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Miller A, Chia S, Toprakcioglu Z, Hakala T, Schmid R, Feng Y, Kartanas T, Kamada A, Vendruscolo M, Ruggeri FS, Knowles TP. Enhanced surface nanoanalytics of transient biomolecular processes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3151. [PMID: 36638180 PMCID: PMC9839325 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of biomolecules is key to understanding molecular processes in health and disease. Bulk and single-molecule analytical methods provide rich information about biomolecules but often require high concentrations and sample preparation away from physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we present the development and application of a lab-on-a-chip spray approach that combines rapid sample preparation, mixing, and deposition to integrate with a range of nanoanalytical methods in chemistry and biology, providing enhanced spectroscopic sensitivity and single-molecule spatial resolution. We demonstrate that this method enables multidimensional study of heterogeneous biomolecular systems over multiple length scales by nanoscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. We then illustrate the capabilities of this platform by capturing and analyzing the structural conformations of transient oligomeric species formed at the early stages of the self-assembly of α-synuclein, which are associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Miller
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sean Chia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuuli Hakala
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Roman Schmid
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yaduo Feng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tadas Kartanas
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ayaka Kamada
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6703 WE, Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6703 WE, Netherlands
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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Kok SJ, Wold CA, Hankemeier T, Schoenmakers PJ. Comparison of on-line flow-cell and off-line solvent-elimination interfaces for size-exclusion chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in polymer analysis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1017:83-96. [PMID: 14584693 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two commercial liquid chromatography-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy interfaces (LC-FTIR), viz. a flow cell and a solvent-elimination interface have been assessed for use in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with respect to their chromatographic integrity (i.e. peak asymmetry, chromatographic resolution), quantitative and qualitative aspects. A polycarbonate/aliphatic polyester (PC/APE) blend and a polycarbonate-co-polydimethylsiloxane (PC-co-PDMS) copolymer were selected for the assessment. Both samples were successfully and selectively analyzed. The relatively large volume of the flow cell and the inherent deposition characteristics of the solvent-elimination interface led to a comparable decrease in the chromatographic resolution. The separation of oligomers was diminished in comparison with SEC-ultra-violet (UV). However, the peak asymmetry was not significantly affected by either interface. For both interfaces, a linear relationship was obtained for the FTIR response versus the injected concentration. The sensitivity was found to be higher for the solvent-elimination interface. For the current model compounds, the flow-cell interface detection limits are worse. However, the repeatability of flow-cell SEC-FTIR, evaluated by means of four SEC-FTIR analyses of polycarbonate, was considerably better than for solvent-elimination SEC-FTIR. This is probably due to the well-defined optical path length of the sample in the flow cell. By spectral subtraction, it was very well possible to obtain qualitative (functional group) information for compound identification also with flow-cell SEC-FTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kok
- Packaging Research Department, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Wilson ID, Brinkman UAT. Hyphenation and hypernation the practice and prospects of multiple hyphenation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:325-56. [PMID: 12877178 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, combining a chromatographic separation system on-line with a spectroscopic detector in order to obtain structural information on the analytes present in a sample has become the most important approach for the identification and/or confirmation of the identity of target and unknown chemical compounds. In most instances, such hyphenation can be accomplished by using commercially available equipment For most (trace-level) analytical problems encountered today, the combination of column liquid chromatography or capillary gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively) is the preferred approach. However, it is also true that additional and/or complementary information is, in quite a number of cases, urgently required. This can be provided by, for example, atomic emission, Fourier-transform infrared, diode-array UV-vis absorbance or fluorescence emission, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. In the present review, the various options are briefly discussed and a few relevant applications are quoted for each combination. Special attention is devoted to systems in which multiple hyphenation, or hypernation, is an integral part of the setup. As regards this topic, the relative merits of various combinations--which turn out to include a mass spectrometer as one of the detectors in essentially all cases--are discussed and the fundamental differences between GC- and LC-based systems are outlined. Finally, the practicability of more extensive hypernation in LC, viz. with up to four spectrometers, is discussed. It is demonstrated that, technically, such multiple hyphenation is possible and that, from a practical point of view, rewarding results can be obtained. In other words, further research in this area is certainly indicated. However, in the foreseeable future, using several separate conventional hyphenated systems will be the commonly implemented solution in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Wilson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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Todebush RA, He LT, de Haseth JA. A metal nebulizer capillary electrophoresis/Fourier transform infrared spectrometric interface. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1393-9. [PMID: 12659201 DOI: 10.1021/ac025858g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic (CE) system has been successfully interfaced to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The advantage of such an interface is that analytes may be detected and often unequivocally identified without analyte derivatization. The interface consists of a stainless steel tube in which the CE capillary is placed and the two are held in contact with the use of a metal tee. A solvent elimination approach is used with the interface, so that analytes are deposited onto an infrared transparent window, that is, CaF2, and measured with the use of an infrared microscope. A critical component of this design is to provide an electrical connection at the end of the CE column to permit stable separations that allow for efficient transport of the sample onto the window. The interface produces an aerosol that is directed at the surface of the infrared transparent window. The use of a volatile electrolyte, along with the flow of helium, allows for partial evaporation of the electrolyte in flight and complete evaporation of the solvent and electrolyte on the surface of the window to produce a "dry", or neat, analyte deposit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Todebush
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Kölhed M, Lendl B, Karlberg B. On-line infrared detection in aqueous micro-volume systems. Analyst 2003; 128:2-6. [PMID: 12572794 DOI: 10.1039/b209122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mid infrared spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that can provide detailed information on important, molecule-specific features such as the conformation and functional groups of a large range of compounds. Infrared spectroscopy is now an established and frequently used technique for qualitative analysis, i.e. the identification of chemical constituents in a sample. In addition, its use for quantitative purposes has grown dramatically in recent years. It is important to realise that the analytical problem defines the mode of operation and implementation of the FTIR technique. This Highlight article focuses on the advantages and scope of on-line FTIR detection strategies. However, in common with all techniques, on-line FTIR detection has a number of potential shortcomings, which are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kölhed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Roberts KP, Jankowiak R, Small GJ. High-performance liquid chromatography interfaced with fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy for on-line analysis. Anal Chem 2001; 73:951-6. [PMID: 11289441 DOI: 10.1021/ac0008789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated, for the first time, that high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be interfaced with fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS) for on-line identification and characterization of analytes. Interfacing centered primarily on the design and construction of a novel liquid helium cryostat that accommodates variable-sized quartz tubes/capillaries suitable for HPLC as well as capillary electrophoresis/electrochromatography. In addition to the high spectral resolution afforded by FLNS, analyzing the separated components at 4.2 K minimizes photodegradation from the excitation source and provides indefinite detection times for signal averaging. The proof-of-principle for the HPLC-FLNS system is first demonstrated with a mixture of four structurally similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and then applied to the analysis of DNA adducts from mouse skin exposed to the carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene. With femtomole detection limits, HPLC-FLNS can be used for real-world analyses of complex mixtures.
