1
|
Barman BN, Williams PS, Myers MN, Giddings JC. Split-Flow Thin (SPLITT) Cell Separations Operating under Sink-Float Mode Using Centrifugal and Gravitational Fields. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhajendra N. Barman
- Field-Flow Fractionation
Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. Stephen Williams
- Field-Flow Fractionation
Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Marcus N. Myers
- Field-Flow Fractionation
Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J. Calvin Giddings
- Field-Flow Fractionation
Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Williams PS, Martin M, Hoyos M. Acoustophoretic Mobility and Its Role in Optimizing Acoustofluidic Separations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6543-6550. [PMID: 28513151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the separation sciences, sample species are separated according to their physicochemical properties, the nature of the selective field, and, if present, the properties of the medium in which they are dissolved or suspended. Separations may be carried out on a continuous basis in microfluidic devices or split-flow thin channel (SPLITT) devices by selectively transporting species in a direction transverse to the direction of flow of the suspending fluid. Separation is achieved in the so-called transport mode according to relative differences in mobility of the species under the influence of the applied field. Gravitational, centrifugal, thermal gradient, magnetic, electric, and dielectric fields may all be used for continuous SPLITT fractionation. We present here the theory for optimizing the operation of the relatively new technique of acoustic SPLITT fractionation for the continuous separation of non-Brownian materials. The theory is based on a quantitatively defined acoustophoretic mobility that is consistent with the generalized concept of mobility proposed by Giddings. Until now, acoustophoretic mobility has almost exclusively been used as a qualitative descriptor for velocity induced by an acoustic field. The quantitative definition presented here will contribute to the advancement of all forms of acoustofluidic separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Martin
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mauricio Hoyos
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL (Paris Sciences et Lettres) Research University, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris-Diderot , 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moore LR, Nehl F, Dorn J, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Open Gradient Magnetic Red Blood Cell Sorter Evaluation on Model Cell Mixtures. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2013; 49:309-315. [PMID: 24910468 PMCID: PMC4047673 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2012.2225098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The emerging applications of biological cell separation to rare circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection and separation from blood rely on efficient methods of red blood cell (RBC) debulking. The two most widely used methods of centrifugation and RBC lysis have been associated with the concomitant significant losses of the cells of interest (such as progenitor cells or circulating tumor cells). Moreover, RBC centrifugation and lysis are not well adapted to the emerging diagnostic applications, relying on microfluidics and micro-scale total analytical systems. Therefore, magnetic RBC separation appears a logical alternative considering the high iron content of the RBC (normal mean 105 fg) as compared to the white blood cell iron content (normal mean 1.6 fg). The typical magnetic forces acting on a RBC are small, however, as compared to typical forces associated with centrifugation or the forces acting on synthetic magnetic nanoparticles used in current magnetic cell separations. This requires a significant effort in designing and fabricating a practical magnetic RBC separator. Applying advanced designs to the low cost, high power permanent magnets currently available, and building on the accumulated knowledge of the immunomagnetic cell separation methods and devices, an open gradient magnetic red blood cell (RBC) sorter was designed, fabricated and tested on label-free cell mixtures, with potential applications to RBC debulking from whole blood samples intended for diagnostic tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Moore
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Franzisca Nehl
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwesen/Bioverfahrenstechnik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jenny Dorn
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Maschinenwesen/Bioverfahrenstechnik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sajja VSK, Kennedy DJ, Todd PW, Hanley TR. Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Quadrupole Magnetic Sorter Flow Channel: Effect of Splitter Position on Nonspecific Crossover. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011; 89:1068-1075. [PMID: 21984840 DOI: 10.1002/cjce.20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the Quadrupole Magnetic Sorter (QMS) magnetic particles enter a vertical flow annulus and are separated from non-magnetic particles by radial deflection into an outer annulus where the purified magnetic particles are collected via a flow splitter. The purity of magnetically isolated particles in QMS is affected by the migration of nonmagnetic particles across transport lamina in the annular flow channel. