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Hill MM, Dasari S, Mollee P, Merlini G, Costello CE, Hazenberg BPC, Grogan M, Dispenzieri A, Gertz MA, Kourelis T, McPhail ED. The Clinical Impact of Proteomics in Amyloid Typing. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:1122-1127. [PMID: 33840526 PMCID: PMC8934443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Hill
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Peter Mollee
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Foundation IRRCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bouke P C Hazenberg
- Amyloidosis Center of Expertise, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen
| | - Martha Grogan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Castiglione V, Franzini M, Aimo A, Carecci A, Lombardi CM, Passino C, Rapezzi C, Emdin M, Vergaro G. Use of biomarkers to diagnose and manage cardiac amyloidosis. Eur J Heart Fail 2021; 23:217-230. [PMID: 33527656 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are characterized by the tissue accumulation of misfolded proteins into insoluble fibrils. The two most common types of systemic amyloidosis result from the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains (AL) and wild-type or variant transthyretin (ATTRwt/ATTRv). Cardiac involvement is the main determinant of outcome in both AL and ATTR, and cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is increasingly recognized as a cause of heart failure. In CA, circulating biomarkers are important diagnostic tools, allow to refine risk stratification at baseline and during follow-up, help to tailor the therapeutic strategy and monitor the response to treatment. Among amyloid precursors, free light chains are established biomarkers in AL amyloidosis, while the plasma transthyretin assay is currently being investigated as a tool for supporting the diagnosis of ATTRv amyloidosis, predicting outcome and monitor response to novel tetramer stabilizers or small interfering RNA drugs in ATTR CA. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and troponins are consistently elevated in patients with AL and ATTR CA. Plasma NPs, troponins and free light chains hold prognostic significance in AL amyloidosis, and are evaluated for therapy decision-making and follow-up, while the value of NPs and troponins in ATTR is less well established. Biomarkers can be usefully integrated with clinical and imaging variables at all levels of the clinical algorithm of systemic amyloidosis, from screening to diagnosis and prognosis, and treatment tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Mario Lombardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health University and Civil Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Rapezzi
- Centro Cardiologico Universitario di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Nomura T, Ueda M, Tasaki M, Misumi Y, Masuda T, Inoue Y, Tsuda Y, Okada M, Okazaki T, Kanenawa K, Isoguchi A, Nakamura M, Obayashi K, Shinriki S, Matsui H, Yamashita T, Ando Y. New simple and quick method to analyze serum variant transthyretins: direct MALDI method for the screening of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:116. [PMID: 31133063 PMCID: PMC6537225 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv amyloidosis) is caused by a variant transthyretin (TTR), which is a serum protein secreted by the liver. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a useful tool that can detect variant TTRs in serum samples from patients with ATTRv amyloidosis. We previously reported several mass spectrometric methods to detect variant TTRs in serum samples. Those methods require cumbersome immunoprecipitation with anti-TTR antibodies and significant time to analyze the variant TTRs. In our study here, we developed a new simple and quick method to detect variant TTRs in serum samples by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS without immunoprecipitation (direct MALDI). Methods By using direct MALDI, we analyzed 288 serum samples obtained from patients who were clinically suspected having amyloidosis to investigate the usefulness of this direct MALDI method to detect variant TTRs in serum samples. Results The method completed the process within 30 min. We successfully identified variant TTRs in serum samples from patients, except for a few patients with TTR Glu61Lys and Glu89Gln mutations because of the small mass shift of those variant TTRs from wild-type TTR. We also found that the mass shifts of variant TTRs measured by direct MALDI corresponded to theoretical mass changes. Conclusion Our results suggest that the direct MALDI method is useful for the screening of ATTRv amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Tasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
| | - Yohei Misumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Teruaki Masuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukimoto Tsuda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Okada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okazaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kanenawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Aito Isoguchi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Konen Obayashi
- Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
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4
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Spodzieja M, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Szymanska A. Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Techniques in the Diagnosis of Amyloidosis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:104-120. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171003113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases caused by the extracellular deposition of proteins forming amyloid fibrils. The amyloidosis is classified according to the main protein or peptide that constitutes the amyloid fibrils. The most effective methods for the diagnosis of amyloidosis are based on mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry enables confirmation of the identity of the protein precursor of amyloid fibrils in biological samples with very high sensitivity and specificity, which is crucial for proper amyloid typing. Due to the fact that biological samples are very complex, mass spectrometry is usually connected with techniques such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, which enable the separation of proteins before MS analysis. Therefore mass spectrometry constitutes an important part of the so called “hyphenated techniques” combining, preferentially in-line, different analytical methods to provide comprehensive information about the studied problem. Hyphenated methods are very useful in the discovery of biomarkers in different types of amyloidosis. In systemic forms of amyloidosis, the analysis of aggregated proteins is usually performed based on the tissues obtained during a biopsy of an affected organ or a subcutaneous adipose tissue. In some cases, when the diagnostic biopsy is not possible due to the fact that amyloid fibrils are formed in organs like the brain (Alzheimer’s disease), the study of biomarkers presented in body fluids can be carried out. Currently, large-scale studies are performed to find and validate more effective biomarkers, which can be used in diagnostic procedures. We would like to present the methods connected with mass spectrometry which are used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis based on the analysis of proteins occurring in tissues, blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymanska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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5
