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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. Immunoaffinity Capillary Electrophoresis in the Era of Proteoforms, Liquid Biopsy and Preventive Medicine: A Potential Impact in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Disease Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1443. [PMID: 34680076 PMCID: PMC8533156 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, multiple biomarkers have been used to aid in disease screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy. As of late, protein biomarkers are gaining strength in their role for early disease diagnosis and prognosis in part due to the advancements in identification and characterization of a distinct functional pool of proteins known as proteoforms. Proteoforms are defined as all of the different molecular forms of a protein derived from a single gene caused by genetic variations, alternative spliced RNA transcripts and post-translational modifications. Monitoring the structural changes of each proteoform of a particular protein is essential to elucidate the complex molecular mechanisms that guide the course of disease. Clinical proteomics therefore holds the potential to offer further insight into disease pathology, progression, and prevention. Nevertheless, more technologically advanced diagnostic methods are needed to improve the reliability and clinical applicability of proteomics in preventive medicine. In this manuscript, we review the use of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) as an emerging powerful diagnostic tool to isolate, separate, detect and characterize proteoform biomarkers obtained from liquid biopsy. IACE is an affinity capture-separation technology capable of isolating, concentrating and analyzing a wide range of biomarkers present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of target analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. IACE has the potential to generate rapid results with significant accuracy, leading to reliability and reproducibility in diagnosing and monitoring disease. Additionally, IACE has the capability of monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic agents by quantifying companion and complementary protein biomarkers. With advancements in telemedicine and artificial intelligence, the implementation of proteoform biomarker detection and analysis may significantly improve our capacity to identify medical conditions early and intervene in ways that improve health outcomes for individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Nevídalová H, Michalcová L, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay and aptamer assay: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:414-433. [PMID: 31975407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the group of techniques called affinity probe CE has been widely used for the detection and the determination of several types of biomolecules with high sensitivity. These techniques combine the low sample consumption and high separation power of CE with the selectivity of the probe to the target molecule. The assays can be defined according to the type of probe used: CE immunoassays, with an antibody as the probe, or aptamer-based CE, with an aptamer as the probe. Immunoassays are generally divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, and homogeneous variant can be further performed in competitive or noncompetitive formats. Interacting partners are free in solution at homogeneous assay, as opposed to heterogeneous analyses, where one of them is immobilized onto a solid support. Highly sensitive fluorescence, chemiluminescence or electrochemical detections were typically used in this type of study. The use of the aptamers as probes has several advantages over antibodies such as shorter generation time, higher thermal stability, lower price, and lower variability. The aptamer-based CE technique was in practice utilized for the determination of proteins in biological fluids and environmentally or clinically important small molecules. Both techniques were also transferred to microchip. This review is focused on theoretical principles of these techniques and a summary of their applications in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nevídalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalcová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Boltovets P, Shinkaruk S, Vellutini L, Snopok B. Self-tuning interfacial architecture for Estradiol detection by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 90:91-95. [PMID: 27886605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the operation principles for reusable SPR biosensors utilizing nanoscale-specific electrostatic levitation phenomena in their sensitive layer design. Functional macromolecular building blocks localized near the "charged" surface by a variety of weak electrostatic interactions create a flexible and structurally variable architecture. A proof-of-concept is demonstrated by an immunospecific detection of 17β-Estradiol (E2) following the competitive inhibition format. The sensing interfacial architecture is based on the BSA-E2 conjugate within the BSA matrix immobilized on the "charged" (as a result of guanidine thiocyanate treatment) gold surface at pH 5.0. Kinetic analysis for different E2 concentrations shows that using parameter β of the stretched exponential function ~(1-exp(-(t/τ)β) as an analyte-specific response measure allows one to substantially decrease the low detection limit (down to 10-3ng/ml) and increase the dynamic range (10-3-103ng/ml) of the SPR biosensor. Finally, it's concluded that the created interfacial architecture is a typical complex system, where SPR response is formed by the stochastic interactions within the whole variety of processes in the system. The E2 addition destroys the uniformity of the reaction space (where an interaction of the antibody (Ab) and the analog of E2 in the self-tuneable matrix takes place) by the redistribution of the immunospecific complexes Ab(E2)x (x=0, 1, 2) dependent on E2 concentration. Binding dynamics changes are reflected in the values of β which summarize in compact form all "hidden" information specific for the evolving distributed interfacial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praskoviya Boltovets
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS Ukraine, 41 Prospect Nauki, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Shinkaruk
- University Bordeaux, UMR 5255, ISM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM, U862, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Vellutini
- University Bordeaux, UMR 5255, ISM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, UMR 5255, ISM, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Borys Snopok
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS Ukraine, 41 Prospect Nauki, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine.
