1
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Wu YC, Zhang XW, Huang YC, Lu IC. Advancing carbohydrate quantification in MALDI mass spectrometry by the rapidly freeze-drying droplet (RFDD) method. Analyst 2024; 149:1766-1773. [PMID: 38372348 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative carbohydrate analysis faces challenges in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), including insufficient sensitivity and inconsistent spatial distribution of ion intensity. This study introduces an innovative sample preparation approach, the Rapidly Freeze-Drying Droplet (RFDD) method, aimed at overcoming these challenges by enhancing the homogeneity of the sample morphology and signal intensity in MALDI. Compared to conventional preparation methods, the RFDD method reduces the laser energy threshold and demonstrates a remarkable increase in signal intensity for carbohydrates, facilitating the detection of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides (>10 kDa). The RFDD-prepared samples exhibit a uniformly distributed signal intensity that overcomes the 'sweet spot' issue in MALDI. The enhanced signal intensity and reproducibility lead to reliable quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, eliminating the need for expensive isotopic standards in each sample. A straightforward and accessible approach is presented for general laboratories, revolutionizing carbohydrate analysis in MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Xin-Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan.
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2
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Lai YH, Wang YS. Advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques for analysis of high mass-to-charge ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2426-2445. [PMID: 35686331 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in modern mass spectrometry (MS) is achieving high mass resolving power and accuracy for precision analyses in high mass-to-charge (m/z) regions. To advance the capability of MS for increasingly demanding applications, understanding limitations of state-of-the-art techniques and their status in applied sciences is essential. This review summarizes important instruments in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and related advances to extend their working range to high m/z regions. It starts with an overview of HRMS techniques that provide adequate performance for macromolecular analysis, including Fourier-transform, time-of-flight (TOF), quadrupole-TOF, and related data-processing techniques. Methodologies and applications of HRMS for characterizing macromolecules in biochemistry and material sciences are summarized, such as top-down proteomics, native MS, drug discovery, structural virology, and polymer analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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3
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Wang J, Zhao J, Nie S, Xie M, Li S. MALDI mass spectrometry in food carbohydrates analysis: A review of recent researches. Food Chem 2023; 399:133968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Müller WH, Verdin A, De Pauw E, Malherbe C, Eppe G. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:373-420. [PMID: 33174287 PMCID: PMC9292874 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) has attracted increasing interest due to its unique capabilities, achievable through the nanostructured substrates used to promote the analyte desorption/ionization. While the most widely recognized asset of SALDI-MS is the untargeted analysis of small molecules, this technique also offers the possibility of targeted approaches. In particular, the implementation of SALDI-MS imaging (SALDI-MSI), which is the focus of this review, opens up new opportunities. After a brief discussion of the nomenclature and the fundamental mechanisms associated with this technique, which are still highly controversial, the analytical strategies to perform SALDI-MSI are extensively discussed. Emphasis is placed on the sample preparation but also on the selection of the nanosubstrate (in terms of chemical composition and morphology) as well as its functionalization possibilities for the selective analysis of specific compounds in targeted approaches. Subsequently, some selected applications of SALDI-MSI in various fields (i.e., biomedical, biological, environmental, and forensic) are presented. The strengths and the remaining limitations of SALDI-MSI are finally summarized in the conclusion and some perspectives of this technique, which has a bright future, are proposed in this section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H. Müller
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Alexandre Verdin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
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5
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Ling L, Yu S, Ding C. 4-Hydrazinoquinazoline acting as a reactive matrix for the rapid and sensitive analysis of neutral and sialylated glycans using MALDI MS. Analyst 2021; 146:6840-6845. [PMID: 34608469 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct analysis of glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) presents limited sensitivity due to the lower ionization efficiency of glycans. Various chemical derivatization methods have been developed to improve the detection sensitivity of glycans, but most of them need tedious preparation and cleanup procedures. Herein, a reactive matrix, 4-hydrazinoquinazoline (4-HQ), was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of both neutral and sialylated glycans by MALDI MS. With 4-HQ as the reactive matrix, the detection limits of maltoheptaose and A3 glycan decreased 100-fold and 20-fold, respectively, compared with the conventional matrix. Moreover, 4-HQ formed homogeneous crystals and therefore showed good shot-to-shot reproducibility. Finally, the reactive matrix was successfully applied for the analysis of glycans released from glycoproteins and human serum. Importantly, the application of 4-HQ is the same as that of a conventional matrix with the additional advantage of on-target reaction at room temperature. Thus, 4-HQ can be used for the routine analysis of glycans by MALDI MS due to its simple use, great reproducibility, and enhanced detection of both neutral and sialylated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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6
