promises to contribute significantly to the determination of the primary structure of heparin and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juhasz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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37
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Chai W, Hounsell EF, Bauer CJ, Lawson AM. Characterisation by LSI-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy of tetra-, hexa-, and octa-saccharides of porcine intestinal heparin. Carbohydr Res 1995; 269:139-56. [PMID: 7773986 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00349-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The characterisation of oligosaccharide fragments isolated from enzymatically depolymerised porcine intestinal heparin is required in order to probe structure/function relationships of heparin in anticoagulation, antiangiogenesis and antiviral activity. We have used both LSI-MS and 600-MHz 1H NMR with chemical shift assignment by comprehensive 1H-1H TOCSY experiments to fully characterise the major oligosaccharide components including 4 tetrasaccharides, 3 hexasaccharides, and 2 octasaccharides. One of the octasaccharides has not been identified previously and has the structure: delta UA(2S)-GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S)-GlcNS(6S)-IdoA(2S)- GlcNS(6S)-GlcA-GlcNS(6S), where delta UA is 4,5-unsaturated uronic acid (4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid), GlcN is --> 4)-alpha-D-glucosamine, IdoA is --> 4)-alpha-L-iduronic acid, GlcA is --> 4)-beta-D-glucuronic acid, and 2-O-, 6-O-, and 2-N-sulfate are abbreviated to 2S, 6S, and NS, respectively. Nearly complete NMR proton chemical shifts are reported for this data set. In addition a novel approach involving oxymercuration-lipid conjugation was used to independently assign sulfate substitution on the delta UA residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Section, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middx, United Kingdom
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38
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Ii T, Kubota M, Okuda S, Hirano T, Ohashi M. Negative-ion fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of sulfated unsaturated disaccharides from heparin and heparan sulfate. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:162-72. [PMID: 7620334 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry has been used in the characterization of non-, mono-, di- and trisulfated disaccharides from heparin and heparan sulfate. The positional isomers of the sulfate group of monosulfated disaccharides were distinguished from each other by negative-ion fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectra, which provide an easy way of identifying the positional isomers. This fast atom bombardment collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry technique was also applied successfully to the characterization of di- and trisulfated disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ii
- Research and Development Laboratories, Soda Aromatic Co., Ltd, Chiba, Japan
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39
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Mawhinney TP, Chance DL. Structural Elucidation by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry of Multisulfated Oligosaccharides Isolated from Human Respiratory Mucous Glycoproteins. J Carbohydr Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309408011683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Bae J, Desai UR, Pervin A, Caldwell EE, Weiler JM, Linhardt RJ. Interaction of heparin with synthetic antithrombin III peptide analogues. Biochem J 1994; 301 ( Pt 1):121-9. [PMID: 8037658 PMCID: PMC1137151 DOI: 10.1042/bj3010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-binding proteins may contain specific patterns of basic amino acids, called consensus sequences, that interact with heparin. Small peptides were synthesized that contained consensus sequences (i.e. FAKLNCRLYRKANKSSK) or disrupted consensus sequences (i.e. K136-->A) based on the known sequence of antithrombin III (amino acid residues 123-139). These peptides were then examined in both competitive and non-competitive binding experiments using bioassays, fluorescence spectroscopy, affinity chromatography and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Both the consensus and disrupted-consensus peptide bound to heparin. Peptides with consensus sequences bound specifically to the pentasaccharide antithrombin III-binding site within heparin. In contrast, peptides with disrupted consensus sequences showed no specificity, binding to any sequence within heparin. Proton nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy demonstrated the proximity of leucine and tyrosine (within the consensus sequence) to the N-acetyl moiety found primarily within the pentasaccharide antithrombin III-binding site of heparin. This experiment confirmed the findings of the other techniques and helped to localize the binding sites in both peptides and heparin. A model is proposed for both specific and non-specific heparin interaction with consensus and disrupted-consensus peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bae
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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41
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Juhasz P, Biemann K. Mass spectrometric molecular-weight determination of highly acidic compounds of biological significance via their complexes with basic polypeptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4333-7. [PMID: 8183908 PMCID: PMC43779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.10.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly acidic compounds that are difficult to ionize by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization give excellent spectra when mixed with a basic peptide or protein to form a noncovalent complex. This phenomenon makes it possible to determine the molecular weights of polysulfated, -sulfonated, and -phosphorylated biomolecules such as cysteic acid-containing peptides, oligonucleotides, heparin-derived oligosaccharides, and suramin (a drug containing two trisulfonated naphthalene moieties). Peptides and small proteins rich in arginine were used as the basic components. The extent of complex formation correlates with the number of phosphate and sulfate groups in the acidic component and with the number of arginines in the basic component. Neither the acidic amino acid residue aspartic and glutamic acid nor the basic lysine and histidine contribute to complex formation. For oligonucleotides, histone H4 was found to be the best complexing agent investigated. The analytical utility of the complex formation is demonstrated by the molecular-mass determination of acidic compounds from 500 to 6000 Da at the picomole or sub-picomole level with an accuracy of +/- 0.1% or better and by the absence of alkali cation adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Juhasz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139-4307
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42
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Ii T, Okuda S, Hirano T, Ohashi M. Tandem mass spectrometry for characterization of unsaturated disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:123-32. [PMID: 7804002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry has been used in the characterization of non-, mono-, di- and trisulfated disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan. The positional isomers of the sulfate group of mono- and disulfated disaccharides were distinguished from each other by both positive- and negative-ion fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectra, which gave sufficient information characteristic of the isomers. The anomeric isomers of nonsulfated disaccharides were characterized by the technique in the positive-ion mode. This fast atom bombardment collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry technique was also applied successfully to the characterization of trisulfated disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ii
- Research and Development Laboratories, Soda Aromatic Company, Ltd., Chiba, Japan
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43
