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Svetlizky D, Levi O, Eliaz N. Design of a high-throughput bio-ferrograph for isolation of cancer cells from whole blood. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:074103. [PMID: 34340459 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enumeration and morphological characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be useful in diagnosis and prognosis of metastatic cancer patients. The bio-ferrograph (BF) with its five flow channels, which was developed in the late 1990s for magnetic isolation of biological cells and tissue fragments from fluids, is a modification of the analytical ferrograph. Its use for isolation of rare CTCs from human whole blood (HWB) is a novel approach for the detection of cancer at a cellular level. The isolation process is facilitated by the interaction of specifically magnetized cells with a strong external magnetic field, yielding high recovery rates with no morphological alternation of cells that are isolated on a coverslip glass slide, thus allowing complementary microscopic, chemical, biological, and mechanical analyses. Here, a full mechanical and magnetostatic design of a novel high-throughput BF is presented. The system design is based on an optimized procedure for bio-ferrographic isolation of CTCs from HWB. It incorporates a semi-automated CTC separation system consisting of sample preparation, labeling, and staining; magnetic isolation; and system recovery. The design process was optimized based on experimental feasibility tests and finite element analyses. The novel bench-top system consists of 100 flow channels, allowing simultaneous analysis of multiple samples from 20 patients in each run, with the potential to become a decision-making tool for medical doctors when monitoring patients in a hospital setting. It opens a new route for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers, as well as other diseases, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Svetlizky
- Biomaterials and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - O Levi
- Biomaterials and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - N Eliaz
- Biomaterials and Corrosion Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Williams PS, Moore LR, Joshi P, Goodin M, Zborowski M, Fleischman A. Microfluidic chip for graduated magnetic separation of circulating tumor cells by their epithelial cell adhesion molecule expression and magnetic nanoparticle binding. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1637:461823. [PMID: 33385746 PMCID: PMC7827554 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral bloodstream of metastatic cancer patients has contributed to improvements in prognosis and therapeutics. There have been numerous approaches to capture and counting of CTCs. However, CTCs have potential information beyond simple enumeration and hold promise as a liquid biopsy for cancer and a pathway for personalized cancer therapy by detecting the subset of CTCs having the highest metastatic potential. There is evidence that epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression level distinguishes these highly metastatic CTCs. The few previous approaches to selective CTC capture according to EpCAM expression level are reviewed. A new two-stage microfluidic device for separation, enrichment and release of CTCs into subpopulations sorted by EpCAM expression level is presented here. It relies upon immunospecific magnetic nanoparticle labeling of CTCs followed by their field- and flow-based separation in the first stage and capture as discrete subpopulations in the second stage. To fine tune the separation, the magnetic field profile across the first stage microfluidic channel may be modified by bonding small Vanadium Permendur strips to its outer walls. Mathematical modeling of magnetic fields and fluid flows supports the soundness of the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephen Williams
- Cambrian Technologies Inc., 1772 Saratoga Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
| | - Lee R Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Mark Goodin
- SimuTech Group, 1742 Georgetown Rd., Suite B, Hudson, OH 44236, USA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Aaron Fleischman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Moore LR, Mizutani D, Tanaka T, Buck A, Yazer M, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Continuous, intrinsic magnetic depletion of erythrocytes from whole blood with a quadrupole magnet and annular flow channel; pilot scale study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1521-1530. [PMID: 29476625 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to separate RBCs from the other components of whole blood has a number of useful clinical and research applications ranging from removing RBCs from typical clinical blood draw, bone marrow transplants to transfusions of these RBCs to patients after significant blood loss. Viewed from a mechanistic/process perspective, there are three routine methodologies to remove RBCs: 1) RBCs lysis, 2) separation of the RBCs from the nucleated cells (i.e., stem cells) based on density differences typically facilitated through centrifugation or sedimentation agents, and 3) antibody based separation in which a targeted RBC is bound with an affinity ligand that facilitates its removal. More recently, several microfluidic based techniques have also been reported. In this report, we describe the performance of continuous RBC separation achieved by the deflection of intrinsically magnetic, deoxygenated RBCs as they flow through a magnetic energy gradient created by quadrupole magnet. This quadrupole magnetic, with aperture of 9.65 mm, has a maximum field of B0 = 1.36 T at the pole tips and a constant field gradient of B0 /r0 = 286 T/m. The annular flow channel, contained within this quadrupole magnet, is 203 mm long, has an inner radius of 3.98 mm, and an inner, outer radius of 4.36 mm, which corresponds to an annulus radius of 380 micrometer. At the entrance and exit to this annular channel, a manifold was designed which allows a cell suspension and sheath fluid to be injected, and a RBC enriched exit flow (containing the magnetically deflected RBCs) and a RBC depleted exit flow to be collected. Guided by theoretical models previously published, a limited number of operating parameters; total flow rate, flow rate ratios of flows in and flow out, and ratios of RBC to polystyrene control beads was tested. The overall performance of this system is consistent with our previously presented, theoretical models and our intuition. As expected, the normalized recovery of RBCs in the RBC exit fraction ranged from approximately 95% down to 60%, as the total flow rate through the system increased from 0.1 to 0.6 ml/min. At the cell concentrations studied, this corresponds to a flow rate of 1.5 × 106 -9 × 106 cells/min. While the throughput of these pilot scale studies are slow for practical applications, the general agreement with theory, and the small cross-sectional area in which the actual separation is achieved, 77 mm2 (annulus radius times the length), and corresponding volume of approximately 2 mls, suggests the potential to scale-up a system for practical applications exists and is actively being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daichi Mizutani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry, Mie University, Japan