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Ma W, Li J, Li X, Bai Y, Liu H. Nanostructured Substrates as Matrices for Surface Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Progress Report from Material Research to Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100762. [PMID: 34927930 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, the escalation of research output in nanotechnology fields has boosted the development of novel nanoparticles and nanostructured substrates for use as matrices in surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS). The application of nanomaterials as matrices, rather than organic matrices, offers remarkable characteristics that allow the analysis of small molecules with fewer matrix interfering peaks, and share higher detection sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. The technological advancement of SALDI-MS has in turn, propelled the application of the analytical technique in the field of biomedical analysis. In this review, the properties and fabrication methods of nanostructured substrates in SALDI-MS such as metallic-, carbon-, and silicon-based nanostructures, quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks, and covalent-organic frameworks are described. Additionally, the latest progress (most within 5 years) of biomedical applications in small molecule, large biomolecule, and MS imaging analysis including metabolite profiling, drug monitoring, bacteria identification, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic evaluation are demonstrated. Key parameters that govern nanomaterial's SALDI efficiency in biomolecule analysis are also discussed. Finally, perspectives of the future development are given to provide a better advancement and promote practical application in clinical MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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7
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Hauser JR, Bergström ET, Kulak AN, Warriner SL, Thomas-Oates J, Bon RS. Pyrene Tags for the Detection of Carbohydrates by Label-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry*. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1430-1439. [PMID: 33296552 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is widely used for the analysis of biomolecules. Label-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (LALDI-MS) is a matrix-free variant of MALDI-MS, in which only analytes covalently attached to a laser desorption/ionisation (LDI) enhancer are detected. LALDI-MS has shown promise in overcoming the limitations of MALDI-MS in terms of sample preparation and MS analysis. In this work, we have developed a series of pyrene-based LDI reagents (LALDI tags) that can be used for labelling and LALDI-MS analysis of reducing carbohydrates from complex (biological) samples without the need for additional chemical derivatisation or purification. We have systematically explored the suitability of four pyrene-based LDI enhancers and three aldehyde-reactive handles, optimised sample preparation, and demonstrated the use of LALDI tags for the detection of lactose. We have also exemplified the potential of LALDI tags for labelling carbohydrates in biological samples by direct detection of lactose in cow's milk. These results demonstrate that LALDI-MS is a promising technique for the analysis of reducing carbohydrates in biological samples, and pave the way for the development of LALDI-MS for glycomics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Hauser
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund T Bergström
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alexander N Kulak
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stuart L Warriner
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Robin S Bon
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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8
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Samarah LZ, Vertes A. Mass spectrometry imaging based on laser desorption ionization from inorganic and nanophotonic platforms. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z. Samarah
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC USA
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9
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Lin CH, Lee C, Wu YC, Lu IC. New Strategy to Preserve Phosphate by Ionic Liquid Matrices in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization: A Case of Adenosine Nucleotides. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051217. [PMID: 32182713 PMCID: PMC7179418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine -5′-triphosphate (ATP) plays a valuable role in metabolic activity to produce adequate energy in a biosystem. A high ATP/AMP ratio has a correlation with diabetes that induces suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)–mass spectrometry (MS) has outstanding potential in determining the ratio of several types of adenosine phosphates in a sample to rapidly understand the primary energy transfer in metabolism. Although MALDI is viewed as a soft ionization technique for MS analysis, excess photon energy might crack the phosphate bonds leading to misinterpretation of the ATP level. In this work, ionic liquid matrices (ILMs) were employed to reduce fragmentation and increase the detection efficiency during the MALDI process. This study demonstrated for the first time that 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid pyridine (DHBP) is one of the most effective matrices for further quantitative analysis of adenosine nucleotides. This systematic screening of ILMs also enhances the fundamental understanding of MALDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60004, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Cheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-C.W.)
