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Schmidt S, Geisel A, Enzlein T, Fröhlich BC, Pritchett L, Verneret M, Graf C, Hopf C. Label-free assessment of complement-dependent cytotoxicity of therapeutic antibodies via a whole-cell MALDI mass spectrometry bioassay. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21462. [PMID: 39271690 PMCID: PMC11399240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Potency assessment of monoclonal antibodies or corresponding biosimilars in cell-based assays is an essential prerequisite in biopharmaceutical research and development. However, cellular bioassays are still subject to limitations in sample throughput, speed, and often need costly reagents or labels as they are based on an indirect readout by luminescence or fluorescence. In contrast, whole-cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a direct, fast and label-free technology for functional drug screening being able to unravel the molecular complexity of cellular response to pharmaceutical reagents. However, this approach has not yet been used for cellular testing of biologicals. In this study, we have conceived, developed and benchmarked a label-free MALDI-MS based cell bioassay workflow for the functional assessment of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of Rituximab antibody. By computational evaluation of response profiles followed by subsequent m/z feature annotation via fragmentation analysis and trapped ion mobility MS, we identified adenosine triphosphate and glutathione as readily MS-assessable metabolite markers for CDC and demonstrate that robust concentration-response characteristics can be obtained by MALDI-TOF MS. Statistical assay performance indicators suggest that whole-cell MALDI-TOF MS could complement the toolbox for functional cellular testing of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmidt
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Geisel
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn C Fröhlich
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Louise Pritchett
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development Biologics, Klybeckstr. 141, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Verneret
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development Biologics, Klybeckstr. 141, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Graf
- Novartis Business Services GmbH, Technical Research & Development Biologics, Oskar-von-Miller-Ring 33, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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2
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Krestensen KK, Heeren RMA, Balluff B. State-of-the-art mass spectrometry imaging applications in biomedical research. Analyst 2023; 148:6161-6187. [PMID: 37947390 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging has advanced from a niche technique to a widely applied spatial biology tool operating at the forefront of numerous fields, most notably making a significant impact in biomedical pharmacological research. The growth of the field has gone hand in hand with an increase in publications and usage of the technique by new laboratories, and consequently this has led to a shift from general MSI reviews to topic-specific reviews. Given this development, we see the need to recapitulate the strengths of MSI by providing a more holistic overview of state-of-the-art MSI studies to provide the new generation of researchers with an up-to-date reference framework. Here we review scientific advances for the six largest biomedical fields of MSI application (oncology, pharmacology, neurology, cardiovascular diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology). These publications thereby give examples for at least one of the following categories: they provide novel mechanistic insights, use an exceptionally large cohort size, establish a workflow that has the potential to become a high-impact methodology, or are highly cited in their field. We finally have a look into new emerging fields and trends in MSI (immunology, microbiology, infectious diseases, and aging), as applied MSI is continuously broadening as a result of technological breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper K Krestensen
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin Balluff
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Noberini R, Bonaldi T. Proteomics contributions to epigenetic drug discovery. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200435. [PMID: 37727062 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The combined activity of epigenetic features, which include histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation, and nucleosome positioning, regulates gene expression independently from changes in the DNA sequence, defining how the shared genetic information of an organism is used to generate different cell phenotypes. Alterations in epigenetic processes have been linked with a multitude of diseases, including cancer, fueling interest in the discovery of drugs targeting the proteins responsible for writing, erasing, or reading histone and DNA modifications. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has emerged as a versatile tool that can assist drug discovery pipelines from target validation, through target deconvolution, to monitoring drug efficacy in vivo. Here, we provide an overview of the contributions of MS-based proteomics to epigenetic drug discovery, describing the main approaches that can be used to support different drug discovery pipelines and highlighting how they contributed to the development and characterization of epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noberini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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4
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Robusti G, Vai A, Bonaldi T, Noberini R. Investigating pathological epigenetic aberrations by epi-proteomics. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:145. [PMID: 36371348 PMCID: PMC9652867 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics includes a complex set of processes that alter gene activity without modifying the DNA sequence, which ultimately determines how the genetic information common to all the cells of an organism is used to generate different cell types. Dysregulation in the deposition and maintenance of epigenetic features, which include histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and histone variants, can result in the inappropriate expression or silencing of genes, often leading to diseased states, including cancer. The investigation of histone PTMs and variants in the context of clinical samples has highlighted their importance as biomarkers for patient stratification and as key players in aberrant epigenetic mechanisms potentially targetable for therapy. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as the most powerful and versatile tool for the comprehensive, unbiased and quantitative analysis of histone proteoforms. In recent years, these approaches-which we refer to as "epi-proteomics"-have demonstrated their usefulness for the investigation of epigenetic mechanisms in pathological conditions, offering a number of advantages compared with the antibody-based methods traditionally used to profile clinical samples. In this review article, we will provide a critical overview of the MS-based approaches that can be employed to study histone PTMs and variants in clinical samples, with a strong focus on the latest advances in this area, such as the analysis of uncommon modifications and the integration of epi-proteomics data into multi-OMICs approaches, as well as the challenges to be addressed to fully exploit the potential of this novel field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Robusti
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vai
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Noberini
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
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5
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Nwabufo CK, Aigbogun OP. The Role of Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Pharmacokinetic Studies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:811-827. [PMID: 36048000 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Although liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is the gold standard analytical platform for the quantification of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples, it cannot localize them in target tissues.The localization and quantification of drugs and/or their associated metabolites in target tissues is a more direct measure of bioavailability, biodistribution, efficacy, and regional toxicity compared to the traditional substitute studies using plasma.Therefore, combining high spatial resolution imaging functionality with the superior selectivity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry into one analytical technique will be a valuable tool for targeted localization and quantification of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers.Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a tagless analytical technique that allows for the direct localization and quantification of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological tissues, and has been used extensively in pharmaceutical research.The overall goal of this current review is to provide a detailed description of the working principle of MSI and its application in pharmacokinetic studies encompassing absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity processes, followed by a discussion of the strategies for addressing the challenges associated with the functional utility of MSI in pharmacokinetic studies that support drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omozojie P Aigbogun
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Holm NB, Deryabina M, Knudsen CB, Janfelt C. Tissue distribution and metabolic profiling of cyclosporine (CsA) in mouse and rat investigated by DESI and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of whole-body and single organ cryo-sections. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7167-7177. [PMID: 35953725 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a fast-growing class of pharmaceuticals. Like small molecules, the costs associated with their discovery and development are significant. In addition, since the preclinical data guides first-in-human studies, there is a need for analytical techniques that accelerate and improve our understanding of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics of early drug candidates. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), which can be used to visualize drug distribution in intact tissue, has been extensively used to study small molecule drugs, but only applied to a limited extent to larger molecules, such as peptides, after dosing. Herein, we use MSI to obtain spatial information on the distribution and metabolism of a peptide drug. The immunosuppressant cyclosporine (CsA), a cyclic undecapeptide, was used as a-proof-of-concept peptide and investigated by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MSI. Calibration curves were made based on a spiked tissue homogenate model. Different washing protocols were tested to improve sensitivity, but CsA, being a quite lipophilic peptide, was found not to benefit from tissue washing. The distribution of CsA and its metabolites were mapped in whole-body mouse sections and within rat organs. Whole-body DESI-MSI studies in mice showed widespread distribution of CsA with highest abundance in organs like the pancreas and liver. After 24 h, hydroxy and dihydroxy metabolites of CsA were detected predominantly in the intestines, which were largely devoid of CsA. In addition to the DESI-MSI experiments, MALDI-MSI was also conducted on rat jejunum at higher spatial resolution, revealing the morphology of the jejenum at greater detail; however, DESI provided similar results for drug and metabolite distribution in rat jejunum at apparent slightly better sensitivity. Given its label-free nature, MSI could provide valuable ADME insight, especially for candidates in the early-stage pipeline before radiolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bjerre Holm
- Department of Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics, Zealand Pharma A/S, Sydmarken 11, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Deryabina
- Department of Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics, Zealand Pharma A/S, Sydmarken 11, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Carsten Boye Knudsen
- Department of Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics, Zealand Pharma A/S, Sydmarken 11, 2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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7
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Analytical Performance Evaluation of New DESI Enhancements for Targeted Drug Quantification in Tissue Sections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060694. [PMID: 35745613 PMCID: PMC9228120 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Desorption/ionization (DI)-mass spectrometric (MS) methods offer considerable advantages of rapidity and low-sample input for the analysis of solid biological matrices such as tissue sections. The concept of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) offers the possibility to ionize compounds from solid surfaces at atmospheric pressure, without the addition of organic compounds to initiate desorption. However, severe drawbacks from former DESI hardware stability made the development of assays for drug quantification difficult. In the present study, the potential of new prototype source setups (High Performance DESI Sprayer and Heated Transfer Line) for the development of drug quantification assays in tissue sections was evaluated. It was demonstrated that following dedicated optimization, new DESI XS enhancements present promising options regarding targeted quantitative analyses. As a model compound for these developments, ulixertinib, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 was used.