| | - Amy Buck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark Yazer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and The Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemica, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Satish G, Sharma A, Gadidasu KK, Vedula RR, Penta S. Synthesis of 4-aryl-2-pyranyl-7,8-dihydroquinolin-5(6H)-ones catalyzed by cerium ammonium nitrate via Hantzsch multicomponent reaction and their antibacterial activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-016-1902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Buck A, Moore LR, Lane CD, Kumar A, Stroff C, White N, Xue W, Chalmers JJ, Zborowski M. Magnetic separation of algae genetically modified for increased intracellular iron uptake. JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 2015; 380:201-204. [PMID: 29353957 PMCID: PMC5774641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Algae were investigated in the past as a potential source of biofuel and other useful chemical derivatives. Magnetic separation of algae by iron oxide nanoparticle binding to cells has been proposed by others for dewatering of cellular mass prior to lipid extraction. We have investigated feasibility of magnetic separation based on the presence of natural iron stores in the cell, such as the ferritin in Auxenochlorella protothecoides (A. p.) strains. The A. p. cell constructs were tested for inserted genes and for increased intracellular iron concentration by inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption (ICP-AA). They were grown in Sueoka's modified high salt media with added vitamin B1 and increasing concentration of soluble iron compound (FeCl3 EDTA, from 1× to 8× compared to baseline). The cell magnetic separation conditions were tested using a thin rectangular flow channel pressed against interpolar gaps of a permanent magnet forming a separation system of a well-defined fluid flow and magnetic fringing field geometry (up to 2.2 T and 1,000 T/m) dubbed "magnetic deposition microscopy", or MDM. The presence of magnetic cells in suspension was detected by formation of characteristic deposition bands at the edges of the magnet interpolar gaps, amenable to optical scanning and microscopic examination. The results demonstrated increasing cellular Fe uptake with increasing Fe concentration in the culture media in wild type strain and in selected genetically-modified constructs, leading to magnetic separation without magnetic particle binding. The throughput in this study is not sufficient for an economical scale harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Buck
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xue
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Chen CL, Chen KC, Pan YC, Lee TP, Hsiung LC, Lin CM, Chen CY, Lin CH, Chiang BL, Wo AM. Separation and detection of rare cells in a microfluidic disk via negative selection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:474-83. [PMID: 21088774 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyto-analysis of rare cells often requires separation and detection with each procedure posing substantial challenges. This paper presents a disk-based microfluidic platform for both procedures via an immunomagnetic negative selection process. The microfluidic platform's unique features include a multistage magnetic gradient to trap labeled cells in double trapping areas, drainage of fluid to substantially shorten detection time, and a bin-like regions to capture target cells to facilitate a seamless enumeration process. Proof-of-concept was conducted using MCF7 as target rare cells (stained with anti-cytokeratin-FITC antibodies) spiked into Jurkat Clone E6-1 non-target cells (labeled with anti-CD45-PE and anti-PE BD magnetic beads). Then, mononuclear cells (MNC) from healthy blood donors were mixed with MCF7s, modeling rare cells, and tested in the disk. Results show a non-linear magnetic coupling effect of the multistage magnet substantially increased the trapping efficacy over that of a single magnet, contributing to the depletion rate of Jurkats, which reaches 99.96%. Detection time is extensively shortened by depletion of 95% of non-cell-containing fluid in the collection area. The average yield of detected MCF7 cells is near-constant 60 ± 10% over a wide range of rarity from 10(-3) to 10(-6) and this yield also holds for the MCF7/MNC complex mixture. Comparison with autoMACS and BD IMagnet separators revealed the average yield from the disk (60%) is superior to that of autoMACS (37.3%) and BD IMagnet (48.3%). The advantages of near-constant yield, roughly 30 min of operation, an acceptable level of cell loss, and potentially low cost system should aid in cyto-analysis of rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sivagnanam V, Song B, Vandevyver C, Bünzli JCG, Gijs MAM. Selective breast cancer cell capture, culture, and immunocytochemical analysis using self-assembled magnetic bead patterns in a microfluidic chip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6091-6. [PMID: 20364860 DOI: 10.1021/la9045572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Separation and subsequent culturing of MCF-7 breast cancer cells on self-assembled protein-coated magnetic beads in a microfluidic chip is demonstrated. The beads were patterned in situ inside a sealed microfluidic channel using magnetic-field-assisted electrostatic self-assembly. Hereafter, they were grafted by exposure to a solution of 5D10 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and fibronectin (FN), with the first being used for immunospecific cell capture and the latter being used for cell adhesion and growth. A solution of target MCF-7 cells mixed with Jurkat cells was brought inside the microchannel, leading to specific MCF-7 cell capture; the latter were then cultured and evidenced by cell immuno-luminescence.
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Gijs MAM, Lacharme F, Lehmann U. Microfluidic applications of magnetic particles for biological analysis and catalysis. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1518-63. [PMID: 19961177 DOI: 10.1021/cr9001929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland.
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