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Zhou YG, Wan Y, Sage AT, Poudineh M, Kelley SO. Effect of microelectrode structure on electrocatalysis at nucleic acid-modified sensors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14322-14328. [PMID: 25377873 DOI: 10.1021/la502990s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using an electrocatalytic reporter system and nanostructured microelectrodes is a powerful approach to ultrasensitive biosensing. In this report we systematically study for the first time the behavior of an electrocatalytic reporter system at nucleic acid-modified electrodes with varying structures and sizes. [Ru(NH3)6](3+) is used as a primary electron acceptor that is electrostatically attracted to nucleic acid-modified electrodes, and [Fe(CN)6](3-) is introduced into the redox system as a secondary electron acceptor to regenerate Ru(3+) after electrochemical reduction. We found that the electrode structure has strong impact on mass transport and electron-transfer kinetics, with structures of specific dimensions yielding much higher electrochemical signals and catalytic efficiencies. The electrocatalytic signals obtained when gold sensors were electrodeposited in both circular and linear apertures were studied, and the smallest structures plated in linear apertures were found to exhibit the best performance with high current densities and turnover rates. This study provides important information for optimal assay performance and insights for the future design and fabrication of high performance biomolecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, and §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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Liao YH, Shih JS. Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Anti-Protein Immunosensors Based on Immobilized Fullerene C60-Proteins. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zong S, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wang C, Xu S, Cui Y. A multiplex and straightforward aqueous phase immunoassay protocol through the combination of SERS-fluorescence dual mode nanoprobes and magnetic nanobeads. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:745-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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High selective and sensitive capillary electrophoresis-based electrochemical immunoassay enhanced by gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:452-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kanso H, Barthelmebs L, Inguimbert N, Noguer T. Immunosensors for Estradiol and Ethinylestradiol Based on New Synthetic Estrogen Derivatives: Application to Wastewater Analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2397-404. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303406c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kanso
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Institut de Modélisation et d’Analyse
en Géo-Environnement et Santé, EA 4218, F-66860, Perpignan,
France
| | - Lise Barthelmebs
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Institut de Modélisation et d’Analyse
en Géo-Environnement et Santé, EA 4218, F-66860, Perpignan,
France
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire de Chimie des Biomolécules
et de l′Environnement, EA 4215, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Thierry Noguer
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Institut de Modélisation et d’Analyse
en Géo-Environnement et Santé, EA 4218, F-66860, Perpignan,
France
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Mateescu A, Sergelen K, Kibrom A, Jonas U, Wei T, Dostalek J. Biosensor based on hydrogel optical waveguide spectroscopy for the detection of 17β-estradiol. Talanta 2013; 104:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Zhang X, Zhang Z. Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay with electrochemical detection as rapid method for determination of saxitoxin and decarbamoylsaxitoxin in shellfish samples. J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang Z. Development of a Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Enzyme Immunoassay with Electrochemical Detection for the Determination of Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin2 in Shellfish Samples. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.675498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Zhang Z. Capillary Electrophoresis-Based Immunoassay for the Determination of Brevetoxin-B in Shellfish using Electrochemical Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:107-11. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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13
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Zhang XW, Zhang ZX. Quantification of domoic acid in shellfish samples by capillary electrophoresis-based enzyme immunoassay with electrochemical detection. Toxicon 2012; 59:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Liu J, Ning B, Liu M, Sun Y, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Fan X, Zhou Z, Gao Z. Construction of ribosome display library based on lipocalin scaffold and screening anticalins with specificity for estradiol. Analyst 2012; 137:2470-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ye F, Shi M, Huang Y, Zhao S. Noncompetitive immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum by microchip electrophoresis for cancer diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1058-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Ji T, Muenker MC, Papineni RVL, Harder JW, Vizard DL, McLaughlin WE. Increased sensitivity in antigen detection with fluorescent latex nanosphere-IgG antibody conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:427-35. [PMID: 20163157 DOI: 10.1021/bc900295v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IgG antibodies were conjugated to Kodak X-Sight nanospheres to develop fluorescent-labeled antibodies using two different synthetic routes: one involving the DTT reduction method, and the other involving Traut's Reagent modification method. These two methods result in different conjugation efficiencies and different performances in antigen detection. Western blotting shows that the nanosphere-IgG antibody conjugates synthesized using the DTT reduction method are more immunospecific than the conjugates synthesized using Traut's Reagent modification method. In addition, the conjugates synthesized using DTT reduction also show higher antigen detection sensitivity than other commercially available fluorescent-IgG antibody conjugates, including Alexa Fluor, Qdot, and CyDye conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ji