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8
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LPS-induced lipid alterations in microglia revealed by MALDI mass spectrometry-based cell fingerprinting in neuroinflammation studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2908. [PMID: 35190595 PMCID: PMC8861089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological microglia activation can promote neuroinflammation in many neurodegenerative diseases, and it has therefore emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Increasing evidence suggests alterations in lipid metabolism as modulators and indicators in microglia activation and its effector functions. Yet, how lipid dynamics in activated microglia is affected by inflammatory stimuli demands additional investigation to allow development of more effective therapies. Here, we report an extensive matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) whole cell fingerprinting workflow to investigate inflammation-associated lipid patterns in SIM-A9 microglial cells. By combining a platform of three synergistic MALDI MS technologies we could detect substantial differences in lipid profiles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated and unstimulated microglia-like cells leading to the identification of 21 potential inflammation-associated lipid markers. LPS-induced lipids in SIM-A9 microglial cells include phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC), sphingolipids, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols. Moreover, MALDI MS-based cell lipid fingerprinting of LPS-stimulated SIM-A9 microglial cells pre-treated with the non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid revealed specific modulation of LPS-induced-glycerolipids and LysoPC(18:0) with a significant reduction of microglial inflammation response. Our study introduces MALDI MS as a complementary technology for fast and label-free investigation of stimulus-dependent changes in lipid patterns and their modulation by pharmaceutical agents.
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9
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Unger MS, Blank M, Enzlein T, Hopf C. Label-free cell assays to determine compound uptake or drug action using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5533-5558. [PMID: 34759382 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays for compound screening and profiling are fundamentally important in life sciences, chemical biology and pharmaceutical research. Most cell assays measure the amount of a single reporter molecule or cellular endpoint, and require the use of fluorescence or other labeled materials. Consequently, there is high demand for label-free technologies that enable multiple biomolecules or endpoints to be measured simultaneously. Here, we describe how to develop, optimize and validate MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) cell assays that can be used to measure cellular uptake of transporter substrates, to monitor cellular drug target engagement or to discover cellular drug-response markers. In uptake assays, intracellular accumulation of a transporter substrate and its inhibition by test compounds is measured. In drug response assays, changes to multiple cellular metabolites or to abundant posttranslational protein modifications are monitored as reporters of drug activity. We detail a ten-part optimization protocol with every part taking 1-2 d that leads to a final 2 d optimized procedure, which includes cell treatment, transfer, MALDI MS-specific sample preparation, quantification using stable-isotope-labeled standards, MALDI-TOF MS data acquisition, data processing and analysis. Key considerations for validation and automation of MALDI-TOF MS cell assays are outlined. Overall, label-free MS cell-based assays offer speed, sensitivity, accuracy and versatility in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Unger
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina Blank
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Structural Molecular Biology Laboratory (LABIME), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.
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10
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Lee PY, Yeoh Y, Omar N, Pung YF, Lim LC, Low TY. Molecular tissue profiling by MALDI imaging: recent progress and applications in cancer research. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:513-529. [PMID: 34615421 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1942781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging is an emergent technology that has been increasingly adopted in cancer research. MALDI imaging is capable of providing global molecular mapping of the abundance and spatial information of biomolecules directly in the tissues without labeling. It enables the characterization of a wide spectrum of analytes, including proteins, peptides, glycans, lipids, drugs, and metabolites and is well suited for both discovery and targeted analysis. An advantage of MALDI imaging is that it maintains tissue integrity, which allows correlation with histological features. It has proven to be a valuable tool for probing tumor heterogeneity and has been increasingly applied to interrogate molecular events associated with cancer. It provides unique insights into both the molecular content and spatial details that are not accessible by other techniques, and it has allowed considerable progress in the field of cancer research. In this review, we first provide an overview of the MALDI imaging workflow and approach. We then highlight some useful applications in various niches of cancer research, followed by a discussion of the challenges, recent developments and future prospect of this technique in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pey Yee Lee
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeelon Yeoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nursyazwani Omar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuh-Fen Pung
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay Cheng Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Davoli E, Zucchetti M, Matteo C, Ubezio P, D'Incalci M, Morosi L. THE SPACE DIMENSION AT THE MICRO LEVEL: MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING OF DRUGS IN TISSUES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:201-214. [PMID: 32501572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has seen remarkable development in recent years. The possibility of getting quantitative or semiquantitative data, while maintaining the spatial component in the tissues has opened up unique study possibilities. Now with a spatial window of few tens of microns, we can characterize the events occurring in tissue subcompartments in physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in oncology-especially in preclinical models-we can quantitatively measure drug distribution within tumors, correlating it with pharmacological treatments intended to modify it. We can also study the local effects of the drug in the tissue, and their effects in relation to histology. This review focuses on the main results in the field of drug MSI in clinical pharmacology, looking at the literature on the distribution of drugs in human tissues, and also the first preclinical evidence of drug intratissue effects. The main instrumental techniques are discussed, looking at the different instrumentation, sample preparation protocols, and raw data management employed to obtain the sensitivity required for these studies. Finally, we review the applications that describe in situ metabolic events and pathways induced by the drug, in animal models, showing that MSI makes it possible to study effects that go beyond the simple concentration of the drug, maintaining the space dimension. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Davoli
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ubezio
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Morosi
- Laboratory of Antitumoral Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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12
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RamalloGuevara C, Paulssen D, Popova AA, Hopf C, Levkin PA. Fast Nanoliter-Scale Cell Assays Using Droplet Microarray-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000279. [PMID: 33729695 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical research and development, cell-based assays are primarily used with readout that rely on fluorescence-based and other label-dependent techniques for analysis of different cellular processes. Superhydrophobic-hydrophilic droplet microarrays (DMA) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) have recently emerged as key technologies for miniaturized high-throughput cell assays and for label-free molecular high-content drug profiling, respectively. Here, nanoliter-scale cell assays are integrated on DMAs with MALDI-MS imaging (MALDI-MSI) approaches to a droplet microarray-mass spectrometry imaging (DMA-MSI) platform. Using A549 lung cancer cells, concentration-response profiling of a pharmaceutical compound, the fatty acid synthase inhibitor GSK2194069, are demonstrated. Direct cell culture on DMAs enables combination of microscopy and high speed, high molecular content analysis using MALDI-MSI. Miniaturization of array spots down to 0.5 mm confining 40 nL droplets allows for MALDI imaging analysis of as few as ten cells per spot. Partial automation ensures a fast sample preparation workflow. Taken together, the integrated DMA-MSI platform that combines MALDI-MSI, as a label-free analytical readout, with the miniaturized droplet microarray platform is a valuable complement to high throughput cell-based assays technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina RamalloGuevara
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Dorothea Paulssen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Anna A Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
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13
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McMahon NP, Solanki A, Wang LG, Montaño AR, Jones JA, Samkoe KS, Tichauer KM, Gibbs SL. TRIPODD: a Novel Fluorescence Imaging Platform for In Situ Quantification of Drug Distribution and Therapeutic Response. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:650-664. [PMID: 33751366 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Personalized medicine has largely failed to produce curative therapies in advanced cancer patients. Evaluation of in situ drug target availability (DTA) concomitant with local protein expression is critical to an accurate assessment of therapeutic efficacy, but tools capable of both are currently lacking. PROCEDURE We developed and optimized a fluorescence imaging platform termed TRIPODD (Therapeutic Response Imaging through Proteomic and Optical Drug Distribution), resulting in the only methodology capable of simultaneous quantification of single-cell DTA and protein expression with preserved spatial context within a tumor. Using TRIPODD, we demonstrate the feasibility of combining two complementary fluorescence imaging techniques, intracellular paired agent imaging (iPAI) and cyclic immunofluorescence (cyCIF), conducted with oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies (Ab-oligos) on tissue samples. RESULTS We successfully performed sequential imaging on a single tissue section of iPAI to capture single-cell DTA and local protein expression heterogeneity using Ab-oligo cyCIF. Fluorescence imaging data acquisition was followed by spatial registration resulting in high dimensional data correlating DTA to protein expression at the single-cell level where uptake of a targeted probe alone was not well correlated to protein expression. CONCLUSION Herein, we demonstrated the utility of TRIPODD as a powerful imaging platform capable of interpreting tumor heterogeneity for a mechanistic understanding of therapeutic response and resistance through quantification of drug target availability and proteomic response with preserved spatial context at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P McMahon