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Pero-Gascon R, Pont L, Sanz-Nebot V, Benavente F. On-Line Immunoaffinity Solid-Phase Extraction Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Serum Transthyretin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1972:57-76. [PMID: 30847784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9213-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of low abundant proteins in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is particularly problematic due to the typically poor concentration limits of detection of microscale separation techniques. Another important issue is sample matrix complexity that requires an appropriate cleanup. Here, we describe an on-line immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (IA-SPE-CE-MS) method for the immunoextraction, preconcentration, separation, detection, and characterization of serum transthyretin (TTR). TTR is a protein biomarker related to diverse types of amyloidosis, such as familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I (FAP-I), which is the most common hereditary systemic amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pero-Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pont
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Characterisation of serum transthyretin by electrospray ionisation-ion mobility mass spectrometry: Application to familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I (FAP-I). Talanta 2015; 144:1216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Picken MM. Proteomics and mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of renal amyloidosis. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:665-72. [PMID: 26613021 PMCID: PMC4655794 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloidoses are a ‘group’ of disorders, all of which are associated with deposits that display similar staining and ultrastructural features and are toxic to tissues. Many proteins—currently 31 protein types and many more variants—have been shown to undergo such transformations. Among the various currently known amyloidoses, there are marked differences with regard to their pathogenesis and incidence, while the associated clinical picture is frequently overlapping. However, the therapies that are currently available are amyloid-type specific. The diagnosis of amyloidosis thus involves two steps: (i) a generic diagnosis, followed by (ii) an amyloid type-specific diagnosis or ‘amyloid typing’. Immunofluorescence in frozen sections or immunohistochemistry (IHC) in paraffin sections has traditionally been used in the typing of amyloid. However, IHC of amyloid differs significantly from IHC in other areas of surgical pathology; both caution and experience are necessary for its interpretation. The rationale for the application of proteomic methods to amyloid typing lies in the relative abundance of amyloid proteins in tissue where, frequently, it is the ‘dominant’ protein. Proteomic techniques include the following steps: sample preparation, protein extraction and digestion into peptide fragments, followed by their subsequent separation and measurement by mass spectrometry (MS) and protein identification by informatics. The advantages as well as the limitations of both methods—immunohistochemistry and MS-based proteomics—are discussed. The current recommendations for the application of proteomics in renal amyloidosis are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Picken
- Department of Pathology , Loyola University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
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8
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Pont L, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Analysis of transthyretin in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Application to familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy type I. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1265-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pont
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José Barbosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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9
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Barnidge DR, Dasari S, Botz CM, Murray DH, Snyder MR, Katzmann JA, Dispenzieri A, Murray DL. Using mass spectrometry to monitor monoclonal immunoglobulins in patients with a monoclonal gammopathy. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1419-27. [PMID: 24467232 DOI: 10.1021/pr400985k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal gammopathy is defined by the detection a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein). In clinical practice, the M-protein is detected by protein gel electrophoresis (PEL) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). We theorized that molecular mass could be used instead of electrophoretic patterns to identify and quantify the M-protein because each light and heavy chain has a unique amino acid sequence and thus a unique molecular mass whose increased concentration could be distinguished from the normal polyclonal background. In addition, we surmised that top-down MS could be used to isotype the M-protein because each immunoglobulin has a constant region with an amino acid sequence unique to each isotype. Our method first enriches serum for immunoglobulins followed by reduction using DTT to separate light chains from heavy chains and then by microflow LC-ESI-Q-TOF MS. The multiply charged light and heavy chain ions are converted to their molecular masses, and reconstructed peak area calculations for light chains are used for quantification. Using this method, we demonstrate how the light chain portion of an M-protein can be monitored by molecular mass, and we also show that in sequential samples from a patient with multiple myeloma the light chain portion of the M-protein was detected in all samples, even those negative by PEL, IFE, and quantitative FLC. We also present top-down MS isotyping of M-protein light chains using a unique isotype-specific fragmentation pattern allowing for quantification and isotype identification in the same run. Our results show that microLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS provides superior sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional methods and shows promise as a viable method of detecting and isotyping an M-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Barnidge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and ‡Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
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10
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Korchane S, Pallandre A, Przybylski C, Poüs C, Gonnet F, Taverna M, Daniel R, Le Potier I. Derivatization strategies for CE-LIF analysis of biomarkers: Toward a clinical diagnostic of familial transthyretin amyloidosis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1050-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Korchane
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Paris-Sud; Châtenay-Malabry; France
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Sud; UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry; France