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to predict the flow patterns, pressure drop and nonspecific crossover in QMS flow channel for the isolation of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Simulation results were compared with the experimental results to validate the CFD model. Results of the simulations were used to show that one design gives up to 10% less nonspecific crossover than another and this model can be used to optimise the flow channel design to achieve maximum purity of magnetic particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S K Sajja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schneider T, Karl S, Moore LR, Chalmers JJ, Williams PS, Zborowski M. Sequential CD34 cell fractionation by magnetophoresis in a magnetic dipole flow sorter. Analyst 2010; 135:62-70. [PMID: 20024182 PMCID: PMC3509203 DOI: 10.1039/b908210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation and fractionation based on fluorescent and magnetic labeling procedures are common tools in contemporary research. These techniques rely on binding of fluorophores or magnetic particles conjugated to antibodies to target cells. Cell surface marker expression levels within cell populations vary with progression through the cell cycle. In an earlier work we showed the reproducible magnetic fractionation (single pass) of the Jurkat cell line based on the population distribution of CD45 surface marker expression. Here we present a study on magnetic fractionation of a stem and progenitor cell (SPC) population using the established acute myelogenous leukemia cell line KG-1a as a cell model. The cells express a CD34 cell surface marker associated with the hematopoietic progenitor cell activity and the progenitor cell lineage commitment. The CD34 expression level is approximately an order of magnitude lower than that of the CD45 marker, which required further improvements of the magnetic fractionation apparatus. The cells were immunomagnetically labeled using a sandwich of anti-CD34 antibody-phycoerythrin (PE) conjugate and anti-PE magnetic nanobead and fractionated into eight components using a continuous flow dipole magnetophoresis apparatus. The CD34 marker expression distribution between sorted fractions was measured by quantitative PE flow cytometry (using QuantiBRITE PE calibration beads), and it was shown to be correlated with the cell magnetophoretic mobility distribution. A flow outlet addressing scheme based on the concept of the transport lamina thickness was used to control cell distribution between the eight outlet ports. The fractional cell distributions showed good agreement with numerical simulations of the fractionation based on the cell magnetophoretic mobility distribution in the unsorted sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey J. Chalmers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoyos M, Niño A, Camargo M, Díaz JC, León S, Camacho M. Separation of Leishmania-infected macrophages by step-SPLITT fractionation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3712-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Williams PS, Carpino F, Zborowski M. Theory for nanoparticle retention time in the helical channel of quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2009; 321:1446-1451. [PMID: 20161002 PMCID: PMC2757298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation (QMgFFF) is a separation and characterization technique for magnetic nanoparticles such as those used for cell labeling and for targeted drug therapy. A helical separation channel is used to efficiently exploit the quadrupole magnetic field. The fluid and sample components therefore have angular and longitudinal components to their motion in the thin annular space occupied by the helical channel. The retention ratio is defined as the ratio of the times for non retained and a retained material to pass through the channel. Equations are derived for the respective angular and longitudinal components to retention ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Stephen Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Francesca Carpino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams PS, Hoyos M, Kurowski P, Salhi D, Moore LR, Zborowski M. Characterization of nonspecific crossover in split-flow thin channel fractionation. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7105-15. [PMID: 18698797 DOI: 10.1021/ac800841q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Split-flow thin channel (SPLITT) fractionation is a technique for continuous separation of particles or macromolecules in a fluid stream into fractions according to the lateral migration induced by application of a field perpendicular to the direction of flow. Typical applications have involved isolation of different fractions from a polydisperse sample. Some specialized applications involve the separation of the fraction influenced by the transverse field from the fraction that is not. For example, immunomagnetically labeled biological cells may be separated from nonlabeled cells with the application of a transverse magnetic field gradient. In such cases, it may be critically important to minimize contamination of the labeled cells with nonlabeled cells while at the same time maximizing the throughput. Such contamination is known as nonspecific crossover (NSC) and refers to the real or apparent migration of nonmobile particles or cells across stream lines with the mobile material. The possible mechanisms for NSC are discussed, and experimental results interpreted in terms of shear-induced diffusion (SID) caused by viscous interactions between particles in a sheared flow. It is concluded that SID may contribute to NSC, but that further experiments and mathematical modeling are necessary to more fully explore the phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen M, Rhodes M, Liffman K, McKinnon I, Beckett R. Numerical Study of Particle Behaviour in Split-Flow Thin-Channel Fractionation Using the Discrete Element Method. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390802221782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Callens N, Hoyos M, Kurowski P, Iorio CS. Particle sorting in a mini step-split-flow thin channel: influence of hydrodynamic shear on transversal migration. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4866-75. [PMID: 18512948 DOI: 10.1021/ac702579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mini splitterless-split-flow thin fractionation (SPLITT) device has been developed to achieve fast separations of micrometer-sized species. In this device, inlet and outlet steps have replaced the splitters, which are common to conventional SPLITT channels. By elimination of the splitters, it becomes straightforward to reduce channel dimensions while maintaining the classic method of fabrication. Reduced dimension channels allow high axial velocity at relatively low flow rate. These high axial velocities generate an enhancement of inertial lift forces and hydrodynamic shear-induced diffusion. Experiments carried out with particulate and biological species in a mini step-SPLITT channel demonstrate that these hydrodynamic effects yield highly enriched fractions of smaller species from binary mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Callens