- Carestream Molecular Imaging, Carestream Health, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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17
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Lee YC, Lee TH, Han HK, Go WJ, Yang JW, Shin HJ. Optical properties of fluorescein-labeled organoclay. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:520-7. [PMID: 20158670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of aminopropyl-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate (Mg-organoclay) conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) functionality (FITC-organoclay) by one-pot sol-gel synthesis. The physical characteristics of the Mg- and FITC-organoclays were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. X-ray fluorescence and elemental analysis were conducted to confirm the composition of the Mg-organoclay. The FITC-organoclay particles were polydispersed with an average particle size of approximately 50 nm, as determined from SEM images. The XRD patterns of FITC-organoclay exhibited broad peaks and reduced basal d(001) indicating a less condensed and more disordered structure than was observed for Mg-organoclay. The conjugation between FITC- and Mg-organoclay was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectral data demonstrated the successful conjugation of FITC dye molecules to the Mg-organoclay. The time-resolved fluorescence measurements revealed that FITC had a lifetime of 4.58 ns, whereas the lifetime of FITC-organoclay required a double exponential fit (tau(1,2) = 0.72 and 2.68 ns). As a result, the lifetime of the FITC-organoclay was shorter than that of FITC in ethanol and indicated moderate photostability in the solution state. The cellular uptake of FITC-organoclay in human lung alveolar carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) was quantified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering (BK 21 Program), KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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18
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Wang W, Zhang S, Liu C, Lu L, Wang S, Zhang X. CE immunoassay with enhanced chemiluminescence detection of erythropoietin using silica dioxide nanoparticles as pseudostationary phase. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3092-3098. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang C, Ma G, Fang G, Zhang Y, Wang S. Development of a capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay with laser-induced fluorescence for the detection of carbaryl in rice samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8832-8837. [PMID: 18781759 DOI: 10.1021/jf801645m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis-based competitive immunoassay (CEIA) with a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector for the determination of carbaryl was developed. The method was based on the competitive reactions between fluorescently labeled carbaryl tracer (Ag*) and free carbaryl (Ag) with a limited amount of anticarbaryl antibody (Ab), and the relative amounts of each were separated and determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with an LIF detector. Using CEIA, equilibrium was reached in 30 min, and the analytical results were obtained within a further 8 min. The linear range and the detection limit for carbaryl were 0.16-50 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity of this CEIA with an LIF detector was almost 14 times greater than that of ELISA, which used the same immuno-reagents. The method was also applied to the analysis of carbaryl in rice with rapid and simple sample pretreatment. The method is thus proposed as a fast and sensitive assay for the detection of carbaryl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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20
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Xin TB, Liang SX, Wang X, Li H, Lin JM. Determination of estradiol in human serum using magnetic particles-based chemiluminescence immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Zhang C, Wang S, Fang G, Zhang Y, Jiang L. Competitive immunoassay by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence for the trace detection of chloramphenicol in animal-derived foods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3422-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Chen HX, Zhang XX. Antibody development to testosterone and its application in capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3406-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Paschkewitz JS, Molho JI, Xu H, Bharadwaj R, Park CC. Turn-induced isotachophoretic focusing in microfluidic channels. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4561-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Liu YM, Mu HB, Zheng YL, Wang CQ, Chen YH, Li FR, Wang JH, Cheng JK. Capillary electrophoretic immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein with chemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:280-5. [PMID: 17531550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic immunoassay with chemiluminescence detection (CEIA-CL) using a non-competitive format for analyzing tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been developed. In this method, antigen (Ag) AFP reacts with an excess amount of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antibody (Ab*). The free Ab* and the bound Ab*-Ag complex produced in the solution are separated by CE in a separation capillary. Then they catalyze the reaction of enzyme substrate luminol and H(2)O(2) in a reaction capillary following the separation capillary. Parameters affecting the CE separation and CL detection were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the free Ab* and the Ab*-Ag complex were well separated within 4 min, the linear range and the detection limit (S/N=3) for AFP were 5-500 ng/ml and 0.85 ng/ml (1.2 x 10(-11)M), respectively. The proposed method has been applied satisfactorily in the analysis of human sera samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.
