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Chen W, Yuan K, He Q, Li Q, Luo J, Chu F, Wang H, Feng H, Pan Y. Long term online desalting analysis of MS/LC-MS using thermal assisted recrystallization ionization. Talanta 2024; 274:125981. [PMID: 38583325 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of non-volatile salts containing samples remains challenging due to salt-induced ion suppression and contamination. This challenge is even more pronounced for a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, where the accumulation of salts in the transmission system poses an ongoing problem. In this study, a novel thermal assisted recrystallization ionization mass spectrometry (TARI-MS) device was developed to achieve efficient on-line desalting and prolonged analysis of saline samples. The core component of this device was a heated plate positioned between the electrospray unit and the MS inlet. The desalting mechanism was demonstrated as the spontaneous separation of target molecules from salts during the "crystallization" process. After optimization, the angle between the nebulizer and the heated plate was 45°; the distance between the front end of the heated plate and the MS inlet was 2 mm; the distance between the front edge of the heated plate and the center of the sample spray projected onto the heating plate was 3 mm; the distance between the emitter of nebulizer and the heated plate was 3 mm. TARI-MS realized direct analysis of eight drugs dissolved in eight commonly used non-volatile salts solutions (up to 0.5 mol/L). The high sensitivity, repeatability, linearity, accuracy, and intra- and inter-day precision of TARI-MS confirm its reliability as a robust tool for the analysis of saline samples. Furthermore, TARI-MS allowed continuous analysis of salty eluates of LC for up to nearly 1 h without maintenance and verified the feasibility of LC-MS analysis through detecting a five-drug mixture and a crude aripiprazole product. Finally, six impurities in the crude aripiprazole product were successfully detected by LC-TARI-MS. The established method holds promise for applications across academic and pharmaceutical domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kailong Yuan
- China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, PR China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, PR China.
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2
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Pagnotti VS, Karki S, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Wang B, Lietz CB, Richards AL, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Lu IC, Fenner M, Madarshahian S, Saylor S, Chubatyi ND, Zimmerman T, Moreno-Pedraza A, Wang T, Adeniji-Adele A, Meher AK, Madagedara H, Owczarzak Z, Musavi A, Hendrickson TL, Peacock PM, Tomsho JW, Larsen BS, Prokai L, Shulaev V, Pophristic M, McEwen CN. Direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Evaporation/sublimation-driven ionization is amazing, fundamentally, and practically. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5018. [PMID: 38736378 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper covers direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The discovery, applications, and mechanistic aspects of novel ionization processes for use in MS that are not based on the high-energy input from voltage, laser, and/or high temperature but on sublimation/evaporation within a region linking a higher to lower pressure and modulated by heat and collisions, are discussed, including how this new reality has guided a series of discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. A research focus, inter alia, is on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes, which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids (sublimation) or liquids (evaporation) into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS providing reproducible, accurate, sensitive, and prompt results. Our perception on how these unprecedented versus traditional ionization processes/methods relate to each other, how they can be made to coexist on the same mass spectrometer, and an outlook on new and expanded applications (e.g., clinical, portable, fast, safe, and autonomous) is presented, and is based on ST's Opening lecture presentation at the Nordic Mass spectrometry Conference, Geilo, Norway, January 2023. Focus will be on matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) MS covering the period from 2010 to 2023; a potential paradigm shift in the making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Madeleine Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Saylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Tongwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adetoun Adeniji-Adele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hasini Madagedara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary Owczarzak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ahmed Musavi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - John W Tomsho
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Forth Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Trimpin S. A tutorial: Laserspray ionization and related laser-based ionization methods for use in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2234-2267. [PMID: 37462443 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
This Tutorial is to provide a summary of parameters useful for successful outcomes of laserspray ionization (LSI) and related methods that employ a laser to ablate a matrix:analyte sample to produce highly charged ions. In these methods the purpose of the laser is to transfer matrix-analyte clusters into the gas phase. Ions are hypothesized to be produced by a thermal process where emitted matrix:analyte gas-phase particles/clusters are charged and loss of matrix from the charged particles leads to release of the analyte ions into the gas phase. The thermal energy responsible for the charge-separation process is relatively low and not necessarily supplied by the laser; a heated inlet tube linking atmospheric pressure with the first vacuum stage of a mass spectrometer is sufficient. The inlet becomes the "ion source", and inter alia, pressure, temperature, and the matrix, which can be a solid, liquid, or combinations, become critical parameters. Injecting matrix:analyte into a heated inlet tube using laser ablation, a shockwave, or simply tapping, all produce the similar mass spectra. Applications are provided that showcase new opportunities in the field of mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