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Allison Solanki
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lei G Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Antonio R Montaño
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jocelyn A Jones
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kimberley S Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Surgery, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kenneth M Tichauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Summer L Gibbs
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Collaborative Life Sciences Building, 2730 S Moody Ave, Mail Code: CL3SG, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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14
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Noberini R, Robusti G, Bonaldi T. Mass spectrometry-based characterization of histones in clinical samples: applications, progresses, and challenges. FEBS J 2021; 289:1191-1213. [PMID: 33415821 PMCID: PMC9291046 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, increasing evidence linking epigenetics to various aspects of cancer biology has prompted the investigation of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) and histone variants in the context of clinical samples. The studies performed so far demonstrated the potential of this type of investigations for the discovery of both potential epigenetic biomarkers for patient stratification and novel epigenetic mechanisms potentially targetable for cancer therapy. Although traditionally the analysis of histones in clinical samples was performed through antibody-based methods, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a more powerful tool for the unbiased, comprehensive, and quantitative investigation of histone PTMs and variants. MS has been extensively used for the analysis of epigenetic marks in cell lines and animal tissue and, thanks to recent technological advances, is now ready to be applied also to clinical samples. In this review, we will provide an overview on the quantitative MS-based analysis of histones, their PTMs and their variants in cancer clinical samples, highlighting current achievements and future perspectives for this novel field of research. Among the different MS-based approaches currently available for histone PTM profiling, we will focus on the 'bottom-up' strategy, namely the analysis of short proteolytic peptides, as it has been already successfully employed for the analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noberini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Robusti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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15
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Unger MS, Schumacher L, Enzlein T, Weigt D, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Schwab M, Nies AT, Drewes G, Schulz S, Reinhard FBM, Hopf C. Direct Automated MALDI Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Cellular Transporter Function: Inhibition of OATP2B1 Uptake by 294 Drugs. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11851-11859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Unger
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Cellzome - a GlaxoSmithKline company, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69177 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Schumacher
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Weigt
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maciej J. Zamek-Gliszczynski
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne T. Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome - a GlaxoSmithKline company, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69177 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulz
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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16
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Gachumi G, Purves RW, Hopf C, El-Aneed A. Fast Quantification Without Conventional Chromatography, The Growing Power of Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8628-8637. [PMID: 32510944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) in hyphenated techniques is widely accepted as the gold standard quantitative tool in life sciences. However, MS possesses intrinsic analytical capabilities that allow it to be a stand-alone quantitative technique, particularly with current technological advancements. MS has a great potential for simplifying quantitative analysis without the need for tedious chromatographic separation. Its selectivity relies on multistage MS analysis (MSn), including tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), as well as the ever-growing advancements of high-resolution MS instruments. This perspective describes various analytical platforms that utilize MS as a stand-alone quantitative technique, namely, flow injection analysis (FIA), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), including MALDI-MS imaging and ion mobility, particularly high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). When MS alone is not capable of providing reliable quantitative data, instead of conventional liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, the use of a guard column (i.e., fast chromatography) may be sufficient for quantification. Although the omission of chromatographic separation simplifies the analytical process, extra procedures may be needed during sample preparation and clean-up to address the issue of matrix effects. The discussion of this manuscript focuses on key parameters underlying the uniqueness of each technique for its application in quantitative analysis without the need for a chromatographic separation. In addition, the potential for each analytical strategy and its challenges are discussed as well as improvements needed to render them as mainstream quantitative analytical tools. Overcoming the hurdles for fully validating a quantitative method will allow MS alone to eventually become an indispensable quantitative tool for clinical and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5E5
| | - Randy W Purves
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5E5.,Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 2R3
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada, S7N 5E5
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17
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Hopp MT, Schmalohr BF, Kühl T, Detzel MS, Wißbrock A, Imhof D. Heme Determination and Quantification Methods and Their Suitability for Practical Applications and Everyday Use. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9429-9440. [PMID: 32490668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many research institutions, clinical diagnostic laboratories, and blood banks are desperately searching for a possibility to identify and quantify heme in different physiological and pathological settings as well as various research applications. The reasons for this are the toxicity of the heme and the fact that it acts as a hemolytic and pro-inflammatory molecule. Heme only exerts these severe and undesired effects when it is not incorporated in hemoproteins. Upon release from the hemoproteins, it enters a biologically available state (labile heme), in which it is loosely associated with proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, or other molecules. While the current methods and procedures for quantitative determination of heme have been used for many years in different settings, their value is limited by the challenging chemical properties of heme. A major cause of inadequate quantification is the separation of labile and permanently bound heme and its high aggregation potential. Thus, none of the current methods are utilized as a generally applicable, standardized approach. The aim of this Feature is to describe and summarize the most common and frequently used chemical, analytical, and biochemical methods for the quantitative determination of heme. Based on this overview, the most promising approaches for future solutions to heme quantification are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-T Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin F Schmalohr
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Milena S Detzel
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Fülöp A, Bausbacher T, Rizzo S, Zhou Q, Gillandt H, Hopf C, Rittner M. New Derivatization Reagent for Detection of free Thiol-groups in Metabolites and Proteins in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6224-6228. [PMID: 32233426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several diseases are associated with disturbed redox signaling and altered metabolism of sulfur-containing metabolites and proteins. Importantly, oxidative degradation of fresh-frozen tissues begins within the normal time scale of MALDI MSI sample preparation. As a result, analytical methods that preserve the redox state of the tissue are urgently needed for refined studies of the underlying mechanisms. Nevertheless, no derivatization strategy for free sulfhydryl groups in tissue is known for MALDI MSI. Here, we report the first derivatization reagent, (E)-2-cyano-N-(2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide (CHC-Mal), for selective detection of free thiols using MALDI MSI. We performed in situ derivatization of free thiol groups from thiol-containing metabolites such as glutathione and cysteine and reduced proteins such as insulin and imaged their spatial distribution in porcine and mouse xenograft tissue. Derivatization of thiol-containing metabolites with CHC-Mal for MALDI MSI was also possible when using aged tissue in the presence of excess reducing agents. Importantly, CHC-Mal-derivatized low mass-metabolites could be detected without the use of a conventional MALDI matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fülöp
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Bausbacher
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefano Rizzo
- Sirius Fine Chemicals SiChem GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Qiuqin Zhou
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gillandt
- Sirius Fine Chemicals SiChem GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Miriam Rittner
- Sirius Fine Chemicals SiChem GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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19
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Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, a promising proteomic profiling method in farm animal clinical and reproduction research. Theriogenology 2020; 150:113-121. [PMID: 32284210 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide new insights into the possible use of a proteomic method known as Intact Cell Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ICM-MS) in animal clinical research. Here, we give an overview of the basics of this technique, its advantages and disadvantages compared with other proteomic approaches, past applications and future perspectives. A special emphasis on its implementation in animal reproduction science is given, including examples of the reliable use of ICM-MS on fertility screening. In mammals, the ICM-MS profiles from pig epididymal spermatozoa reflect the proteome changes that they undergo during epididymal maturation and could be associated with the acquisition of fertilizing ability. In chicken, using adequate pre-processing and bioinformatics analysis tools, sperm ICM-MS profiles showed characteristic spectral features that allowed their classification according to their actual fertilizing ability. The association of ICM-MS and Top-down proteomic strategies allowed the identification of chicken fertility biomarkers candidates such as protein vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 (VMO-1) and avian beta-defensin 10 (AvBD10). In female reproduction, a similar approach on ovarian follicular cells allowed the identification of specific markers of oocyte maturation in the oocyte and surrounding cumulus cells. Altogether, these results indicate that ICM-MS profiling could be a suitable approach for molecular phenotyping of male and female gametes.