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; (C.-H.L.); (Y.-C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22840411 (ext. 502); Fax: +886-4-22862547
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10
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He H, Guo Z, Wen Y, Xu S, Liu Z. Recent advances in nanostructure/nanomaterial-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of low molecular mass compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1090:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Lee C, Ni CK. Soft Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization for Labile Glycoconjugates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1455-1463. [PMID: 30993639 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since its introduction, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been widely used for the mass analysis of biomolecules. The "soft ionization" of MALDI enables accurate mass determination of intact biomolecules. However, the ionization and desorption processes of MALDI are not adequately soft as many labile biomolecules, such as glycoconjugates containing sialic acid or the sulfate functional group, easily dissociate into fragments and sometimes, no intact molecules are observed. In this study, we compared the conventional matrix of MALDI, namely 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to various soft matrices of MALDI-specifically, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, diamond nanoparticle trilayers, HgTe nanostructures, ionic liquid, and droplets of frozen solutions-by using three labile glycoconjugates as analytes: gangliosides, heparin, and pullulan. We demonstrated that droplets of frozen solution are the softest matrices for gangliosides and heparin. In particular, droplets of frozen solution do not generate fragments for gangliosides and can be used to determine the relative abundance of various gangliosides, whereas ionic liquid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid butylamine is the most suitable matrix for pullulan mass analysis. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuping Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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12
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Wang CC, Wang YS. Effective analysis of degree of polymerization of polysialic acids in mass spectrometry by combining novel sample preparation and dynamic instrument optimization methods. Carbohydr Res 2019; 471:78-84. [PMID: 30508659 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a mass spectrometry technique to improve data reliability when analyzing degree of polymerization (DP) of high-mass polysialic acids (PSAs). Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry is the technique of choice for analyzing large molecules due to its wide mass working range; however, the observed DP of PSAs using such an instrument is unreliable owing to sensitivity bias towards low-mass ions. A multi-layer MALDI sample preparation protocol is demonstrated in the current study to improve PSA sensitivity, and a dynamic instrument optimization method (DIOM) is employed to minimize detector saturation over a wide mass range. The DP information obtained in the DIOM combines a series of mass spectral data obtained with individually optimized instrument parameters to minimize the problem of sensitivity bias in respective mass ranges. The resultant mass spectra facilitate unambiguous determination of DP in the high-mass range due to significantly improved spectral quality. The main instrument parameters involved in the optimization process include extraction delay in MALDI ion source as well as the cutoff mass of the ion detector. In comparison to conventional methods, the DIOM doubles the maximum DP that can be unambiguously identified by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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13
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Sacks CD, Stumpo KA. Gold nanoparticles for enhanced ionization and fragmentation of biomolecules using LDI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1070-1077. [PMID: 30107051 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New applications for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry are presented here. This work expands on previous biomolecule studies and introduces carbohydrates, steroids, bile acids, and other small molecules as a focus. Broad trends in ionization are observed, and specifically of interest are new species that have not previously been reported from AuNPs (e.g., [M + Au]+ ). Interesting fragmentation effects have been observed for diphenhydramine, including similarity to electron impact mass spectra and possible radical driven reactions, providing insight into the mechanism of ionization when using AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Sacks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
| | - Katherine A Stumpo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 18510, USA
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14
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Li Y, Cao X, Zhan L, Xue J, Wang J, Xiong C, Nie Z. Hot electron transfer promotes ion production in plasmonic metal nanostructure assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10905-10908. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidences are shown that hot electron transfer in LSPR plays a key role in ionizing molecules during laser desorption ionization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Jiujiang University
- Jiujiang
- China
| | - Lingpeng Zhan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Jingjuan Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Jiyun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
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16