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4
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Chen W, Gao Z, Chu F, He Q, Gao Y, Liu Y, Feng H, Pan Y. Heat-Assisted Dual Neutral Spray Ionization for High-Performance Online Desalting in Mass Spectrometric Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15002-15009. [PMID: 36255385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In mass spectrometry (MS), nonvolatile salts contaminate the transmission system and cause ion suppression, hampering MS analysis. When MS is combined with liquid chromatography (LC) that uses a salty mobile phase, the problems become more intractable due to long analysis time. Here, a novel heat-assisted dual neutral spray ionization (HADSI) method was developed, which projected sample solution spray and solvent spray onto a heated plate to achieve online desalting and high ionization. The experimental parameters of HADSI were optimized, which indicated that the plate temperature was crucial for ionization and desalination. Eight drug compounds dissolved in various commonly used buffers were directly analyzed using HADSI-MS, even though the concentration of PBS buffer reached 500 mmol/L. The established method showed considerable sensitivity in the positive ion mode with the limits of detection at the level of nmol/L, and good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was achieved for all the analyzed compounds. The repeatability and intra- and interday precisions of the method were evaluated, demonstrating the feasibility and reliability of the analysis of salty samples by HADSI-MS. Further, the method was demonstrated to tolerate the long-time analysis of high-salt LC eluates and the device was easy to maintain. Finally, a crude roxithromycin product was separated by LC and then analyzed by HADSI-MS, and seven unknown impurities and nine known impurities were successfully detected. Our results indicated that HADSI-MS may have potential applications in academic and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengjian Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro/Nano Electronic Devices and Smart Systems of Zhejiang, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027Zhejiang, P. R. China
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5
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Han Z, Chen LC. Electrospray Ionization Inside the Ion Inlet Tube: Multijet Mode Operation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1821-1828. [PMID: 34167294 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the electrospray ionization inside the narrow channel of the ion inlet tube. An insulating emitter capillary made of fused silica with a 0.2 mm outer diameter was inserted into the ion inlet tubes with a 0.5 and 0.6 mm inner diameter to aspirate all the charged droplets. A custom-made ion inlet tube with two side holes near its entrance is used to observe the spraying condition. The spray current is measured and monitored during the MS acquisition using isolation amplifiers. Because the emitter is cylindrically surrounded in close proximity by the metallic inner wall, it is difficult to obtain a stable and symmetric Taylor cone with its apex at the center of the emitter. Instead, a stable operation under a flow rate of 1-4 μL/min is found to be in the form of a multicone-jet mode with two or more Taylor cones anchoring around the rim of the emitter. The emitted charged droplet jets are dragged from hitting the wall by the fast-flowing air inside the inlet tube. Comparison with the typical cone-jet and multijet mode operated several millimeters outside the inlet capillary shows signal enhancements for protein standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Han
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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Wu J, Zhang W, Ouyang Z. On-Demand Mass Spectrometry Analysis by Miniature Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6003-6007. [PMID: 33819018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) has become a powerful tool for the analysis of biomolecules by mass spectrometry (MS). The process of ESI is difficult to control, and side reactions such as electrochemical reactions can occur during the ESI process because of the high voltages applied. Herein, a novel on-demand MS analysis method was developed based on discontinuous ion injection-induced ESI on a miniature MS system. Highly efficient ionization was enabled under low voltages (<300 V) using a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface. On-demand ionization showed comparable sensitivity with regular nanoESI for the analyses of a series of compounds. It was found to be softer than regular ESI or nanoESI methods for ionization of proteins such as myoglobin and cytochrome C. As the ionization finished as soon as the interface was closed, the sample consumption was observed to reduce significantly for MS analysis, allowing single-cell analysis with multiple MS and MS/MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 China
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7
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Chakrabarty S, Shelver WL, Smith DJ. Electrospray Ionization Inlet Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A Hyphenated Method for the Sensitive Determination of Chemicals in Animal Tissues and Body Fluids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:14-20. [PMID: 33401917 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the utility of electrospray ionization inlet mass spectrometry (ESII-MS/MS) for the quantitative determination of analytes in complex animal matrices without chromatographic separation. Veterinary drugs including flunixin, its metabolite 5-hydroxyflunixin, and zilpaterol and persistent organic perfluoroalkyl compounds were determined in incurred plasma, urine, and/or tissue samples. Limits of detection (LOD) of zilpaterol in kidney, liver, lung, and muscle ranged from 0.02 to 0.06 ng/g, whereas the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for zilpaterol in all tissues was 0.1 ng/g. For urinary or plasma flunixin, 5-hydroxyflunixin, and PFOS/PFHxS, LODs ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mL while the LOQs ranged from 0.4 to 50 ng/mL. Regression coefficients for matrix-matched standard curves were 0.993-0.997, 0.977-0.999, and 0.999 for plasma, tissues, and urine, respectively. Correlations between quantitative results obtained by ESII-MS/MS and LC-MS for flunixin, 5-hydroxyflunixin, and zilpaterol ranged from 0.930 to 0.985. ESII-MS/MS provided rapid, sensitive, and accurate analyses of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants from complex matrices without chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Weilin L Shelver