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20
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de Maar JS, Sofias AM, Porta Siegel T, Vreeken RJ, Moonen C, Bos C, Deckers R. Spatial heterogeneity of nanomedicine investigated by multiscale imaging of the drug, the nanoparticle and the tumour environment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1884-1909. [PMID: 32042343 PMCID: PMC6993242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic tumour heterogeneity is an important cause of therapy resistance. Moreover, non-uniform spatial drug distribution in cancer treatment may cause pseudo-resistance, meaning that a treatment is ineffective because the drug does not reach its target at sufficient concentrations. Together with tumour heterogeneity, non-uniform drug distribution causes “therapy heterogeneity”: a spatially heterogeneous treatment effect. Spatial heterogeneity in drug distribution occurs on all scales ranging from interpatient differences to intratumour differences on tissue or cellular scale. Nanomedicine aims to improve the balance between efficacy and safety of drugs by targeting drug-loaded nanoparticles specifically to tumours. Spatial heterogeneity in nanoparticle and payload distribution could be an important factor that limits their efficacy in patients. Therefore, imaging spatial nanoparticle distribution and imaging the tumour environment giving rise to this distribution could help understand (lack of) clinical success of nanomedicine. Imaging the nanoparticle, drug and tumour environment can lead to improvements of new nanotherapies, increase understanding of underlying mechanisms of heterogeneous distribution, facilitate patient selection for nanotherapies and help assess the effect of treatments that aim to reduce heterogeneity in nanoparticle distribution. In this review, we discuss three groups of imaging modalities applied in nanomedicine research: non-invasive clinical imaging methods (nuclear imaging, MRI, CT, ultrasound), optical imaging and mass spectrometry imaging. Because each imaging modality provides information at a different scale and has its own strengths and weaknesses, choosing wisely and combining modalities will lead to a wealth of information that will help bring nanomedicine forward.
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21
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Maynard J, Hart P. The Opportunities and Use of Imaging to Measure Target Engagement. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:127-136. [PMID: 31885303 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219897270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lack of efficacy and poor safety outcomes are deemed to be the greatest causes of clinical failure of novel therapeutics. The use of biomarkers that give accurate information on target engagement, providing confidence that pharmacological activity in the target organ is being achieved, is key in optimizing clinical success. Without a measurement of target engagement, it can be very difficult to discern the basis for any lack of efficacy of a drug molecule within the pharmaceutical industry. Target engagement can be measured in both an in vitro and in vivo setting, and in recent years imaging measurements have been used frequently in drug discovery and development to assess target engagement and receptor occupancy in both human and animal models. From this perspective, we assess and look at the advancements in both in vivo and ex vivo imaging to demonstrate the enormous potential that imaging has as an application to provide a greater understanding of target engagement with a correlative therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippa Hart
- Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK
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22
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Vinegoni C, Feruglio PF, Gryczynski I, Mazitschek R, Weissleder R. Fluorescence anisotropy imaging in drug discovery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:262-288. [PMID: 29410158 PMCID: PMC6072632 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive measurement of drug-target engagement can provide critical insights in the molecular pharmacology of small molecule drugs. Fluorescence polarization/fluorescence anisotropy measurements are commonly employed in protein/cell screening assays. However, the expansion of such measurements to the in vivo setting has proven difficult until recently. With the advent of high-resolution fluorescence anisotropy microscopy it is now possible to perform kinetic measurements of intracellular drug distribution and target engagement in commonly used mouse models. In this review we discuss the background, current advances and future perspectives in intravital fluorescence anisotropy measurements to derive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measurements in single cells and whole organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Kath JE, Baranczak A. Target engagement approaches for pharmacological evaluation in animal models. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9241-9250. [PMID: 31328738 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of chemical biology has introduced several approaches, typically using chemical probes, to measure the direct binding interaction of a small molecule with its biological target in cells. The use of these direct target engagement assays in pharmaceutical development can support mechanism of action hypothesis testing, rank ordering of compounds, and iterative improvements of chemical matter. This Feature Article highlights a newer application of these approaches: the quantification of target engagement in animal models to support late stage preclinical development and the nomination of a drug candidate to clinical trials. Broadly speaking, these efforts can be divided between compounds that covalently and reversibly interact with protein targets; recent examples for both categories are discussed for a range of targets, along with their limitations. New, promising technologies are also highlighted, in addition to the application of target engagement determination to new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Kath
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6101, USA.
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24
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Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Mutation Status-independent Lack of Imatinib in Liver Metastases of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10698. [PMID: 31337874 PMCID: PMC6650609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an enabling technology for label-free drug disposition studies at high spatial resolution in life science- and pharmaceutical research. We present the first extensive clinical matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) quantitative mass spectrometry imaging (qMSI) study of drug uptake and distribution in clinical specimen, analyzing 56 specimens of tumor and corresponding non-tumor tissues from 27 imatinib-treated patients with the biopsy-proven rare disease gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). For validation, we compared MALDI-TOF-qMSI with conventional UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS-based quantification from tissue extracts and with ultra-high resolution MALDI-FTICR-qMSI. We introduced a novel generalized nonlinear calibration model of drug quantities based on computational evaluation of drug-containing areas that enabled better data fitting and assessment of the inherent method nonlinearities. Imatinib tissue spatial maps revealed striking inefficiency in drug penetration into GIST liver metastases even though the corresponding healthy liver tissues in the vicinity showed abundant imatinib levels beyond the limit of quantification (LOQ), thus providing evidence for secondary drug resistance independent of mutation status. Taken together, these findings underscore the important application of MALDI-qMSI in studying the spatial distribution of molecularly targeted therapeutics in oncology, namely to serve as orthogonal post-surgical approach to evaluate the contribution of anticancer drug disposition to resistance against treatment.