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Da Col R, Silvestro L, Naggi A, Torri G, Baiocchi C, Moltrasio D, Cedro A, Viano I. Characterization of the chemical structure of sulphated glycosaminoglycans after enzymatic digestion. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure interface. J Chromatogr A 1993; 647:289-300. [PMID: 8227268 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83409-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatically assisted electrospray was demonstrated to be a powerful ionization source for the analysis of oligosaccharides. A mass spectrometer was interfaced to an HPLC system, using this interface, to determine oligosaccharides from the enzymatic digestion of heparin separated on a reversed-phase column. To set up the technique, and particularly to clarify the ionization process, purified disaccharides, from enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulphates, were measured. The use of a suitable counter ion in the mobile phase, tetrapropylammonium (TPA), to optimize the HPLC separation, gave, with sulphated di- and oligosaccharides, adducts [M + nTPA - (n + m)H]m-, which were unexpectedly stable to fragmentation; molecular ions [M - (n + 1)H]n-, in the presence of the counter ion, were observed only with desulphated or monosulphated disaccharides. The stability of the adducts and the use of a deuterated ion-pair reagent permitted an exact evaluation of the molecular masses of disaccharides and oligosaccharides of unknown structure. Spectra obtained in the absence of the counter ion contained singly or multiply charged molecular ions and fragmentation ions mainly from loss of the sulphate groups; under these ionization conditions the exact mass determination and interpretation of the spectra were difficult. After removal of the counter ion, tandem mass spectra could be obtained with some interesting data for the characterization of these molecules. Complete spectral analyses were performed with amounts of samples of 50 micrograms but, using microbore columns, one twentieth of this amount may give good spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Da Col
- Res Pharma Pharmacological Research Srl, Turin, Italy
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44
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Khoo KH, Morris HR, McDowell RA, Dell A, Maccarana M, Lindahl U. FABMS/derivatisation strategies for the analysis of heparin-derived oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 1993; 244:205-23. [PMID: 8348550 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(83)85002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Derivatisation/FABMS strategies applicable to the structure analysis of low microgram quantities of heparin-derived oligosaccharides are described. Negative and positive FAB data from permethyl derivatives and positive FAB data from the products of subsequent methanolysis are reported for sulfated tetrasaccharides prepared by nitrous acid degradation of heparin. The preparation and FAB behaviour of acetylated derivatives of sulfated oligosaccharides are described for the first time, and the stability of the sulfate groups to base-catalysed acetylation is demonstrated. The acetylation/FABMS methodology, which yields high quality data, shows promise for the characterisation of a wide range of sulfated glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Khoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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45
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Yamada S, Yoshida K, Sugiura M, Sugahara K, Khoo K, Morris H, Dell A. Structural studies on the bacterial lyase-resistant tetrasaccharides derived from the antithrombin III-binding site of porcine intestinal heparin. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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46
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The detection, purification, structural characterization, and metabolism of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate(s) and bisdiphosphoinositol tetrakisphosphate(s). J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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47
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Lamb DJ, Wang HM, Mallis LM, Linhardt RJ. Negative ion fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry to determine sulfate and linkage position in glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1992; 3:797-803. [PMID: 24234702 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(92)80002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1992] [Revised: 06/02/1992] [Accepted: 06/23/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry has been used in the analysis of monosulfated. disaccharides. These commercially obtained disaccharides have been enzymatically prepared from glycosaminoglycans using polysaccharide lyases. Three disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate and two disaccharides from heparan sulfate and chemically derivatized heparin were analyzed. All five disaccharides were isomeric, with differences in sulfate position and linkage position. The full-scan mass spectra are useful in differentiating isomers when the sulfate group resides on different saccharide units. This structural information was obtained from fragment ions produced through cleavage at the glycosidic linkage. The full-scan mass spectra of each monosulfated disaccharide also produced intense molecular anions having long lifetimes. Collisional activation of these resulted in tandem mass spectra rich in significant product ions. Some of these fragment ions were formed through ring cleavage and were useful in the determination of both sulfate and linkage position.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lamb
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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48
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Lee KB, Desai UR, Palcic MM, Hindsgaul O, Linhardt RJ. An electrophoresis-based assay for glycosyltransferase activity. Anal Biochem 1992; 205:108-14. [PMID: 1443547 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90586-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) were used to measure the activity of glycosyltransferases. Acceptor molecules were prepared by reductive amination of the monopotassium 7-amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (AGA) Schiff base with sugars. The resulting sugar conjugates were purified by gradient PAGE and recovered using semidry electrotransfer into a positively charged nylon membrane. The beta(1----4)galactosyltransferase was shown, by PAGE analysis, to transfer a beta-galactosyl residue to the AGA conjugate of beta-D-GlcNAc-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1----4)-D-GlcNAc (compound 4). Similarly, alpha(1----2)fucosyltransferase isolated from porcine submaxillary glands was shown to transfer fucose from GDP-fucose to the AGA conjugate of beta-D-Gal-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1----6)-D-Gal (compound 5). This conjugate (compound 5) was also an acceptor for the alpha(1----3/4)fucosyltransferase partially purified from human milk. The latter reaction was followed by both gradient PAGE and CZE, having sensitivities of 200 pmol and 80 fmol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Lee
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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49
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Linhardt RJ, Wang HM, Loganathan D, Lamb DJ, Mallis LM. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived oligosaccharides using fast-atom-bombardment mass-spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 1992; 225:137-45. [PMID: 1633599 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)80045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Linhardt
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
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50
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Linhardt RJ, Wang HM, Loganathan D, Bae JH. Search for the heparin antithrombin III-binding site precursor. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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