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - David J Smith
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
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8
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Trimpin S, Marshall DD, Karki S, Madarshahian S, Hoang K, Meher AK, Pophristic M, Richards AL, Lietz CB, Fischer JL, Elia EA, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Lu IC, Wager-Miller J, Mackie K, McEwen CN, Inutan ED. An overview of biological applications and fundamentals of new inlet and vacuum ionization technologies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8829. [PMID: 32402102 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The developments of new ionization technologies based on processes previously unknown to mass spectrometry (MS) have gained significant momentum. Herein we address the importance of understanding these unique ionization processes, demonstrate the new capabilities currently unmet by other methods, and outline their considerable analytical potential. METHODS The inlet and vacuum ionization methods of solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and laserspray ionization can be used with commercial and dedicated ion sources producing ions from atmospheric or vacuum conditions for analyses of a variety of materials including drugs, lipids, and proteins introduced from well plates, pipet tips and plate surfaces with and without a laser using solid or solvent matrices. Mass spectrometers from various vendors are employed. RESULTS Results are presented highlighting strengths relative to ionization methods of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. We demonstrate the utility of multi-ionization platforms encompassing MAI, SAI, and ESI and enabling detection of what otherwise is missed, especially when directly analyzing mixtures. Unmatched robustness is achieved with dedicated vacuum MAI sources with mechanical introduction of the sample to the sub-atmospheric pressure (vacuum MAI). Simplicity and use of a wide array of matrices are attained using a conduit (inlet ionization), preferably heated, with sample introduction from atmospheric pressure. Tissue, whole blood, urine (including mouse, chicken, and human origin), bacteria strains and chemical on-probe reactions are analyzed directly and, especially in the case of vacuum ionization, without concern of carryover or instrument contamination. CONCLUSIONS Examples are provided highlighting the exceptional analytical capabilities associated with the novel ionization processes in MS that reduce operational complexity while increasing speed and robustness, achieving mass spectra with low background for improved sensitivity, suggesting the potential of this simple ionization technology to drive MS into areas currently underserved, such as clinical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | | | - Khoa Hoang
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- MS™, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, 9200, Philippines
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9
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Inutan ED, Jarois DR, Lietz CB, El-Baba TJ, Elia EA, Karki S, Sampat AAS, Foley CD, Clemmer DE, Trimpin S. Comparison of gaseous ubiquitin ion structures obtained from a solid and solution matrix using ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 1:e8793. [PMID: 32220130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Examining surface protein conformations, and especially achieving this with spatial resolution, is an important goal. The recently discovered ionization processes offer spatial-resolution measurements similar to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and produce charge states similar to electrospray ionization (ESI) extending higher-mass protein applications directly from surfaces on high-performance mass spectrometers. Studying a well-interrogated protein by ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) to access effects on structures using a solid vs. solvent matrix may provide insights. METHODS Ubiquitin was studied by IMS-MS using new ionization processes with commercial and homebuilt ion sources and instruments (Waters SYNAPT G2(S)) and homebuilt 2 m drift-tube instrument; MS™ sources). Mass-to-charge and drift-time (td )-measurements are compared for ubiquitin ions obtained by inlet and vacuum ionization using laserspray ionization (LSI), matrix- (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI), respectively, and compared with those from ESI under conditions that are most comparable. RESULTS Using the same solution conditions with SYNAPT G2(S) instruments, td -distributions of various ubiquitin charge states from MAI, LSI, and SAI are similar to those from ESI using a variety of solvents, matrices, extraction voltages, a laser, and temperature only, showing subtle differences in more compact features within the elongated distribution of structures. However, on a homebuilt drift-tube instrument, within the elongated distribution of structures, both similar and different td -distributions are observed for ubiquitin ions obtained by MAI and ESI. MAI-generated ions are frequently narrower in their td -distributions. CONCLUSIONS Direct comparisons between ESI and the new ionization methods operational directly from surfaces suggest that the protein in its solution structure prior to exposure to the ionization event is either captured (frozen out) at the time of crystallization, or that the protein in the solid matrix is associated with sufficient solvent to maintain the solution structure, or, alternatively, that the observed structures are those related to what occurs in the gas phase with ESI- or MAI-generated ions and not with the solution structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Inutan
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Casey D Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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10