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25
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Weigt D, Parrish CA, Krueger JA, Oleykowski CA, Rendina AR, Hopf C. Mechanistic MALDI-TOF Cell-Based Assay for the Discovery of Potent and Specific Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1322-1331.e4. [PMID: 31279605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cancers require fatty acid synthase (FASN)-dependent de novo long-chain fatty acid synthesis for proliferation. FASN is therefore an attractive drug target, but fast technologies for reliable label-free cellular compound profiling are lacking. Recently, MALDI-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has emerged as an effective technology for discovery of recombinant protein target inhibitors. Here we present an automated, mechanistic MALDI-MS cell assay, which monitors accumulation of the FASN substrate, malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA), in whole cells with limited sample preparation. Profiling of inhibitors, including unpublished compounds, identified compound 1 as the most potent FASN inhibitor (1 nM in A549 cells) discovered to date. Moreover, cellular MALDI-MS assays enable parallel profiling of additional pathway metabolites. Surprisingly, several compounds triggered cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) but not malonyl-CoA accumulation indicating that they inhibit diacylglycerol generation but not FASN activity. Taken together, our study suggests that MALDI-MS cell assays may become important tools in drug profiling that provide additional mechanistic insights concerning compound action on metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weigt
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim Technical University, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cynthia A Parrish
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Julie A Krueger
- Immuno-Oncology and Combinations Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Catherine A Oleykowski
- Immuno-Oncology and Combinations Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Alan R Rendina
- Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim Technical University, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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26
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Winter M, Bretschneider T, Thamm S, Kleiner C, Grabowski D, Chandler S, Ries R, Kley JT, Fowler D, Bartlett C, Binetti R, Broadwater J, Luippold AH, Bischoff D, Büttner FH. Chemical Derivatization Enables MALDI-TOF-Based High-Throughput Screening for Microbial Trimethylamine (TMA)-Lyase Inhibitors. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:766-777. [PMID: 31059309 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219838216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-dependent trimethylamine (TMA) generation from dietary precursors such as choline was recently linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inhibition of TMA-generating enzymes in gut bacteria would be an innovative approach to treat these diseases. The potential to accurately quantify secreted TMA levels highlights the capacity of mass spectrometry (MS) for tracking microbial TMA-lyase activity. However, high-throughput screening (HTS) by conventional MS instrumentation is hampered by limited sample throughput. Recent advancement in liquid handling and instrumentation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS provides an HTS-compatible MS technology. The deciphering of enzymatic reactions using this label-free readout has been successfully applied but has thus far been limited to peptide/protein-centric activity assays. Here, we demonstrate the versatile applicability of MALDI-TOF by tracking a small molecule within a highly complex sample background. The key to success for this concept was chemical derivatization of the target molecule enabling quantitative assessment of microbial TMA formation. Further, its potential was demonstrated in a side-by-side comparison to RapidFire-MS in a primary screen and subsequent dose-response experiments. Overall, the established assay enables the screening for microbial TMA-lyase inhibitors and serves as a proof of concept for the applicability of MALDI-TOF for demanding assay concepts per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Winter
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Sven Thamm
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Carola Kleiner
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabowski
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Sarah Chandler
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Robert Ries
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Jörg T Kley
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Danielle Fowler
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Christina Bartlett
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Ralph Binetti
- 4 Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John Broadwater
- 3 Cardiometabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Frank H Büttner
- 1 Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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Schulz S, Becker M, Groseclose MR, Schadt S, Hopf C. Advanced MALDI mass spectrometry imaging in pharmaceutical research and drug development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 55:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Petukhova VZ, Young AN, Wang J, Wang M, Ladanyi A, Kothari R, Burdette JE, Sanchez LM. Whole Cell MALDI Fingerprinting Is a Robust Tool for Differential Profiling of Two-Component Mammalian Cell Mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:344-354. [PMID: 30353292 PMCID: PMC6347503 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MALDI fingerprinting was first described two decades ago as a technique to identify microbial cell lines. Microbial fingerprinting has since evolved into an automated platform for microorganism identification and classification, which is now routinely used in clinical and environmental sectors. The extension of fingerprinting to mammalian cells has yet to progress partly due to compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells and overall higher cellular complexity. A number of publications on mammalian whole cell fingerprinting suggest that the method could be useful for classification of different cell types, cell states, and monitoring cell differentiation. We report the optimization of MALDI fingerprinting workflow parameters for mammalian cells and its application for differential profiling of mammalian cell lines and two-component cell line mixtures. Murine fallopian tube cells and high-grade ovarian carcinoma cell lines and their mixtures are used as model mammalian cell lines. Two-component cell mixtures serve to determine the method's feasibility for complex biological samples as the ability to detect cancer cells in a mixed cell population. The level of detection of cancer cells in the two-component mixture by principle component analysis (PCA) starts to deteriorate at 5% but with application of a different statistical approach, Wilcoxon rank sum test, the level of detection was determined to be 1%. The ability to differentiate heterogeneous cell mixtures will help further extend whole cell MALDI fingerprinting to complex biological systems. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Z Petukhova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St., MC 781, Room 539, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alexandria N Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St., MC 781, Room 539, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Ometa Labs, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Ometa Labs, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Andras Ladanyi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W Congress Pkwy, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rajul Kothari
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology-Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 S Wood St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St., MC 781, Room 539, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St., MC 781, Room 539, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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29
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Erich K, Reinle K, Müller T, Munteanu B, Sammour DA, Hinsenkamp I, Gutting T, Burgermeister E, Findeisen P, Ebert MP, Krijgsveld J, Hopf C. Spatial Distribution of Endogenous Tissue Protease Activity in Gastric Carcinoma Mapped by MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:151-161. [PMID: 30293968 PMCID: PMC6317471 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant protease activity has been implicated in the etiology of various prevalent diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer, in particular metastasis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has recently been established as a key technology for bioanalysis of multiple biomolecular classes such as proteins, lipids, and glycans. However, it has not yet been systematically explored for investigation of a tissue's endogenous protease activity. In this study, we demonstrate that different tissues, spray-coated with substance P as a tracer, digest this peptide with different time-course profiles. Furthermore, we reveal that distinct cleavage products originating from substance P are generated transiently and that proteolysis can be attenuated by protease inhibitors in a concentration-dependent manner. To show the translational potential of the method, we analyzed protease activity of gastric carcinoma in mice. Our MSI and quantitative proteomics results reveal differential distribution of protease activity - with strongest activity being observed in mouse tumor tissue, suggesting the general applicability of the workflow in animal pharmacology and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Erich
- From the ‡Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;; §Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kevin Reinle
- From the ‡Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Torsten Müller
- ¶German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; ‡‡Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- From the ‡Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- From the ‡Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;; §Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Hinsenkamp
- ‖Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Gutting
- ‖Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- ‖Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Findeisen
- **Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- ‖Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- ¶German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;; ‡‡Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- From the ‡Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;; §Institute of Medical Technology, Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;.
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30
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Weigt D, Sammour DA, Ulrich T, Munteanu B, Hopf C. Automated analysis of lipid drug-response markers by combined fast and high-resolution whole cell MALDI mass spectrometry biotyping. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11260. [PMID: 30050068 PMCID: PMC6062520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry have enabled whole cell-MALDI mass spectrometry biotyping of drug-treated cultured cells for rapid monitoring of known abundant pharmacodynamic protein markers such as polyacetylated histones. In contrast, generic and automated analytical workflows for discovery of such pharmacodynamic markers, in particular lipid markers, and their use in cellular tests of drug-like compounds are still lacking. Here, we introduce such a workflow and demonstrate its utility for cellular drug-response monitoring of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in K562 leukemia cells: First, low-molecular mass features indicating drug responses are computationally extracted from groups of MALDI-TOF mass spectra. Then, the lipids/metabolites corresponding to these features are identified by MALDI-Fourier transformation mass spectrometry. To demonstrate utility of the method, we identify the potassium adduct of phosphatidylcholine PC(36:1) as well as heme B, a marker for erythroid differentiation, as markers for a label-free MALDI MS-based test of cellular responses to BCR-ABL inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of lipids and other low molecular mass metabolites could support cell-based drug profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weigt
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
- HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timon Ulrich
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.
- HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Herzer S, Hagan C, von Gerichten J, Dieterle V, Munteanu B, Sandhoff R, Hopf C, Nordström V. Deletion of Specific Sphingolipids in Distinct Neurons Improves Spatial Memory in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:206. [PMID: 29973867 PMCID: PMC6019486 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and a concomitant loss of synapses and cognitive abilities. Recently, we have proposed that an alteration of neuronal membrane lipid microdomains increases neuronal resistance toward amyloid-β stress in cultured neurons and protects from neurodegeneration in a mouse model of AD. Lipid microdomains are highly enriched in a specific subclass of glycosphingolipids, termed gangliosides. The enzyme glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of these gangliosides. The present work now demonstrates that genetic GCS deletion in subsets of adult forebrain neurons significantly improves the spatial memory and counteracts the loss of dendritic spines in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of 5x familial AD mice (5xFAD//Ugcgf/f//Thy1-CreERT2//EYFP mice), when compared to 5xFAD//Ugcgf/f littermates (5xFAD mice). Aberrantly activated glial cells and their expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines have emerged as the major culprits for synaptic loss in AD. Typically, astrocytic activation is accompanied by a thickening of astrocytic processes, which impairs astrocytic support for neuronal synapses. In contrast to 5xFAD mice, 5xFAD//Ugcgf/f//Thy1-CreERT2//EYFP display a less pronounced thickening of astrocytic processes and a lower expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-α in the hippocampus. Thus, this work further emphasizes that GCS inhibition may constitute a potential therapeutic target against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Herzer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cassidy Hagan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Johanna von Gerichten
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Dieterle
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CeMOS), University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry (CeMOS), University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Viola Nordström
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry Imaging in the Study of Gastric Cancer: A Mini Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122588. [PMID: 29194417 PMCID: PMC5751191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the disease outcome commonly depends upon the tumour stage at the time of diagnosis. However, this cancer can often be asymptomatic during the early stages and remain undetected until the later stages of tumour development, having a significant impact on patient prognosis. However, our comprehension of the mechanisms underlying the development of gastric malignancies is still lacking. For these reasons, the search for new diagnostic and prognostic markers for gastric cancer is an ongoing pursuit. Modern mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques, in particular matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI), have emerged as a plausible tool in clinical pathology as a whole. More specifically, MALDI-MSI is being increasingly employed in the study of gastric cancer and has already elucidated some important disease checkpoints that may help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning this aggressive cancer. Here we report the state of the art of MALDI-MSI approaches, ranging from sample preparation to statistical analysis, and provide a complete review of the key findings that have been reported in the literature thus far.
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33
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Hinsenkamp I, Schulz S, Roscher M, Suhr AM, Meyer B, Munteanu B, Fuchser J, Schoenberg SO, Ebert MPA, Wängler B, Hopf C, Burgermeister E. Inhibition of Rho-Associated Kinase 1/2 Attenuates Tumor Growth in Murine Gastric Cancer. Neoplasia 2017; 18:500-11. [PMID: 27566106 PMCID: PMC5018096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a malignant disease with high mortality. Patients are frequently diagnosed in advanced stages where survival prognosis is poor. Thus, there is high medical need to find novel drug targets and treatment strategies. Recently, the comprehensive molecular characterization of GC subtypes revealed mutations in the small GTPase RHOA as a hallmark of diffuse-type GC. RHOA activates RHO-associated protein kinases (ROCK1/2) which regulate cell contractility, migration and growth and thus may play a role in cancer. However, therapeutic benefit of RHO-pathway inhibition in GC has not been shown so far. The ROCK1/2 inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinoline sulfonyl)-homopiperazine (HA-1077, fasudil) is approved for cerebrovascular bleeding in patients. We therefore investigated whether fasudil (i.p., 10 mg/kg per day, 4 times per week, 4 weeks) inhibits tumor growth in a preclinical model of GC. Fasudil evoked cell death in human GC cells and reduced the tumor size in the stomach of CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mice. Small animal PET/CT confirmed preclinical efficacy. Mass spectrometry imaging identified a translatable biomarker for mouse GC and suggested rapid but incomplete in situ distribution of the drug to gastric tumor tissue. RHOA expression was increased in the neoplastic murine stomach compared with normal non-malignant gastric tissue, and fasudil reduced (auto) phosphorylation of ROCK2 at THR249 in vivo and in human GC cells in vitro. In sum, our data suggest that RHO-pathway inhibition may constitute a novel strategy for treatment of GC and that enhanced distribution of future ROCK inhibitors into tumor tissue may further improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hinsenkamp
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulz
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS) and Institute of Medical Technology of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Dept. of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne-Maria Suhr
- Dept. of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Meyer
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS) and Institute of Medical Technology of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS) and Institute of Medical Technology of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Stefan O Schoenberg
- Dept. of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P A Ebert
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Dept. of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS) and Institute of Medical Technology of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Labas V, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Bouguereau L, Gargaros A, Spina L, Marestaing A, Uzbekova S. Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on single bovine oocyte and follicular cells combined with top-down proteomics: A novel approach to characterise markers of oocyte maturation. J Proteomics 2017; 175:56-74. [PMID: 28385661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (ICM-MS) was adapted to bovine follicular cells from individual ovarian follicles to obtain the protein/peptide signatures (<17kDa) of single oocytes, cumulus cells (CC) and granulosa cells (GC), which shared a total of 439 peaks. By comparing the ICM-MS profiles of single oocytes and CC before and after in vitro maturation (IVM), 71 different peaks were characterised, and their relative abundance was found to vary depending on the stage of oocyte meiotic maturation. To identify these endogenous biomolecules, top-down workflow using high resolution MS/MS (TD HR-MS) was performed on the protein extracts from oocytes, CC and GC. The TD HR-MS proteomic approach allowed for: (1) identification of 386 peptide/proteoforms encoded by 194 genes; and (2) characterisation of proteolysis products likely resulting from the action of kallikreins and caspases. In total, 136 peaks observed by ICM-MS were annotated by TD HR-MS (ProteomeXchange PXD004892). Among these, 16 markers of maturation were identified, including IGF2 binding protein 3 and hemoglobin B in the oocyte, thymosins beta-4 and beta-10, histone H2B and ubiquitin in CC. The combination of ICM-MS and TD HR-MS proved to be a suitable strategy to identify non-invasive markers of oocyte quality using limited biological samples. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on single oocytes and their surrounding cumulus cells, coupled to an optimised top-down HR-MS proteomic approach on ovarian follicular cells, was used to identify specific markers of oocyte meiotic maturation represented by whole low molecular weight proteins or products of degradation by specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Labas
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Ana-Paula Teixeira-Gomes
- UMR ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Laura Bouguereau
- UMR ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Audrey Gargaros
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie Spina
- INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INSA/CNRS 5504 - UMR INSA/INRA 792, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Marestaing
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Svetlana Uzbekova
- UMR PRC, INRA 85, CNRS, Université de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France; INRA, Plateforme d'Analyse Intégrative des Biomolécules, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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35
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Dubach JM, Kim E, Yang K, Cuccarese M, Giedt RJ, Meimetis LG, Vinegoni C, Weissleder R. Quantitating drug-target engagement in single cells in vitro and in vivo. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 13:168-173. [PMID: 27918558 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantitation of drug target engagement in single cells has proven to be difficult, often leaving unanswered questions in the drug development process. We found that intracellular target engagement of unlabeled new therapeutics can be quantitated using polarized microscopy combined with competitive binding of matched fluorescent companion imaging probes. We quantitated the dynamics of target engagement of covalent BTK inhibitors, as well as reversible PARP inhibitors, in populations of single cells using a single companion imaging probe for each target. We then determined average in vivo tumor concentrations and found marked population heterogeneity following systemic delivery, revealing single cells with low target occupancy at high average target engagement in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Dubach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eunha Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Yang
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Cuccarese
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randy J Giedt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Labros G Meimetis