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25
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Herr AE, Hatch AV, Giannobile WV, Throckmorton DJ, Tran HM, Brennan JS, Singh AK. Integrated microfluidic platform for oral diagnostics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1098:362-74. [PMID: 17435142 PMCID: PMC2572166 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1384.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While many point-of-care (POC) diagnostic methods have been developed for blood-borne analytes, development of saliva-based POC diagnostics is in its infancy. We have developed a portable microfluidic device for detection of potential biomarkers of periodontal disease in saliva. The device performs rapid microfluidic chip-based immunoassays (<3-10 min) with low sample volume requirements (10 microL) and appreciable sensitivity (nM-pM). Our microfluidic method facilitates hands-free saliva analysis by integrating sample pretreatment (filtering, enrichment, mixing) with electrophoretic immunoassays to quickly measure analyte concentrations in minimally pretreated saliva samples. The microfluidic chip has been integrated with miniaturized electronics, optical elements, such as diode lasers, fluid-handling components, and data acquisition software to develop a portable, self-contained device. The device and methods are being tested by detecting potential biomarkers in saliva samples from patients diagnosed with periodontal disease. Our microchip-based analysis can readily be extended to detection of biomarkers of other diseases, both oral and systemic, in saliva and other oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Herr
- Biosystems Research Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA
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Abstract
This paper reviews immunoaffinity CE procedures developed since 1998 for drug, hormone, and disease marker analyses of body fluids and tissues. Immunoaffinity CE and related techniques are described. Examples of clinical applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta K Amundsen
- Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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27
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Dunkle MN, Herrmann JK, Colón H, Pennington C, Colón LA. Evaluation of a fluorescein-labeled estradiol derivative for use in affinity capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Wang J, Ren J. A sensitive and rapid immunoassay for quantification of CA125 in human sera by capillary electrophoresis with enhanced chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2402-8. [PMID: 15895464 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we have presented a sensitive and rapid immunoassay (IA) method by capillary electrophoresis with an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (CE-CL) based on the catalytic effects of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the luminol-hydrogen peroxide reaction. The conditions for the CL reaction and electrophoresis were systematically investigated using HRP as a model sample. The linear range from 2.5 x 10(-11) to 1.0 x 10(-9) mol/L (R = 0.999), and the detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-12) mol/L (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for HRP were achieved using para-iodophenol as CL enhancer. The relative standard deviations of the migration time and peak area for 5.0 x 10(-10) mol/L HRP (n = 7) were 0.26 and 4.8%, respectively, using a CE system with a home-built CL detector. Under the optimal condition, the HRP-labeled CA125 antibody (Ab) and the Ab-antigen complex were well separated within 4 min by CE using a high-pH buffer (pH 10.20). The assay was successfully used for quantification of CA125 in human sera from health controls and patients associated with ovarian cancer, and the recoveries of the standard addition experiments were 93-109%. Our primary results demonstrated that IA based on CE-CL detection is a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis combined with these commercial IA kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Miki S, Kaneta T, Imasaka T. Capillary electrophoresis immunoassay based on an on-column immunological reaction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1066:197-203. [PMID: 15794571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An on-column immunological reaction was employed to achieve simple and rapid analysis in an immunoassay based on capillary electrophoresis using semiconductor laser-induced fluorescence detection. Human serum albumin (HSA) labeled with sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl ester (Cy5), a fluorescent compound with an absorption maximum at 649 nm, was used as a fluorescent probe for the immunoassay. In a binding assay, with anti-HSA as the analyte molecule, Cy5-HSA was injected in a capillary column followed by the injection of anti-HSA so as to form individual zones. By applying a potential, the anti-HSA reacted with Cy5-HSA at the boundary between Cy5-HSA and anti-HSA zones, since anti-HSA has a higher electrophoretic mobility than Cy5-HSA. Furthermore, the on-column method enhances the sensitivity