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mecanique des Milieux Heterogenes, PMMH UMR 7636 CNRS, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, ESPCI, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jing Y, Moore LR, Williams PS, Chalmers JJ, Farag SS, Bolwell B, Zborowski M. Blood progenitor cell separation from clinical leukapheresis product by magnetic nanoparticle binding and magnetophoresis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1139-54. [PMID: 17009321 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection of CD34+ blood progenitor cells from circulation has been reported to improve patient recovery in applications of autologous transplantation. Current magnetic separation methods rely on cell capture and release on solid supports rather than sorting from flowing suspensions, which limits the range of therapeutic applications and the process scale up. We tested CD34+ cell immunomagnetic labeling and isolation from fresh leukocyte fraction of peripheral blood (leukapheresis) using the continuous quadrupole magnetic flow sorter (QMS), consisting of a flow channel (SHOT, Greenville, IN) and a quadrupole magnet with a maximum field intensity (B(o)) of 1.42 T and a mean force field strength (S(m)) of 1.45 x 10(8) TA/m(2). Both the sample magnetophoretic mobility (m) and the inlet and outlet flow patterns highly affect the QMS performance. Seven commercial progenitor cell labeling reagent combinations were quantitatively evaluated by measuring magnetophoretic mobility of a high CD34 expression cell line, KG-1a, using the cell tracking velocimeter (CTV). The CD34 Progenitor Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) showed the strongest labeling of KG-1a cells and was selected for progenitor cell enrichment from 11 fresh and 11 cryopreserved clinical leukapheresis samples derived from different donors. The CD34+ cells were isolated with a purity of 60-96%, a recovery of 18-60%, an enrichment rate of 12-169, and a throughput of (1.7-9.3) x 10(4) cells/s. The results also showed a highly regular dependence of the QMS performance on the flow conditions that agreed with the theoretical predictions based on the CD34+ cell magnetophoretic mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Contado C, Hoyos M. SPLITT Cell Analytical Separation of Silica Particles. Non-Specific Crossover Effects: Does the Shear-Induced Diffusion Play a Role? Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
13
|
Narayanan N, Saldanha A, Gale BK. A microfabricated electrical SPLITT system. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:105-14. [PMID: 16372076 DOI: 10.1039/b504936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing need for methods to analyze and prepare monodisperse nanoparticles on an industrial scale exists and may be solved by the application of split flow thin fractionation (SPLITT) at the microscale. Microfluidic systems of this type have the ability to separate nanoparticles with high precision in a continuous manner. A miniaturized SPLITT system can be fabricated using standard microfabrication technologies, works in a continuous mode, and can be used as a sample preparation instrument in a micro-total-analysis-system (micro-TAS). In this paper, a miniaturized electrical SPLITT system, which separates particles continuously based on electrophoretic mobility, has been characterized. The advantages of miniaturization have been elucidated. The various aspects of the micro SPLITT system discussed in this paper can be broadly classified into: micro SPLITT system design, fluidics modeling to refine the splitter arrangements, and experimental characterization of the SPLITT system. The design of the micro SPLITT system has been elucidated focusing on the two designs that were implemented. Fluid modeling, used to arrive at a new SPLITT design, was done using a commercially available CFD package to investigate behavior of the fluid in the microchannel with various splitter arrangements. Testing was done with nanoparticles of varying diameter and electrophoretic mobilities to verify the modeling results and demonstrate functionality of the SPLITT system. Particles eluted from both outlets of the SPLITT system were characterized using AFM and SEM to verify the function of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Narayanan
- Utah State Center of Excellence for Biomedical Microfluidics, 50 South Central Campus Drive, Room 2240, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Emerson DR. Effect of flow development region and fringing magnetic force field on annular split-flow thin fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1042:137-45. [PMID: 15296398 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Split-flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation devices have been widely used to separate macromolecules, colloids, cells and particles. Recently, the quadrupole magnetic flow sorter (QMS) has been reported in the literature as another family of SPLITT fractionation device. However, the separation performance observed in the experimental measurements is generally found to deviate from the ideal behaviour. Possible causes such as hydrodynamic lift force, high particle concentration and imperfect geometries have been extensively examined. However, the effects of flow development regions and fringing magnetic force field at the separation channel inlet and outlet, which are ignored by the theory, have not been investigated. The error introduced by ignoring these effects need to be rigorously studied so that the theory can be used to optimise operation flow rates with confidence. Indeed, we find in this paper that these ignored effects are responsible to the discrepancy between the experimental data and the theoretical predictions. A new theory has been proposed for optimisation of device operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zhang
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, The Centre for Microfluidics, CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|