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Paris-Sud; Châtenay-Malabry; France
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Sud; UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry; France
| | - Cédric Przybylski
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne; Evry France
- CNRS; Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; UMR 8587 Evry France
| | - Christian Poüs
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Paris-Sud; EA4530 Châtenay-Malabry France
- Hôpital Antoine Béclère AP-HP; Service de Biochimie; Clamart France
| | - Florence Gonnet
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne; Evry France
- CNRS; Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; UMR 8587 Evry France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Paris-Sud; Châtenay-Malabry; France
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Sud; UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry; France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; Université Evry-Val-d’Essonne; Evry France
- CNRS; Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement; UMR 8587 Evry France
| | - Isabelle Le Potier
- Faculté de Pharmacie; Université Paris-Sud; Châtenay-Malabry; France
- CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Sud; UMR 8612, Châtenay-Malabry; France
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Abstract
In the past several years, proteomics and its subdiscipline clinical proteomics have been engaged in the discovery of the next generation protein of biomarkers. As the effort and the intensive debate it has sparked continue, it is becoming apparent that a paradigm shift is needed in proteomics in order to truly comprehend the complexity of the human proteome and assess its subtle variations among individuals. This review introduces the concept of population proteomics as a future direction in proteomics research. Population proteomics is the study of protein diversity in human populations. High-throughput, top-down mass spectrometric approaches are employed to investigate, define and understand protein diversity and modulations across and within populations. Population proteomics is a discovery-oriented endeavor with a goal of establishing the incidence of protein structural variations and quantitative regulation of these modifications. Assessing human protein variations among and within populations is viewed as a paramount undertaking that can facilitate clinical proteomics' effort in discovery and validation of protein features that can be used as markers for early diagnosis of disease, monitoring of disease progression and assessment of therapy. This review outlines the growing need for analyzing individuals' proteomes and describes the approaches that are likely to be applied in such a population proteomics endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, Inc., 625 S. Smith Rd, Suite 22, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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12
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Theis JD, Dasari S, Vrana JA, Kurtin PJ, Dogan A. Shotgun-proteomics-based clinical testing for diagnosis and classification of amyloidosis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1067-1077. [PMID: 24130009 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun proteomics technology has matured in the research laboratories and is poised to enter clinical laboratories. However, the road to this transition is sprinkled with major technical unknowns such as long-term stability of the platform, reproducibility of the technology and clinical utility over traditional antibody-based platforms. Further, regulatory bodies that oversee the clinical laboratory operations are unfamiliar with this new technology. As a result, diagnostic laboratories have avoided using shotgun proteomics for routine diagnostics. In this perspectives article, we describe the clinical implementation of a shotgun proteomics assay for amyloid subtyping, with a special emphasis on standardizing the platform for better quality control and earning clinical acceptance. This assay is the first shotgun proteomics assay to receive regulatory approval for patient diagnosis. The blueprint of this assay can be utilized to develop novel proteomics assays for detecting numerous other disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Deviprasad D, Pujary K, Balakrishnan R, Nayak DR. KTP Laser in Laryngeal Amyloidosis: Five Cases with Review of Literature. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 65:36-41. [PMID: 24427613 PMCID: PMC3718958 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-011-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the clinical presentation and review the options in the management of laryngeal amyloidosis. To study the efficacy of KTP 532 laser in the excision of laryngeal amyloidosis. Study was conducted in our department in a tertiary care hospital between Jan 2001 and Feb 2010. We report five patients who presented with hoarseness of voice and localized laryngeal lesions. The biopsy proven laryngeal amyloidosis lesions were excised microendoscopically using KTP 532 laser in three patients and other two patients were kept only on follow-up as they refused further surgery. The patients were evaluated for systemic amyloidosis. The average duration of follow up was 2.6 years (3 months 6 years). All the five patients in our study were asymptomatic with no evidence of recurrence at their last follow up. In our small case series, KTP 532 laser excision of the laryngeal amyloidosis had a favorable outcome. Long term follow up is required to rule out recurrence and systemic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Deviprasad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - K. Pujary
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - R. Balakrishnan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - D. R. Nayak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, 576104 India
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14
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Proteomics in molecular diagnosis: typing of amyloidosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:754109. [PMID: 22131817 PMCID: PMC3205904 DOI: 10.1155/2011/754109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a group of disorders caused by deposition of misfolded proteins as aggregates in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ function. Correct identification of the causal amyloid protein is absolutely crucial for clinical management in order to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate, potentially harmful treatment, to assess prognosis and to offer genetic counselling if relevant. Current diagnostic methods, including antibody-based amyloid typing, have limited ability to detect the full range of amyloid forming proteins. Recent investigations into proteomic identification of amyloid protein have shown promise. This paper will review the current state of the art in proteomic analysis of amyloidosis, discuss the suitability of techniques based on the properties of amyloidosis, and further suggest potential areas of development. Establishment of mass spectrometry aided amyloid typing procedures in the pathology laboratory will allow accurate amyloidosis diagnosis in a timely manner and greatly facilitate clinical management of the disease.