by injecting a large volume of the sample. Free Cy5-HSA and its immunocomplex with anti-HSA were separated with less degradation in resolution than that predicted from the injection time of anti-HSA, even when the injection time for anti-HSA was increased. The ratio of the peak area of the complex to that of the total Cy5-HSA (free Cy5-HSA and the complex) increased in proportion to the injection time of anti-HSA. As a result, the detection limit was improved up to eight-fold (the concentration detection limit, 0.007 mg mL(-1), for an injection time of 240 s, compared to that obtained using an off-column sample preparation. Furthermore, the on-column reaction method was applicable to an immunoassay to determine native HSA, in which native HSA and Cy5-HSA react with anti-HSA stepwise. The detection limit in the stepwise reaction immunoassay was 0.005 mg mL(-1), which is 14 times lower than that in an off-column method, with the analysis time less than 10 min as the result of increasing the injection time of native HSA. In addition, the present on-column immunoassay was applied to the sample containing a high concentration of salts for investigating the effect of salts in the sample solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Miki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Yeung WSB, Luo GA, Wang QG, Ou JP. Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:217-28. [PMID: 14630151 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay (CEIA) is a developing analytical technique with a number of advantages over conventional immunoassay, such as reduced sample consumption, simpler procedure, easy simultaneous determination of multiple analytes, and short analysis time. However, there are still a number of technical issues that researchers on CEIA have to solve before the assay can be more widely used. These issues include method to improve the concentration sensitivity of the assay, requirement for robust separation strategy for different analytes, and method to increase the throughput of the assay. The approaches to solve these issues are reviewed. Several studies have been devoted to develop general separation strategies for CEIA, and to enhance the sensitivity of detection. The recent development of microchip-based CEIA is encouraging and is likely to address more drawbacks of CEIA, particularly on the throughput issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Mi J, Li Y, Chang W. Sensitive ELISA for determination of serum E2 using a new tracer E2-Biotin. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2004; 24:369-82. [PMID: 14677655 DOI: 10.1081/ias-120025775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new tracer conjugate of E2-Biotin, with different spacers, was synthesized at position 3 in the estradiol molecule for first time. Immunoreactivity of the tracer was determined by reacting with the anti-E2 monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibodies raised against E2 were characterized for its use in ELISA detection systems of serum E2. The purified antibody has a high affinity and specificity for E2. The antibody and tracer were used for establishing a competitive ELISA for estradiol (E2). The experimental results showed that the dose-response curve of the assay covered a range of 33-20,000 pg/mL (n = 8). The detection limit is 28.3 pg/mL (S/N = 3). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for the assay of serum samples ranged from 5.7 to 13.2% and from 5.3 to 10.6%, respectively. Precoated microtiter plates were dried at 4 degrees C and they were stable for up to 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Liu CM, Tung KH, Chang TH, Chien CC, Yen MH. Analysis of secretory immunoglobulin A in human saliva by laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:315-21. [PMID: 12798191 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The utility of capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been demonstrated for the analysis of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in human saliva. The amount of sIgA in saliva correlates with immune status. For detecting salivary sIgA, laser-induced fluorescence was conducted in this report for signal amplification. sIgA and anti-sIgA antibody were labeled with cyanine fluorescence (Cy5) for competitive immunoassay and non-competitive analysis, respectively. Cy5 was excited by He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 635 nm, with maximum emission at 670 nm. Migration time during electrophoresis depended on whether sIgA-Cy5 was mixed with antibody or anti-sIgA-Cy5 mixed with sIgA to form Ag-Ab complex. The results indicated that CE competitive immunoassay was effective for analyzing serum sIgA, but not for salivary sIgA. However, salivary sIgA can be analyzed by complex formation assay. The peak area of the complex was proportional to the amount of sIgA added. A standard linear regression curve was generated using purified sIgA. From this standard curve, the amount of sIgA from saliva of either normal or immunocompromised patients can be calculated from the Ag-Ab complex peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shin Street, Taipei, Taiwan.
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