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Liu XL, Zhu CF, Liu HC, Zhu JM. Quantitative analysis of degree of substitution/molar substitution of etherified polysaccharide derivatives. Des Monomers Polym 2022; 25:75-88. [PMID: 35341117 PMCID: PMC8956314 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2022.2054118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, availability from renewable resources, and cost-effectiveness, polysaccharides play a very important part in the science and technology field. The various chemically modified derivatives of these offer a wide range of high value-added in both food and non-food industries. Among the chemical modification, etherified polysaccharide is one of the most widespread derivatives by introducing an ether group which is commonly stable in both acidic and alkaline conditions. Hydroxyalkylation, alkylation, carboxymethylation, cationization, and cyanoethylation are some of the modifications commonly employed to prepare polysaccharides ethers derivatives. There also has been a growing tendency for creating new types of modification by combining the different means of chemical techniques. The correct determination of degree of substitution (DS)/molar substitution (MS) is crucially important. The objective of this article is to summarize developments in synthetic etherified polysaccharides, involving analytical methods for determination of MS/DS, measurement processes, and the associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Anhui, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui, China
| | - Chun-Feng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese Hospital of Lu’an, Anhui, China
| | - Han-Chun Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Anhui, China
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Man XL, Peng WK, Chen J, Liu XL. Analysis of Molar Substitution of Hydroxybutyl Group by Zeisel Reaction in Starch Ethers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185509. [PMID: 34576984 PMCID: PMC8465643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new etherified starch, δ-hydroxybutyl starch (δ-HBS), was prepared by utilising 4-chlorobutan-1-ol as the etherifying reagent. The method of Zeisel gas chromatography for the determination of the molar substitution was described. This technique offers a simple and rapid method for quantitative analysis with reproducible results. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the Zeisel reaction was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Man
- Geosynthetics Applied Research Centre, College of Civil and Architecture Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239012, China;
| | - Wei-Kang Peng
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239012, China;
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an 237012, China;
| | - Xue-Li Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239012, China;
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence:
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Liu X, Zhang K, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Chen J, Ma T, Wang J. Determination of Molar Substitution of γ‐Hydroxypropyl Starch. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Li Liu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering AnHui University He Fei 230601 China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
| | - Yu Hu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
| | - Zhengjuan Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Hadal Biomedical Engineering Co., Ltd Building 7, No. 218 Haiji 6 Rd Shanghai 201200 China
| | - TianLin Ma
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
| | - JiaJia Wang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering Chuzhou University Anhui 239012 China
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Lodge TP, Maxwell AL, Lott JR, Schmidt PW, McAllister JW, Morozova S, Bates FS, Li Y, Sammler RL. Gelation, Phase Separation, and Fibril Formation in Aqueous Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Solutions. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:816-824. [PMID: 29489329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The thermoresponsive behavior of a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) sample in aqueous solutions has been studied by a powerful combination of characterization tools, including rheology, turbidimetry, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Consistent with prior literature, solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3 wt % exhibit a sharp drop in the dynamic viscoelastic moduli G' and G″ upon heating near 57 °C. The drop in moduli is accompanied by an abrupt increase in turbidity. All the evidence is consistent with this corresponding to liquid-liquid phase separation, leading to polymer-rich droplets in a polymer-depleted matrix. Upon further heating, the moduli increase, and G' exceeds G″, corresponding to gelation. CryoTEM in dilute solutions reveals that HPMC forms fibrils at the same temperature range where the moduli increase. SANS and SAXS confirm the appearance of fibrils over a range of concentration, and that their average diameter is ca. 18 nm; thus gelation is attributable to formation of a sample-spanning network of fibrils. These results are compared in detail with the closely related and well-studied methylcellulose (MC). The HPMC fibrils are generally shorter, more flexible, and contain more water than with MC, and the resulting gel at high temperatures has a much lower modulus. In addition to the differences in fibril structure, the key distinction between HPMC and MC is that the former undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation prior to forming fibrils and associated gelation, whereas the latter forms fibrils first. These results and their interpretation are compared with the prior literature, in light of the relatively recent discovery of the propensity of MC and HPMC to self-assemble into fibrils on heating.