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15
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Trenchevska O, Kamcheva E, Nedelkov D. Mass spectrometric immunoassay for quantitative determination of transthyretin and its variants. Proteomics 2011; 11:3633-41. [PMID: 21751365 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR, or prealbumin) is a tetrameric protein found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Its major role is to transport thyroid hormones (thyroxin-T4) and retinol (through association with retinol-binding protein). TTR has been studied extensively due to the great number of point mutations that result in sequence heterogeneity. Many of these variants are associated with pathological conditions that result in extracellular deposition of amyloid fibers in tissues. In this work, we have developed a rapid mass spectrometric immunoassay for determination and quantification of TTR and its variants from human serum and plasma samples. The assay was fully characterized in terms of its precision, linearity and recovery characteristics. The new assay was also compared with a conventional TTR ELISA. Furthermore, we have applied the optimized method to analyze TTR and its modifications in 44 human plasma samples, and in the process optimized a method for TTR proteolytic digestion and identification of point mutations.
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Abaye DA, Pullen FS, Nielsen BV. Practical considerations in analysing neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, by nano-electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry: monitoring multiple protonations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1107-1116. [PMID: 21452389 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the pre-electrospray ionisation (pre-ESI) factors; analyte concentration (1-2500 ng/mL), concentration of formic acid (FA) in the mobile phase (0.01, 0.1 and 1%), concentration of the organic modifier (acetonitrile 50-90%) and flow rate (<10 μL/min) on the number of multiple protonations and ESI response for two neuropeptides (of ~3.3 kDa molecular mass); calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). A pH of 3.23 (0.1% FA), nano-flow rate range of 350-750 nL/min and acetonitrile concentration of 50% were optimum for both neuropeptides where the highest intensities were observed. An inverse relationship between decreasing flow rate and ESI response for both peptides was also observed. The quadruply charged ([M+4H](4+)) ion was dominant for CGRP at all analyte concentrations, and also for VIP, but only at the higher analyte concentrations (250-2500 ng/mL); none of the [M+4H](4+), [M+5H](5+) or [M+6H](6+) ions were dominant at the lower concentrations. Linear correlations were obtained for the protonated states and ESI response at analyte concentrations (1-750 ng/mL). Acetonitrile concentration was critical; severe ion suppression was observed for VIP when the concentration of acetonitrile was ≥60%. Ion suppression was also observed for both peptides in an equimolar mixture, with the extent of ion suppression more severe for VIP. Our study concludes that it is important to monitor several protonated species when a single protonated state does not dominate, especially during label-free peptide quantitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Abaye
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK
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Théberge R, Infusini G, Tong W, McComb ME, Costello CE. Top-Down Analysis of Small Plasma Proteins Using an LTQ-Orbitrap. Potential for Mass Spectrometry-Based Clinical Assays for Transthyretin and Hemoglobin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 300:130-142. [PMID: 21607198 PMCID: PMC3098445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis and hemoglobinopathies are the archetypes of molecular diseases where point mutation characterization is diagnostically critical. We have developed a Top-down analytical platform for variant and/or modified protein sequencing and are examining the feasibility of using this platform for the analysis of hemoglobin/TTR patient samples and evaluating the potential clinical applications. The platform is based on a commercial high resolution hybrid orbitrap mass spectrometer (LTQ-Orbitrap(™)) with automated sample introduction; automated data analysis is performed by our own software algorithm (BUPID topdown).The analytical strategy consists of iterative data capture, first recording a mass profile of the protein(s). The presence of a variant is revealed by a mass shift consistent with the amino acid substitution. Nozzle-skimmer dissociation (NSD) of the protein(s) yields a wide variety of sequence-defining fragment ions. The fragment ion containing the amino acid substitution or modification can be identified by searching for a peak exhibiting the mass shift observed in the protein mass profile. This fragment ion can then be selected for MS/MS analysis in the ion trap to yield sequence information permitting the identification of the variant. Substantial sequence coverage has been obtained in this manner. This strategy allows for a stepwise MS/MS analysis of the protein structure. The sequence information obtained can be supplemented with whole protein NSD fragmentation and MS/MS analysis of specific protein charge states. The analyses of variant forms of TTR and hemoglobin are presented to illustrate the potential of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Catherine E. Costello
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Catherine E. Costello, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 511, Boston, MA 02118-2646, Ph.: (617) 638-6490, Fax: (617) 638-6491,
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Nakanishi T, Yoshioka M, Moriuchi K, Yamamoto D, Tsuji M, Takubo T. S-sulfonation of transthyretin is an important trigger step in the formation of transthyretin-related amyloid fibril. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1449-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Connors LH, Prokaeva T, Lim A, Théberge R, Falk RH, Doros G, Berg A, Costello CE, O'Hara C, Seldin DC, Skinner M. Cardiac amyloidosis in African Americans: comparison of clinical and laboratory features of transthyretin V122I amyloidosis and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Am Heart J 2009; 158:607-14. [PMID: 19781421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transthyretin (TTR) mutations known to cause cardiac amyloidosis include V122I, found almost exclusively in African Americans at a prevalence of 3-3.9%. This retrospective study describes TTR V122I-associated cardiac amyloid disease (ATTR) in a major amyloid referral clinic population. METHODS Self-identified African Americans with amyloidosis (n = 156) were screened for TTR V122I by serum isoelectric focusing; mutant TTR was confirmed by DNA sequencing or mass spectrometry. Cardiac findings in ATTR V122I and immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidoses were compared. RESULTS TTR V122I was identified in 36/156 (23.1%) of evaluated patients and included 5 homozygotes; the allele frequency was 0.013. One compound heterozygote (F44L/V122I) and 4 patients who had AL and the mutant TTR allele were characterized. In patients negative for V122I, AL was the most frequent diagnosis (86/120). Cardiomyopathy was present in 100% of patients with ATTR and 84% of patients with AL (P = .01). In patients with dominant cardiac involvement, better survival occurred in ATTR (n = 30) compared to AL (n = 31), (27 vs 5 months, P < .01) although the mean age in ATTR was higher (70.3 vs 56.2 years, P < .01). Congestive heart failure symptoms and electrocardiographic findings were similar in ATTR and AL, but significant differences in echocardiographic measurements were observed. CONCLUSIONS ATTR V122I and AL are equally prevalent as the cause of cardiomyopathy in African Americans referred for a diagnosis of amyloidosis. Available therapy for AL underscores the need for early and accurate determination of amyloid type.