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Lee H, Lai YH, Ou YM, Tsao CW, Jheng YJ, Kuo SY, Chang HT, Wang YS. Enhancing carbohydrate ion yield by controlling crystalline structures in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 994:49-55. [PMID: 29126468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate analysis is challenging due to lack of sensitive detection and efficient separation methods. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a sensitive tool, the low ionization efficiency of carbohydrates makes mass analyses inefficient. This work systematically examines the correlation between MALDI-MS sensitivity and carbohydrate sample morphology. Depending on the properties of the matrix used, the morphology changes through sample recrystallization after drying or imposition of hydrodynamic flows during droplet drying. Observation shows that amorphous solids and finer crystals offer higher carbohydrate sensitivity and spatial homogeneity than larger crystals. Clear evidences of an inverse correlation between sensitivity and crystal size are obtained when various kinds of carbohydrates are mixed with different matrixes. Similar experiments on proteins and peptides showed a negative or negligible effect. The result serves as a general guideline for improving efficiency in routine carbohydrate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yin-Hung Lai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Meng Ou
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Chemistry Department, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Wei Tsao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Jin Jheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yun Kuo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Chemistry Department, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lai YH, Wang YS. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Mechanistic Studies and Methods for Improving the Structural Identification of Carbohydrates. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0072. [PMID: 28959517 PMCID: PMC5610957 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is one of the most widely used soft ionization methods for biomolecules, the lack of detailed understanding of ionization mechanisms restricts its application in the analysis of carbohydrates. Structural identification of carbohydrates achieved by MALDI mass spectrometry helps us to gain insights into biological functions and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we highlight mechanistic details of MALDI, including both ionization and desorption. Strategies to improve the ion yield of carbohydrates are also reviewed. Furthermore, commonly used fragmentation methods to identify the structure are discussed.
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18
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Dosekova E, Filip J, Bertok T, Both P, Kasak P, Tkac J. Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics, Therapy, Imaging, and Separation Processes. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:514-626. [PMID: 27859448 PMCID: PMC5659385 DOI: 10.1002/med.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dosekova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
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Mechanisms of Nanophase-Induced Desorption in LDI-MS. A Short Review. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7040075. [PMID: 28368330 PMCID: PMC5408167 DOI: 10.3390/nano7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are frequently used in laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) as DI enhancers, providing excellent figures of merit for the analysis of low molecular weight organic molecules. In recent years, literature on this topic has benefited from several studies assessing the fundamental aspects of the ion desorption efficiency and the internal energy transfer, in the case of model analytes. Several different parameters have been investigated, including the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of the nanophase (chemical composition, thermal conductivity, photo-absorption efficiency, specific heat capacity, phase transition point, explosion threshold, etc.), along with morphological parameters such as the nanophase size, shape, and interparticle distance. Other aspects, such as the composition, roughness and defects of the substrate supporting the LDI-active nanophases, the nanophase binding affinity towards the target analyte, the role of water molecules, have been taken into account as well. Readers interested in nanoparticle based LDI-MS sub-techniques (SALDI-, SELDI-, NALDI- MS) will find here a concise overview of the recent findings in the specialized field of fundamental and mechanistic studies, shading light on the desorption ionization phenomena responsible of the outperforming MS data offered by these techniques.
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20
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Chitanda JM, Zhang H, Pahl E, Purves RW, El-Aneed A. The Development of Novel Nanodiamond Based MALDI Matrices for the Analysis of Small Organic Pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1686-1693. [PMID: 27488316 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The utility of novel functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs) as matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is described herein. MALDI-MS analysis of small organic compounds (<1000 Da) is typically complex because of interferences from numerous cluster ions formed when using conventional matrices. To expand the use of MALDI for the analysis of small molecules, novel matrices were designed by covalently linking conventional matrices (or a lysine moiety) to detonated NDs. Four new functionalized NDs were evaluated for their ionization capabilities using five pharmaceuticals with varying molecular structures. Two ND matrices were able to ionize all tested pharmaceuticals in the negative ion mode, producing the deprotonated ions [M - H](-). Ion intensity for target analytes was generally strong with enhanced signal-to-noise ratios compared with conventional matrices. The negative ion mode is of great importance for biological samples as interference from endogenous compounds is inherently minimized in the negative ion mode. Since the molecular structures of the tested pharmaceuticals did not suggest that negative ion mode would be preferable, this result magnifies the importance of these findings. On the other hand, conventional matrices primarily facilitated the ionization as expected in the positive ion mode, producing either the protonated molecules [M + H](+) or cationic adducts (typically producing complex spectra with numerous adduct peaks). The data presented in this study suggests that these matrices may offer advantages for the analysis of low molecular weight pharmaceuticals/metabolites. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Pahl
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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21