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Li Y, Shen H, Lyons JW, Sammler RL, Brackhagen M, Meunier DM. Size-exclusion chromatography of ultrahigh molecular weight methylcellulose ethers and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ethers for reliable molecular weight distribution characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 138:290-300. [PMID: 26794765 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and differential refractive index (DRI) detectors was employed for determination of the molecular weight distributions (MWD) of methylcellulose ethers (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ethers (HPMC) having weight-average molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 20 to more than 1,000kg/mol. In comparison to previous work involving right-angle light scattering (RALS) and a viscometer for MWD characterization of MC and HPMC, MALLS yields more reliable molecular weight for materials having weight-average molecular weights (Mw) exceeding about 300kg/mol. A non-ideal SEC separation was observed for cellulose ethers with Mw>800kg/mol, and was manifested by upward divergence of logM vs. elution volume (EV) at larger elution volume at typical SEC flow rate such as 1.0mL/min. As such, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) determined for the sample was erroneously large and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) was erroneously small. This non-ideality resulting in the late elution of high molecular weight chains could be due to the elongation of polymer chains when experimental conditions yield Deborah numbers (De) exceeding 0.5. Non-idealities were eliminated when sufficiently low flow rates were used. Thus, using carefully selected experimental conditions, SEC coupled with MALLS and DRI can provide reliable MWD characterization of MC and HPMC covering the entire ranges of compositions and molecular weights of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Li
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Core R&D Formulation Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - John W Lyons
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Robert L Sammler
- Core R&D Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Meinolf Brackhagen
- Dow Pharma and Food Solutions, The Dow Chemical Company, Bomlitz, ND 29699, Germany
| | - David M Meunier
- Core R&D Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
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Li Y, Meunier DM, Partain EM. Molecular weight distribution characterization of hydrophobe-modified hydroxyethyl cellulose by size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li H, Chai XS, Zhan H, Liu M, Fu S. A Novel Method for Determination of Ethoxyl Content in Ethyl Cellulose by Headspace Gas Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.670783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Combination of chemical and electron-impact ionisation with GC×GC–qMS for characterization of fatty alcohol alkoxylate polymers in the low-molecular-weight range up to 700 Da. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2273-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Viridén A, Wittgren B, Andersson T, Larsson A. The effect of chemical heterogeneity of HPMC on polymer release from matrix tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Madjdpour C, Dettori N, Frascarolo P, Burki M, Boll M, Fisch A, Bombeli T, Spahn DR. Molecular weight of hydroxyethyl starch: is there an effect on blood coagulation and pharmacokinetics? ‡ ‡Declaration of interest. This study was funded in part by B. Braun, of which MB and AF are employees and DS is a paid consultant. B. Braun has funded other research in this department in the past, as have other competitor companies. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:569-76. [PMID: 15734780 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aei108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of hydroxyethyl starches (HES) with low impact on blood coagulation but higher volume effect compared with the currently used HES solutions is of clinical interest. We hypothesized that high molecular weight, low-substituted HES might possess these properties. METHODS Thirty pigs were infused with three different HES solutions (20 ml kg(-1)) with the same degree of molar substitution (0.42) but different molecular weights (130, 500 and 900 kDa). Serial blood samples were taken over 24 h and blood coagulation was assessed by Thromboelastograph analysis and analysis of plasma coagulation. In addition, plasma concentration and in vivo molecular weight were determined and pharmacokinetic data were computed based on a two-compartment model. RESULTS Thromboelastograph analysis and plasma coagulation tests did not reveal a more pronounced alteration of blood coagulation with HES 500 and HES 900 compared with HES 130. In contrast, HES 500 and HES 900 had a greater area under the plasma concentration-time curve [1542 (142) g min litre(-1), P<0.001, 1701 (321) g min litre(-1), P<0.001] than HES 130 [1156 (223) g min litre(-1)] and alpha half life (t(alpha)(1/2)) was longer for HES 500 [53.8 (8.6) min, P<0.01] and HES 900 [57.1 (12.3) min, P<0.01] than for HES 130 [39.9 (10.7) min]. Beta half life (t(beta)(1/2)), however, was similar for all three types of HES [from 332 (100) to 381 (63) min]. CONCLUSIONS In low-substituted HES, molecular weight is not a key factor in compromising blood coagulation. The longer initial intravascular persistence of high molecular weight low-substituted HES might result in a longer lasting volume effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Madjdpour
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ihara T, Nishioka T, Kamitani H, Kitsuki T. Solution Properties of a Novel Polysaccharide Derivative. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Richardson S, Andersson T, Brinkmalm G, Wittgren B. Analytical Approaches to Improved Characterization of Substitution in Hydroxypropyl Cellulose. Anal Chem 2003; 75:6077-83. [PMID: 14615984 DOI: 10.1021/ac0301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical characterization of cellulose derivatives is of high importance as it provides information about the often inhomogeneous substitution that may seriously affect the properties of these polymers in various applications. A detailed mapping of the chemical structure of these derivatives requires several advanced techniques to be employed. In this study, the average substitution and the substitution heterogeneity in two hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) samples from different suppliers were studied by means of NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF MS, and HPAEC-PAD. (1)H and (13)C NMR provided information on the molar substitution, a parameter that could be analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS as well. In addition, the latter technique was used for determination of the distribution of the number of hydroxypropyl groups per glucose unit present in the two polymers. The heterogeneity of the substitution was studied by determining the amount of unsubstituted glucose units in the HPC samples, which was accomplished by HPAEC-PAD analysis. The results obtained suggest that the two HPC samples differ in both hydroxypropoxy content and distribution of the hydroxypropyl groups. Further, the benefits and importance of employing several analytical methods when investigating the cellulose ether substitution are demonstrated, as each method provides different kinds of information on the chemical content.