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Abstract
A review of the basic aspects of fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS) and its coupling with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for off-line high-resolution low temperature spectral characterization is discussed. This is followed by a description of the on-line interfacing of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with FLN detection. CE/ CEC-FLNS instrumentation and its applications for spectral identification of closely related analytes are also presented. Future prospects of micro and capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line high-resolution low temperature spectroscopic identification are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jankowiak
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past years the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) has been pursued primarily to achieve specific detection and/or identification of sample constituents. Two approaches can be discerned in the combination of LC and FT-IR. The first and simpler approach is to use a flow cell through which the effluent from the LC column is passed while the IR spectra are continuously recorded. The second approach involves elimination of the LC solvent prior to IR detection using an interface which evaporates the eluent and deposits the analytes onto a substrate. This paper provides a general overview of flow-cell based IR detection and briefly discusses early solvent-elimination interfaces for LC-FT-IR. A more comprehensive description is given of interface systems which use spraying to induce rapid eluent evaporation, and which basically represent the state-of-the-art in LC-FT-IR. Finally, the interface systems suitable for reversed-phase LC are summarized and the perspectives of LC-FT-IR are discussed. The overview indicates that flow-cell LC-FT-IR has rather poor detection limits but can be useful for the specific and quantitative detection of major constituents of mixtures. Solvent-elimination techniques, on the other hand, provide much better sensitivity and enhanced spectral quality which is essential when unambiguous identification of low-level constituents is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Somsen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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Vonach R, Lendl B, Kellner R. High-performance liquid chromatography with real-time Fourier-transform infrared detection for the determination of carbohydrates, alcohols and organic acids in wines. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Somsen G, Gooijer C, Velthorst N, Brinkman U. Coupling of column liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne L. McKelvy
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
| | - Thomas R. Britt
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
| | - Bradley L. Davis
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
| | - J. Kevin Gillie
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
| | - Felicia B. Graves
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
| | - L. Alice Lentz
- Analytical Sciences Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, U.S.A., Midland, Michigan 48667, and Applied Extrusion Technologies, 15 Reads Way, Newcastle, Delaware 19720
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LaCourse WR, Dasenbrock CO. Column Liquid Chromatography: Equipment and Instrumentation. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/a1980007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. LaCourse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland 21250
| | - Catherine O. Dasenbrock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland 21250
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Liquid chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometric determination of cholesterol in animal greases. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Vonach R, Lendl B, Kellner R. Hyphenation of ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with Fourier transform infrared detection for the determination of sugars in nonalcoholic beverages. Anal Chem 1997; 69:4286-90. [PMID: 9337597 DOI: 10.1021/ac970307p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is presented here as a molecular-specific detection system for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in an aqueous phase, focusing on the chromatographic separation of sugars in beverages. The separation was achieved with an isocratic HPLC setup using an ion exchange column (counterion, Ca2+). The FT-IR detection of the C-O bands in the mid-IR between 1000 and 1200 cm-1 was performed in real time with a 25 microns flow cell without elimination of the solvent. Characteristic FT-IR spectra of the common sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose in concentrations of 1 mg/mL could be recorded during the separation. The calibration of these compounds in the 5-100 mg/mL range resulted in a linear correlation with a standard deviation of the method (Sx0) of 0.11, 0.07, and 0.11 mg/mL for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. The method was, furthermore, applied to the analysis of nine soft drinks and fruit juices containing between 6 and 97 mg/mL of each carbohydrate. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by standard ion exchange HPLC with refractive index detection. The average deviation from the reference method was in the range of 0.5-0.9 mg/mL. Furthermore, the method was found to be suitable to identify and quantify also minor components in beverages, such as taurine (4 mg/mL) and ethanol (0.4 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vonach
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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Visser T, Vredenbregt M, de Jong A, Somsen G, Hankemeier T, Velthorst N, Gooijer C, Brinkman U. Improvements in environmental trace analysis by GC-IR and LC-IR. J Mol Struct 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Visser T, Vredenbregt M, ten Hove G, de Jong A, Somsen G. Gradient elution liquid chromatography-infrared spectrometry at μg l−1 level using capillary column switching and addition of a make-up liquid. A preliminary study. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Identification of herbicides in river water using on-line trace enrichment combined with column liquid chromatography-Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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