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Trimpin S. Novel ionization processes for use in mass spectrometry: 'Squeezing' nonvolatile analyte ions from crystals and droplets. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 3:96-120. [PMID: 30138957 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Together with my group and collaborators, I have been fortunate to have had a key role in the discovery of new ionization processes that we developed into new flexible, sensitive, rapid, reliable, and robust ionization technologies and methods for use in mass spectrometry (MS). Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids or liquids into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS using e.g. mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide reproducible, accurate, and improved mass and drift time resolution. In my view, the apex was the discovery of vacuum matrix-assisted ionization (vMAI) in 2012 on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy. Only exposure of the matrix:analyte to the sub-atmospheric pressure of the mass spectrometer was necessary to initiate ionization. These findings were initially rejected by three different scientific journals, with comments related to 'how can this work?', 'where do the charges come from?', and 'it is not analytically useful'. Meanwhile, we and others have demonstrated analytical utility without a complete understanding of the mechanism. In reality, MALDI and electrospray ionization are widely used in science and their mechanisms are still controversially discussed despite use and optimization of now 30 years. This Perspective covers the applications and mechanistic aspects of the novel ionization processes for use in MS that guided us in instrument developments, and provides our perspective on how they relate to traditional ionization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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Smith DJ, Shelver WL, Chakrabarty S, Hoffman TW. Detection and quantification of residues in sheep exposed to trace levels of dietary zilpaterol HCl. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1289-1301. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Smith
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Weilin L. Shelver
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- USDA ARS, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
- ORISE Post-Doctoral Fellow, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Travis W. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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12
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Fenner MA, Chakrabarty S, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Hoang K, Trimpin S, McEwen CN. An LC/MS Method Providing Improved Sensitivity: Electrospray Ionization Inlet. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4798-4802. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline A. Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Beixi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vincent S. Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Khoa Hoang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Charles N. McEwen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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13
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Trimpin S. "Magic" Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:4-21. [PMID: 26486514 PMCID: PMC4686549 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The systematic study of the temperature and pressure dependence of matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) led us to the discovery of the seemingly impossible, initially explained by some reviewers as either sleight of hand or the misinterpretation by an overzealous young scientist of results reported many years before and having little utility. The “magic” that we were attempting to report was that with matrix assistance, molecules, at least as large as bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), are lifted into the gas phase as multiply charged ions simply by exposure of the matrix:analyte sample to the vacuum of a mass spectrometer. Applied heat, a laser, or voltages are not necessary to achieve charge states and ion abundances only previously observed with electrospray ionization (ESI). The fundamentals of how solid phase volatile or nonvolatile compounds are converted to gas-phase ions without added energy currently involves speculation providing a great opportunity to rethink mechanistic understanding of ionization processes used in mass spectrometry. Improved understanding of the mechanism(s) of these processes and their connection to ESI and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization may provide opportunities to further develop new ionization strategies for traditional and yet unforeseen applications of mass spectrometry. This Critical Insights article covers developments leading to the discovery of a seemingly magic ionization process that is simple to use, fast, sensitive, robust, and can be directly applied to surface characterization using portable or high performance mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- />Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
- />Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- />MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE 19711 USA
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14
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Cox JT, Marginean I, Smith RD, Tang K. On the ionization and ion transmission efficiencies of different ESI-MS interfaces. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:55-62. [PMID: 25267087 PMCID: PMC4276539 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The achievable sensitivity of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is largely determined by the ionization efficiency in the ESI source and ion transmission efficiency through the ESI-MS interface. These performance characteristics are difficult to evaluate and compare across multiple platforms as it is difficult to correlate electrical current measurements to actual analyte ions reaching the detector of a mass spectrometer. We present an effective method to evaluate the overall ion utilization efficiency of an ESI-MS interface by measuring the total gas-phase ion current transmitted through the interface and correlating it to the observed ion abundance measured in the corresponding mass spectrum. Using this method, we systematically studied the ion transmission and ionization efficiencies of different ESI-MS interface configurations, including a single emitter/single inlet capillary, single emitter/multi-inlet capillary, and a subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) MS interface with a single emitter and an emitter array, respectively. Our experimental results indicate that the overall ion utilization efficiency of SPIN-MS interface configurations exceeds that of the inlet capillary-based ESI-MS interface configurations.