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Lorenzo-Ferreira RA, Gómez-Amoza JL, Martínez-Pacheco R, Souto C, Concheiro A. A comparison of gas-liquid chromatography, NMR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy for determination of the substituent content of general non-ionic cellulose ethers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:373-83. [PMID: 10704045 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes and compares three techniques that can be used to characterize the substituent content of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC and L-HPC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC): gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with a BP1 column and FI detection, 13C-NMR spectroscopy of hydrolysed samples, and Raman spectroscopy. GLC and 13C-NMR spectroscopy both allow independent quantification of hydroxypropoxyl and methoxyl contents. 13C-NMR spectroscopy, though requiring lengthier sample preparation, has the advantage of also quantifying the degree of substitution at each substitutable glucopyranose hydroxyl. Raman spectroscopy may be useful for rapid approximate estimation of hydroxypropoxyl content.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Harding SE. The intrinsic viscosity of biological macromolecules. Progress in measurement, interpretation and application to structure in dilute solution. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 68:207-62. [PMID: 9652172 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(97)00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, School of Biological Sciences, Sutton Bonington, U.K
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Sarkar N. Kinetics of thermal gelation of methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in aqueous solutions. Carbohydr Polym 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(94)00107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Haidacher D, Bonn GK, Scherz H, Nitsch E, Wutka R. Thin-layer electrophoresis of hydroxyethyl starches on a modified silica gel support. J Chromatogr A 1992; 591:351-7. [PMID: 1377196 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80252-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent developed thin-layer electrophoresis on modified silanized silica gel was applied to the separation of hydroxyethyl starches (HES) and glycogen and of HES with different degrees of substitution. This method permits a rapid qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of HES in animal tissues such as liver, lung, heart and kidney after their disintegration with alkali and precipitation with ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haidacher
- Institute of Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Sano A, Kuriki T, Handa T, Takeuchi H, Kawashima Y. Particle design of tolbutamide in the presence of soluble polymer or surfactant by the spherical crystallization technique: improvement of dissolution rate. J Pharm Sci 1987; 76:471-4. [PMID: 3625493 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600760612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poorly soluble crystals of tolbutamide were modified in the presence of a soluble polymer or surfactant by the spherical crystallization technique, the objective being to improve the dissolution rate and to transform platelet crystals into spherical agglomerates. An HCI solution was added to a tolbutamide:NaOH solution containing a water-soluble polymer or surfactant. The tolbutamide crystals were agglomerated with either and were free flowing and spherically compact. The size of the crystals of the agglomerate depended on the viscosity of the solvent and adsorption of the surfactant onto the crystal surface. The tolbutamide-agglomerated crystals dissolved isotropically, with no evidence of disintegration. The dissolution process was described in terms of the Hixson-Crowell equation. The dissolution rate of the agglomerate was 8 times faster than that of conventionally crystallized tolbutamide. Therefore, the solubility and flow-ability of tolbutamide can be improved using the spherical crystallization technique.
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Müller BW, Brauns U. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin derivatives: influence of average degree of substitution on complexing ability and surface activity. J Pharm Sci 1986; 75:571-2. [PMID: 3735101 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600750609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The average degree of substitution of mixtures of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin derivatives has a large influence on the complexing abilities and physiochemical properties of the derivatives. A low degree of substitution is preferable, since these derivatives show the best complexing properties and, at the same time, low surface activities.
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Sarkar N. Structural interpretation of the interfacial properties of aqueous solutions of methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. POLYMER 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(84)90206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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