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Sonner JK, Deumelandt K, Ott M, Thomé CM, Rauschenbach KJ, Schulz S, Munteanu B, Mohapatra S, Adam I, Hofer AC, Feuerer M, Opitz CA, Hopf C, Wick W, Platten M. The stress kinase GCN2 does not mediate suppression of antitumor T cell responses by tryptophan catabolism in experimental melanomas. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1240858. [PMID: 28123877 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1240858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism is a key process that shapes the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The two rate-limiting enzymes that mediate tryptophan depletion, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), have moved into the focus of research and inhibitors targeting IDO and TDO have entered clinical trials. Local tryptophan depletion is generally viewed as the crucial immunosuppressive mechanism. In T cells, the kinase general control non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) has been identified as a molecular sensor of tryptophan deprivation. GCN2 activation by tryptophan depletion induces apoptosis and mitigates T cell proliferation. Here, we investigated whether GCN2 attenuates tumor rejection in experimental B16 melanoma using T cell-specific Gcn2 knockout mice. Our data demonstrate that GCN2 in T cells did not affect immunity to B16 tumors even when animals were treated with antibodies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4). GCN2-deficient gp100 TCR-transgenic T cells were equally effective as wild-type pmel T cells against gp100-expressing B16 melanomas after adoptive transfer and gp100 peptide vaccination. Even augmentation of tumoral tryptophan metabolism in B16 tumors by lentiviral overexpression of Tdo did not differentially affect GCN2-proficient vs. GCN2-deficient T cells in vivo. Importantly, GCN2 target genes were not upregulated in tumor-infiltrating T cells. MALDI-TOF MS imaging of B16 melanomas demonstrated maintenance of intratumoral tryptophan levels despite high tryptophan turnover, which prohibits a drop in tryptophan sufficient to activate GCN2 in tumor-infiltrating T cells. In conclusion, our results do not suggest that suppression of antitumor immune responses by tryptophan metabolism is driven by local tryptophan depletion and subsequent GCN2-mediated T cell anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana K Sonner
- DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Deumelandt
- DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Ott
- DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Schulz
- Centre for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Hochschule Mannheim , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bogdan Munteanu
- Centre for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Hochschule Mannheim , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Soumya Mohapatra
- Junior Group Brain Cancer Metabolism, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabell Adam
- Junior Group Brain Cancer Metabolism, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Feuerer
- Research Group Immune Tolerance, DKFZ , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiane A Opitz
- Junior Group Brain Cancer Metabolism, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology and National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Centre for Applied Research "Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry" (ABIMAS), Hochschule Mannheim , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology and National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology and National Center of Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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37
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Fülöp A, Sammour DA, Erich K, von Gerichten J, van Hoogevest P, Sandhoff R, Hopf C. Molecular imaging of brain localization of liposomes in mice using MALDI mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33791. [PMID: 27650487 PMCID: PMC5030664 DOI: 10.1038/srep33791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids have excellent biocompatibility and are therefore often used as main components of liposomal drug carriers. In traditional bioanalytics, the in-vivo distribution of liposomal drug carriers is assessed using radiolabeled liposomal constituents. This study presents matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) as an alternative, label-free method for ex-vivo molecular imaging of liposomal drug carriers in mouse tissue. To this end, indocyanine green as cargo and two liposomal markers, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine conjugated with monodisperse polyethylene glycol (PEG36-DSPE) were incorporated into liposomal carriers and administered to mice. We used MALDI MSI of the two lipid markers in both positive and negative ion mode for visualization of liposome integrity and distribution in mouse organs. Additional MSI of hemoglobin in the same tissue slice and pixel-by-pixel computational analysis of co-occurrence of lipid markers and hemoglobin served as indicator of liposome localization either in parenchyma or in blood vessels. Our proof-of-concept study suggests that liposomal components and indocyanine green distributed into all investigated organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fülöp
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Erich
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna von Gerichten
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter van Hoogevest
- Phospholipid Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Lipid Pathobiochemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research in Applied Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS). Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Instrumental Analytics and Bioanalytics, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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38
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Erich K, Sammour DA, Marx A, Hopf C. Scores for standardization of on-tissue digestion of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue in MALDI-MS imaging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1865:907-915. [PMID: 27599305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
On-slide digestion of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human biopsy tissue followed by mass spectrometry imaging of resulting peptides may have the potential to become an additional analytical modality in future ePathology. Multiple workflows have been described for dewaxing, antigen retrieval, digestion and imaging in the past decade. However, little is known about suitable statistical scores for method comparison and systematic workflow standardization required for development of processes that would be robust enough to be compatible with clinical routine. To define scores for homogeneity of tissue processing and imaging as well as inter-day repeatability for five different processing methods, we used human liver and gastrointestinal stromal tumor tissue, both judged by an expert pathologist to be >98% histologically homogeneous. For mean spectra-based as well as pixel-wise data analysis, we propose the coefficient of determination R2, the natural fold-change (natFC) value and the digest efficiency DE% as readily accessible scores. Moreover, we introduce two scores derived from principal component analysis, the variance of the mean absolute deviation, MAD, and the interclass overlap, Joverlap, as computational scores that may help to avoid user bias during future workflow development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MALDI Imaging, edited by Dr. Corinna Henkel and Prof. Peter Hoffmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Erich
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Technology (IMT), University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Denis A Sammour
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Technology (IMT), University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Medical Technology (IMT), University of Heidelberg and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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39
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Weigt D, Hopf C, Médard G. Studying epigenetic complexes and their inhibitors with the proteomics toolbox. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:76. [PMID: 27437033 PMCID: PMC4950666 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some epigenetic modifier proteins have become validated clinical targets. With a few small molecule inhibitors already approved by national health administrations and many more in the pharmaceutical industry pipelines, there is a need for technologies that can promote full comprehension of the molecular action of these drugs. Proteomics, with its relatively unbiased nature, can contribute to a thorough understanding of the complexity of the megadalton complexes, which write, read and erase the histone code, and it can help study the on-target and off-target effect of the drugs designed to modulate their action. This review on the one hand gathers the published affinity probes able to decipher small molecule targets and off-targets in a close-to-native environment. These are small molecule analogues of epigenetic drugs conceived as protein target enrichment tools after they have engaged them in cells or lysates. Such probes, which have been designed for deacetylases, bromodomains, demethylases, and methyltransferases not only enrich their direct protein targets but also their stable interactors, which can be identified by mass spectrometry. Hence, they constitute a tool to study the epigenetic complexes together with other techniques also reviewed here: immunoaffinity purification with antibodies against native protein complex constituents or epitope tags, affinity matrices designed to bind recombinantly tagged protein, and enrichment of the complexes using histone tail peptides as baits. We expect that this toolbox will be adopted by more and more researchers willing to harness the spectacular advances in mass spectrometry to the epigenetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weigt
- />Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- />HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- />Center for Applied Research in Biomedical Mass Spectrometry (ABIMAS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- />HBIGS International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 501, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- />Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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40
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Vinegoni C, Dubach JM, Feruglio PF, Weissleder R. Two-photon Fluorescence Anisotropy Microscopy for Imaging and Direct Measurement of Intracellular Drug Target Engagement. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6801607. [PMID: 27440991 PMCID: PMC4946648 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule therapeutic drugs must reach their intended cellular targets (pharmacokinetics) and engage them to modulate therapeutic effects (pharmacodynamics). These processes are often difficult to measure in vivo due to their complexities and occurrence within single cells. It has been particularly difficult to directly measure cellular drug target binding. Fluorescence polarization is commonly used in pharmacological screening assays to measure drug-protein or protein-protein interactions. We hypothesized that fluorescence polarization imaging could be adapted and used with fluorescently labeled drugs to measure drug target engagement in vivo. Here we summarize recent results using two photon fluorescence anisotropy microscopy. Our imaging technique offers quantitative pharmacological binding information of diverse molecular interactions at the microscopic level, differentiating between bound and unbound states. Used in combination with other recent advances in the development of novel fluorescently labeled drugs, we expect that the described imaging modality will provide a window into the distribution and efficacy of drugs in real time and in vivo at the cellular and subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - John M. Dubach