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O'Brien JF, Bergen HR. Transthyretin mass determination for detection of transthyretin familial amyloid. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 492:353-365. [PMID: 19241044 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-493-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concentration range of plasma proteins exceeds the dynamic range of any single analytical method. It has been estimated that the concentration range of serum proteins exceeds ten orders of magnitude (1). Because of this, prior immunoselection of even abundant proteins facilitates the relative nonquantitative observations required to show structural abnormality in primary or in posttranslational structure. Determination of atypical proteins by mass measurement has been reported for genetic defects in glycosylation (2, 3) and for monitoring for transthyretin (TTR) defects (4). Here we describe a rapid method of purification and electrospray introduction of TTR into a mass spectrometer to detect mass changes due to amino acid substitutions. The method currently forms the basis for a clinical assay to ascertain TTR mutations resulting in amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F O'Brien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomics has evolved into a large-scale biomarker discovery program; however, these initiatives are viewed as failing owing to a lack of successful implementation of new protein biomarkers in the diagnostic arena. New approaches to proteomics biomarker discovery and validation may be the key to boosting clinical proteomics into diagnostics. OBJECTIVE To review the technologies and the mindsets behind proteomic biomarker discovery and discuss suitable methods for the detection of protein variants and their use as potential biomarkers of disease states. METHODS A literature review of recent research on proteomic biomarkers and through experience with biomarker discovery research was surveyed and described. Emphasis was placed on top-down proteomics approaches for the discovery and routine screening of protein variation. CONCLUSION Protein variation is an untapped resource in the biomarker space, but only a selected few forms of proteomics applications are suitable for their analysis. Such variation could have a significant impact in disease diagnostics and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban A Kiernan
- Senior Research Scientist, Intrinsic Bioprobes, Inc. - R&D, 2155 E Conference Dr Tempe, AZ 85284, USA +1 480 804 1778 ; +480 804 0778 ;
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23
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Kingsbury JS, Laue TM, Klimtchuk ES, Théberge R, Costello CE, Connors LH. The modulation of transthyretin tetramer stability by cysteine 10 adducts and the drug diflunisal. Direct analysis by fluorescence-detected analytical ultracentrifugation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:11887-96. [PMID: 18326041 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709638200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is normally a stable plasma protein. However, in cases of familial TTR-related amyloidosis and senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), TTR is deposited as amyloid fibrils, leading to organ dysfunction and possibly death. The mechanism by which TTR undergoes the transition from stable, soluble precursor to insoluble amyloid fibril and the factors that promote this process are largely undetermined. Most models involve the dissociation of the native TTR tetramer as the initial step. It is largely accepted that the TTR gene mutations associated with TTR-related amyloidosis lead to the expression of variant proteins that are intrinsically unstable and prone to aggregation. It has been suggested that amyloidogenicity may be conferred to wild-type TTR (the form deposited in SSA) by chemical modification of the lone cysteine residue (Cys(10)) through mixed disulfide bonds. S-Sulfonation and S-cysteinylation are prevalent TTR modifications physiologically, and studies have suggested their ability to modulate the structure of TTR under denaturing conditions. In the present study, we have used fluorescence-detected sedimentation velocity to determine the effect of S-sulfonate and S-cysteine on the quaternary structural stability of fluorophore-conjugated recombinant TTR under nondenaturing conditions. We determined that S-sulfonation stabilized TTR tetramer stability by a factor of 7, whereas S-cysteinylation enhanced dissociation by 2-fold with respect to the unmodified form. In addition, we report the direct observation of tetramer stabilization by the potential therapeutic compound diflunisal. Finally, as proof of concept, we report the sedimentation of TTR in serum and the qualitative assessment of the resulting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Kingsbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Glushchenko AV, Jacobsen DW. Molecular targeting of proteins by L-homocysteine: mechanistic implications for vascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1883-98. [PMID: 17760510 PMCID: PMC2855132 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, complications of pregnancy, cognitive impairment, and osteoporosis. That elevated homocysteine leads to vascular dysfunction may be the linking factor between these apparently unrelated pathologies. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that homocysteine plays a causal role in atherogenesis, specific mechanisms to explain the underlying pathogenesis have remained elusive. This review focuses on chemistry unique to the homocysteine molecule to explain its inherent cytotoxicity. Thus, the high pKa of the sulfhydryl group (pKa, 10.0) of homocysteine underlies its ability to form stable disulfide bonds with protein cysteine residues, and in the process, alters or impairs the function of the protein. Studies in this laboratory have identified albumin, fibronectin, transthyretin, and metallothionein as targets for homocysteinylation. In the case of albumin, the mechanism of targeting has been elucidated. Homocysteinylation of the cysteine residues of fibronectin impairs its ability to bind to fibrin. Homocysteinylation of the cysteine residues of metallothionein disrupts zinc binding by the protein and abrogates inherent superoxide dismutase activity. Thus, S-homocysteinylation of protein cysteine residues may explain mechanistically the cytotoxicity of elevated L-homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla V. Glushchenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Donald W. Jacobsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Altland K, Benson MD, Costello CE, Ferlini A, Hazenberg BPC, Hund E, Kristen AV, Linke RP, Merlini G, Salvi F, Saraiva MJ, Singer R, Skinner M, Winter P. Genetic microheterogeneity of human transthyretin detected by IEF. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2053-64. [PMID: 17503405 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the human transthyretin (TTR) gene have attracted medical interest as a cause of amyloidosis. Recently, we have described in detail an electrophoretic procedure with PAGE followed by IEF in urea gradients for the study of the microheterogeneity of TTR monomers (Altland, K., Winter, P., Sauerborn, M. K., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 1349-1364). In this paper, we present a study on 49 different mutations of TTR including 33 that result in electrically neutral amino acid substitutions. The aims of the investigation were to test the sensitivity of the procedure to detect TTR variants in patients with TTR amyloidosis and their relatives and to identify some common characteristics that could explain the amyloidogenicity of these variants. We found that all tested amyloidogenic mutations could be detected by our method with the exception of those for which the corresponding variant was absent in plasma samples. Most of the electrically neutral amyloidogenic TTR variants had in common a reduced conformational stability of monomers by the activity of protons and urea. For three variants, e.g. TTR-F64L, TTR-I107V and TTR-V122I, the monomers had a conformational stability close to that of normal monomers but we found experimental and structural arguments for a weakening of the monomer-monomer contact. All types of amyloidogenic mutations affected the stability of TTR tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Altland
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany.
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Kingsbury JS, Théberge R, Karbassi JA, Lim A, Costello CE, Connors LH. Detailed structural analysis of amyloidogenic wild-type transthyretin using a novel purification strategy and mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1990-8. [PMID: 17261023 DOI: 10.1021/ac061546s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type transthyretin (TTR), normally a soluble plasma-circulating protein, can be amyloidogenic, i.e., form tissue-deposited fibrillar material in the extracellular matrix of various organs throughout the body. Senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA) is one such pathology and features TTR-containing amyloid deposits that are found primarily in the heart. The cause for this transition from soluble to insoluble protein in SSA is yet to be determined as specific structural features that might favor TTR fibrillogenesis have not yet been identified. The precise characterization of ex vivo fibril deposits might provide insight, but structural analyses of TTR from amyloid deposits have been hindered thus far by the lack of purification strategies that overcome the insolubility of the tissue-derived protein without degrading it. Consequently, the true biochemical nature of deposited TTR remains in question. In this study, we provide detailed analyses of both the soluble (serum) and deposited (tissue) forms of TTR from cases of SSA. In the serum, a distribution of mixed disulfides, specifically S-sulfonated and S-cysteinylated forms of TTR, as well as the unmodified protein were identified. The relative levels of the three TTR species in the SSA group were comparable to amounts present in sera from age-matched control groups. For characterization of the amyloid deposited TTR, we investigated cardiac tissue samples obtained from three separate cases of SSA. We report a novel chromatographic purification strategy performed under nonreducing conditions (to maintain cysteine disulfide status) and the use of this procedure in conjunction with detailed mass spectrometric analysis of TTR from the amyloid deposits. A series of C-terminal TTR fragments with N-termini ranging from amino acids 46 to 55 were identified. We also determined that the deposits in all samples contained Cys10 disulfide-linkedhomodimers composed of full-length TTR monomers. This last finding suggests an important role for Cys10 conjugation in the transition from soluble TTR to the pathological amyloid fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Kingsbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, and Center for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Kingsbury JS, Klimtchuk ES, Théberge R, Costello CE, Connors LH. Expression, purification, and in vitro cysteine-10 modification of native sequence recombinant human transthyretin. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 53:370-7. [PMID: 17317215 PMCID: PMC2696000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a serum protein that is also a prominent component of deposits in two different types of systemic amyloid disease, senile systemic and familial TTR amyloidoses. Studies of recombinant TTR (rTTR) have provided many insights into the relationship between protein structure and amyloidogenicity. Yet, there is no existing recombinant system that results in high yield production of a protein that is identical in primary structure to human TTR. To date, most published studies have generated rTTR using the human gene sequence, which is poorly expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition, the gene sequence has been flanked by a 3' AUG start codon to initiate translation, resulting in the expression of a protein containing an N-terminal methionine residue not present in the human protein. We present an improved technique which can be used to generate large quantities of human native sequence TTR. Our recombinant system utilizes a gene containing codons altered for efficient expression in E. coli and an N-terminal polyhistidine tag for simplified purification. Optimization of this system was accomplished by generating a modified polyhistidine tag that was efficiently removed by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (DAPase). This is the first report detailing an effective and useful method for producing rTTR containing an amino acid sequence identical to human TTR. Furthermore, we describe the thiol modification of the recombinant protein to achieve exact replication of the several prominent post-translationally modified forms of TTR that have been identified in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Kingsbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Elena S. Klimtchuk