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15
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Cox JT, Marginean I, Kelly RT, Smith RD, Tang K. Improving the sensitivity of mass spectrometry by using a new sheath flow electrospray emitter array at subambient pressures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:2028-37. [PMID: 24676894 PMCID: PMC4177967 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of chemically etched emitters with individualized sheath gas capillaries were developed to enhance electrospray ionization (ESI) efficiency at subambient pressures. By incorporating the new emitter array in a subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) source, both ionization efficiency and ion transmission efficiency were significantly increased, providing enhanced sensitivity in mass spectrometric analyses. The SPIN source eliminates the major ion losses of conventional ESI-mass spectrometry (MS) interfaces by placing the emitter in the first reduced pressure region of the instrument. The new ESI emitter array design developed in this study allows individualized sheath gas around each emitter in the array making it possible to generate an array of uniform and stable electrosprays in the subambient pressure (10 to 30 Torr) environment for the first time. The utility of the new emitter arrays was demonstrated by coupling the emitter array/SPIN source with a time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The instrument sensitivity was compared under different ESI source and interface configurations including a standard atmospheric pressure single ESI emitter/heated capillary, single emitter/SPIN and multi-emitter/SPIN configurations using an equimolar solution of nine peptides. The highest instrument sensitivity was observed using the multi-emitter/SPIN configuration in which the sensitivity increased with the number of emitters in the array. Over an order of magnitude MS sensitivity improvement was achieved using multi-emitter/SPIN compared with using the standard atmospheric pressure single ESI emitter/heated capillary interface.
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16
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Trimpin S, Wang B. Inlet and Vacuum Ionization from Ambient Conditions. AMBIENT IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782628026-00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that laser ablation of a common MALDI matrix at atmospheric pressure without use of a voltage produced ions with nearly identical charge states to ESI led to a series of new ionization methods that we have given the general term inlet and vacuum ionization. The initial thought that the laser was necessary for matrix-assisted ionization gave way to ionization requiring a heated inlet with a pressure-drop region and then to a matrix that could be a solvent or no matrix. This in turn led to laser ablation in vacuum producing multiply charged ions without an inlet, and finally to the present where we have found matrices that lift molecules into the gas phase as ions without any external energy source. Our mechanistic view of this new ionization process developed into ionization methods for use in mass spectrometry will be discussed. These methods are simple to use, safe, robust, and sensitive. Several approaches for high-throughput analyses of compounds irrespective of their molecular weight will be presented using low- and high-performance mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry Detroit, MI USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry Detroit, MI USA
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17
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Trimpin S, Wang B, Lietz CB, Marshall DD, Richards AL, Inutan ED. New ionization processes and applications for use in mass spectrometry. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:409-29. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.806887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Haapala M, Suominen T, Kostiainen R. Capillary Photoionization: A High Sensitivity Ionization Method for Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5715-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haapala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Viikinkaari
5 E, Finland
| | - Tina Suominen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Viikinkaari
5 E, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Viikinkaari
5 E, Finland
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