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA and with the Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
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41
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Noberini R, Sigismondo G, Bonaldi T. The contribution of mass spectrometry-based proteomics to understanding epigenetics. Epigenomics 2016; 8:429-45. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is a macromolecular complex composed of DNA and histones that regulate gene expression and nuclear architecture. The concerted action of DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and chromatin-associated proteins control the epigenetic regulation of the genome, ultimately determining cell fate and the transcriptional outputs of differentiated cells. Deregulation of this complex machinery leads to disease states, and exploiting epigenetic drugs is becoming increasingly attractive for therapeutic intervention. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics emerged as a powerful tool complementary to genomic approaches for epigenetic research, allowing the unbiased and comprehensive analysis of histone post-translational modifications and the characterization of chromatin constituents and chromatin-associated proteins. Furthermore, MS holds great promise for epigenetic biomarker discovery and represents a useful tool for deconvolution of epigenetic drug targets. Here, we will provide an overview of the applications of MS-based proteomics in various areas of chromatin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Noberini
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Adamello 16, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sigismondo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milano, Italy
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42
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Bonaldi T, Noberini R. Recent advances in mass spectrometry analysis of histone post-translational modifications: potential clinical impact of the PAT-H-MS approach. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:245-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Lahiri S, Sun N, Buck A, Imhof A, Walch A. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry as a novel tool for detecting histone modifications in clinical tissue samples. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:275-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1146598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Multivariate Calibration Approach for Quantitative Determination of Cell-Line Cross Contamination by Intact Cell Mass Spectrometry and Artificial Neural Networks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147414. [PMID: 26821236 PMCID: PMC4731057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-contamination of eukaryotic cell lines used in biomedical research represents a highly relevant problem. Analysis of repetitive DNA sequences, such as Short Tandem Repeats (STR), or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), is a widely accepted, simple, and commercially available technique to authenticate cell lines. However, it provides only qualitative information that depends on the extent of reference databases for interpretation. In this work, we developed and validated a rapid and routinely applicable method for evaluation of cell culture cross-contamination levels based on mass spectrometric fingerprints of intact mammalian cells coupled with artificial neural networks (ANNs). We used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) contaminated by either mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a model. We determined the contamination level using a mass spectra database of known calibration mixtures that served as training input for an ANN. The ANN was then capable of correct quantification of the level of contamination of hESCs by mESCs or MEFs. We demonstrate that MS analysis, when linked to proper mathematical instruments, is a tangible tool for unraveling and quantifying heterogeneity in cell cultures. The analysis is applicable in routine scenarios for cell authentication and/or cell phenotyping in general.
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45
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Shu C, Sabi-mouka EMB, Yang W, Li Z, Ding L. Effects of paclitaxel (PTX) prodrug-based self-assembly peptide hydrogels combined with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for PTX-resistant cancer and synergistic antitumor therapy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19917h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of PTX prodrug-based self-assembly peptide hydrogels encapsulated SAHA for drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Eboka Majolene B. Sabi-mouka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Nanjing Hicin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Research and Development Center
- Economic and Technological Development Zones
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Key Laboratory on Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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46
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Bondarenko A, Zhu Y, Qiao L, Cortés Salazar F, Pick H, Girault HH. Aluminium foil as a single-use substrate for MALDI-MS fingerprinting of different melanoma cell lines. Analyst 2016; 141:3403-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the intact cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for the fingerprinting of human melanoma cancer cell lines grown on aluminium foil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - Y. Zhu
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - L. Qiao
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - F. Cortés Salazar
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
| | - H. Pick
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique des Polymères et Membranes
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - H. H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1951 Sion
- Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
Pharmacodynamics and toxicodynamics are the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of therapeutic agents and toxicants and their mechanisms of action. MALDI-MS imaging offers great potential for the study of pharmaco/toxicodynamic responses in tissue owing is its ability to study multiple biomarkers simultaneously in a label-free manner. Here, existing examples of such studies examining anticancer drugs and topically applied treatments are described. Examination of the literature shows that the use of MS imaging in pharmaco/toxicodynamic studies is in fact quite low. The reasons for this are discussed and potential developments in the methodology that might lead to its further use are described.
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48
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Intact cell mass spectrometry as a rapid and specific tool for the differentiation of toxic effects in cell-based ecotoxicological test systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7721-31. [PMID: 26255296 PMCID: PMC4575386 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, MALDI-TOF MS has become a useful technique not only in proteomics, but also as a fast and specific tool for whole cell analysis through intact cell mass spectrometry (IC-MS). The present study evaluated IC-MS as a novel tool for the detection of distinct patterns that can be observed after exposure to a certain toxin or concentration by utilizing the eukaryotic fish cell line RTL-W1. Two different viability assays were performed to define the range for IC-MS investigations, each of which employing copper sulfate, acridine, and β-naphthoflavone (BNF) as model compounds for several classes of environmental toxins. The IC-MS of RTL-W1 cells revealed not only specific spectral patterns for the various toxins, but also that the concentration used had an effect on RTL-W1 profiles. After the exposure with copper sulfate and acridine, the spectra of RTL-W1 showed a significant increase of certain peaks in the higher mass range (m/z >7000), which is probably attributed to the apoptosis of RTL-W1. On the contrary, exposure to BNF showed a distinct change of ion abundances only in the lower mass range (m/z <7000). Furthermore, a set of mass peaks could be identified as a specific biomarker for a single toxin treatment, so IC-MS demonstrates a new method for the distinction of toxic effects in fish cells. Due to fast sample preparation and high throughput, IC-MS offers great potential for ecotoxicological studies to investigate cellular effects of different substances and complex environmental samples. Use of intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (IC-MS) to detect and differentiate toxic effects of environmental toxins in rainbow trout liver cell line RTL-W1 ![]()
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49
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Cole LM, Clench MR. Mass spectrometry imaging for the proteomic study of clinical tissue. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:335-41. [PMID: 25620724 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, MALDI-MS imaging has been used by researchers to explore areas of proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics in samples of clinical origin for both targeted and global biomarker analysis. Numerous technological advancements in MS and clinical tissue MS imaging have been accomplished; hence, in this article we aim to critically discuss whether MS imaging has now in fact become a true champion of the 'Omics Era'. In order to assess the potential for it to be routinely used in the clinical setting, it is pertinent to discuss some of its limitations, and to examine how these have been addressed by researchers. The key limitations of the technique we will discuss in this viewpoint article are as follows: sample throughput; relevance to patients, the availability of validated/standardised techniques; and integration with conventional pathology and other medical imaging techniques. Good progress has been made over the last 5 years in overcoming these limitations that had previously restricted the use of this technology in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cole
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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50
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Durham TB, Blanco MJ. Target Engagement in Lead Generation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:998-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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