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Roger Théberge
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Center for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Center for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Lawreen H. Connors
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
- Address correspondence to: Prof. Lawreen Heller Connors, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., K508, Boston, MA, 02118; Tel., 617-638-4313; Fax. 617-638-5226; E-Mail:
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Abstract
This review outlines the concept of population proteomics and its implication in the discovery and validation of cancer-specific protein modulations. Population proteomics is an applied subdiscipline of proteomics engaging in the investigation of human proteins across and within populations to define and better understand protein diversity. Population proteomics focuses on interrogation of specific proteins from large number of individuals, utilizing top-down, targeted affinity mass spectrometry approaches to probe protein modifications. Deglycosylation, sequence truncations, side-chain residue modifications, and other modifications have been reported for myriad of proteins, yet little is know about their incidence rate in the general population. Such information can be gathered via population proteomics and would greatly aid the biomarker discovery efforts. Discovery of novel protein modifications is also expected from such large scale population proteomics, expanding the protein knowledge database. In regard to cancer protein biomarkers, their validation via population proteomics-based approaches is advantageous as mass spectrometry detection is used both in the discovery and validation process, which is essential for the detection of those structurally modified protein biomarkers.
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Shimizu A, Nakanishi T, Miyazaki A. Detection and characterization of variant and modified structures of proteins in blood and tissues by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:686-712. [PMID: 16565975 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Some variant proteins cause diseases, and some diseases result in increases of proteins with abnormally modified structures. The detection, characterization, and estimation of the relative amounts of protein variants and abnormally modified proteins are important for clinical diagnosis and for elucidation of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of diseases. Analysis of the covalent structures of proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS (LC-ESI-MS), which had been developed by the early 1990s, have largely replaced analyses by conventional protein chemistry. Here, we review the detection and characterization of hemoglobin variants, HbA1c measurement, detection of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, and identification of variants of transthyretin (TTR) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) using soft ionization MS. We also propose the diagnostic application of the signals of modified forms of TTR, that is, S-sulfonated TTR and S-homocysteinyl TTR. The relative peak height ratio of the abnormal/normal components gives valuable information about the instability of variants and enables the detection of unstable Hb subunits or thalassemia heterozygotes. We found unique modified structures of TTR that suggested changes in amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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Miguet L, Bogumil R, Decloquement P, Herbrecht R, Potier N, Mauvieux L, Van Dorsselaer A. Discovery and Identification of Potential Biomarkers in a Prospective Study of Chronic Lymphoid Malignancies Using SELDI-TOF−MS. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:2258-69. [PMID: 16944938 DOI: 10.1021/pr060058y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The accurate diagnosis of the different forms of chronic mature B-cell lymphocytic malignancies is of primary importance to determine an appropriate and efficient treatment. Usually, the diagnosis is achieved by morphology and immunophenotyping. Nevertheless, the diagnostic tools available are not able to discriminate pathologies with variable evolution, or to classify some of them. To discover new biomarkers, we used peptide and protein profiling SELDI-TOF-MS, to analyze 39 chronic B-cell malignancies and 20 control serum samples. Markers of interest were subsequently identified and characterized. In the obtained SELDI-MS profiles, most of the differences were observed in three mass ranges (m/z = 13 000; m/z = 9000; m/z < 2000). Identification of these biomarkers was achieved either by direct enrichment on the ProteinChip arrays followed by on-chip-MS/MS or by chromatographic fractionation, 1D-gel followed by nanoLC-MS/MS analysis. An increase of a sulfite form of transthyretin (13,841 Da) was observed in the patient group. A second set of markers at 8.6 and 8.9 kDa was identified as complement related fragment proteins, the C3a and C4a anaphylatoxins. In the low mass range, several peptides originating from N-terminal and C-terminal processing of the C3 alpha and C4 alpha chains were specifically observed in 38% of the patient sera, but in none of the control sera. This study emphasizes the usefulness of mass spectrometry studies in such malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Miguet
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, ECPM, UMR 7178, Hubert CURIEN Multidisciplinary Institute, Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg, France