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Lu H, Zhang Y, Yang P. Advancements in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics and glycomics. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation plays a crucial role in a considerable number of important biological processes. Research studies on glycoproteomes and glycomes have already characterized many glycoproteins and glycans associated with cell development, life cycle, and disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most powerful tool for identifying biomolecules including glycoproteins and glycans, however, utilizing MS-based approaches to identify glycoproteomes and glycomes is challenging due to the technical difficulties associated with glycosylation analysis. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in MS-based glycoproteomics and glycomics, including a discussion on the development of analytical methodologies and strategies used to explore the glycoproteome and glycome, as well as noteworthy biological discoveries made in glycoproteome and glycome research. This review places special emphasis on China, where scientists have made sizeable contributions to the literature, as advancements in glycoproteomics and glycomincs are occurring quite rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate of Ministry of Health and Birth Control, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate of Ministry of Health and Birth Control, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Lab of Glycoconjugate of Ministry of Health and Birth Control, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Bibi A, Ju H. Quantum dots assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric detection of carbohydrates: qualitative and quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:291-297. [PMID: 27041659 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A quantum dots (QDs) assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric (QDA-LDI-MS) strategy was proposed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a series of carbohydrates. The adsorption of carbohydrates on the modified surface of different QDs as the matrices depended mainly on the formation of hydrogen bonding, which led to higher MS intensity than those with conventional organic matrix. The effects of QDs concentration and sample preparation method were explored for improving the selective ionization process and the detection sensitivity. The proposed approach offered a new dimension to the application of QDs as matrices for MALDI-MS research of carbohydrates. It could be used for quantitative measurement of glucose concentration in human serum with good performance. The QDs served as a matrix showed the advantages of low background, higher sensitivity, convenient sample preparation and excellent stability under vacuum. The QDs assisted LDI-MS approach has promising application to the analysis of carbohydrates in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Bibi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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23
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Fu CP, Lirio S, Liu WL, Lin CH, Huang HY. A novel type of matrix for surface-assisted laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometric detection of biomolecules using metal-organic frameworks. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiao J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Lu H. Hydrazinonicotinic acid derivatization for selective ionization and improved glycan structure characterization by MALDI-MS. Analyst 2015; 140:5475-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective ionization and improved glycan structure characterization by MALDI-MS were achieved through derivatization of glycans by hydrazinonicotinic acid under different acid catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
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25
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Jiao J, Zhang Y, Yang P, Lu H. Hydrazinonicotinic acid as a novel matrix for highly sensitive and selective MALDI-MS analysis of oligosaccharides. Analyst 2015; 140:156-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01659a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new matrix that enables highly sensitive and selective as well as straightforward glycan analysis is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200032
- P. R. China
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26
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Wang CW, Chen WT, Chang HT. Quantification of saccharides in honey samples through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using HgTe nanostructures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1247-1252. [PMID: 24744213 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of monosaccharides and disaccharides in five honey samples through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using HgTe nanostructures as the matrix and sucralose as an internal standard has been demonstrated. Under optimal conditions (1× HgTe nanostructure, 0.2 mM ammonium citrate at pH 9.0), the SALDI-MS approach allows detection of fructose and maltose at the concentrations down to 15 and 10 μM, respectively. Without conducting tedious sample pretreatment and separation, the SALDI-MS approach allows determination of the contents of monosaccharides and disaccharides in honey samples within 30 min, with reproducibility (relative standard deviation <15%). Unlike only sodium adducts of standard saccharides detected, sodium adducts and potassium adducts with differential amounts have been found among various samples, showing different amounts of sodium and potassium ions in the honey samples. The SALDI-MS data reveal that the contents of monosaccharides and disaccharides in various honey samples are dependent on their nectar sources. In addition to the abundant amounts of monosaccharides and disaccharides, oligosaccharides in m/z range of 650 - 2700 are only detected in pomelo honey. Having advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and reproducibility, this SALDI-MS holds great potential for the analysis of honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Kailemia MJ, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB, Amster IJ. Oligosaccharide analysis by mass spectrometry: a review of recent developments. Anal Chem 2014; 86:196-212. [PMID: 24313268 PMCID: PMC3924431 DOI: 10.1021/ac403969n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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