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Heegaard NHH, Hansen MZ, Sen JW, Christiansen M, Westermark P. Immunoaffinity chromatographic and immunoprecipitation methods combined with mass spectrometry for characterization of circulating transthyretin. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:371-7. [PMID: 16544878 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a small serum protein that is involved in distinct phenotypes of amyloidosis with different tissue localization, age of onset, and rate of progression. Some types of TTR-amyloidosis (such as familial amyloid polyneuropathy) are associated with various amino acid point mutations, while cardiac amyloid myopathy may also be associated with precipitation of the wild-type molecules, e.g., in senile systemic amyloidosis. Because of the unsettled relationship between circulating and precipitated TTR we here explore on-line immunoaffinity (IA) chromatography-MS and immunoprecipitation (IP)-MS methods for characterizing the circulating TTR population in normal individuals and in patients with known TTR-amyloidosis. It was found necessary to reduce the samples, e.g., with DTT, prior to ESI-TOF-MS. This reversed oxidative modifications to sufficiently resolve the two mass peaks isolated from sera of heterozygous patients. A simple IP technique without the use of centrifugal filtration was found to be convenient for the assessment of the TTR population in serum as demonstrated for both normal and variant (the Met111Leu mutation) TTR. This approach also readily allowed the identification of oxidation, S-sulfation, and S-cysteinylation in unreduced samples, while these modifications were less well resolved in the on-line IA chromatography-MS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels H H Heegaard
- Department of Autoimmunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Jacobsen DW, Catanescu O, Dibello PM, Barbato JC. Molecular targeting by homocysteine: a mechanism for vascular pathogenesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43:1076-83. [PMID: 16197301 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2005.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although there is a growing body of evidence that homocysteine plays a causal role in atherogenesis, specific mechanisms to explain the underlying pathology have remained elusive. This review focuses on chemistry unique to the homocysteine molecule to explain its inherent cytotoxicity. Thus, the high pKa of the sulfhydryl group (pKa=10.0) of homocysteine underlies its ability to form stable disulfide bonds with protein cysteine residues, and in the process, alters or impairs the function of the protein. Albumin, fibronectin, transthyretin, annexin II, and factor V have now been identified as molecular targets for homocysteine, and in the case of albumin, the mechanism of targeting has been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Jacobsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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33
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Calleri E, Temporini C, Perani E, De Palma A, Lubda D, Mellerio G, Sala A, Galliano M, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS system for protein digestion and variant identification in standard solutions and serum samples. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:481-90. [PMID: 15822925 DOI: 10.1021/pr049796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a trypsin-based monolithic bioreactor coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS for rapid proteolytic digestion and protein identification is here described. Dilute samples are passed through the bioreactor for generation of proteolytic fragments in less than 10 min. After digestion and peptide separation, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry is used to generate a peptide map and to identify proteolytic peptides by correlating their fragmentation spectra with amino acid sequences from a protein database. By digesting picomoles of proteins sufficient data from ESI and MS/MS were obtained to unambiguously identify proteins alone and in serum samples. This approach was also extended to locate mutation sites in beta-lactoglobulin A and B variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Tang WH, Halpern BR, Shilov IV, Seymour SL, Keating SP, Loboda A, Patel AA, Schaeffer DA, Nuwaysir LM. Discovering Known and Unanticipated Protein Modifications Using MS/MS Database Searching. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3931-46. [PMID: 15987094 DOI: 10.1021/ac0481046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an MS/MS database search algorithm with the following novel features: (1) a novel protein database structure containing extensive preindexing and (2) zone modification searching, which enables the rapid discovery of protein modifications of known (i.e., user-specified) and unanticipated delta masses. All of these features are implemented in Interrogator, the search engine that runs behind the Pro ID, Pro ICAT, and Pro QUANT software products. Speed benchmarks demonstrate that our modification-tolerant database search algorithm is 100-fold faster than traditional database search algorithms when used for comprehensive searches for a broad variety of modification species. The ability to rapidly search for a large variety of known as well as unanticipated modifications allows a significantly greater percentage of MS/MS scans to be identified. We demonstrate this with an example in which, out of a total of 473 identified MS/MS scans, 315 of these scans correspond to unmodified peptides, while 158 scans correspond to a wide variety of modified peptides. In addition, we provide specific examples where the ability to search for unanticipated modifications allows the scientist to discover: unexpected modifications that have biological significance; amino acid mutations; salt-adducted peptides in a sample that has nominally been desalted; peptides arising from nontryptic cleavage in a sample that has nominally been digested using trypsin; other unintended consequences of sample handling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred H Tang
- Applied Biosystems, 850 Lincoln Centre Drive, Foster City, California 94404, USA. tangwh@ appliedbiosystems.com
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Bergen HR, Zeldenrust SR, Butz ML, Snow DS, Dyck PJ, Dyck PJB, Klein CJ, O'Brien JF, Thibodeau SN, Muddiman DC. Identification of Transthyretin Variants by Sequential Proteomic and Genomic Analysis. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1544-52. [PMID: 15217993 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.033266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Transthyretin-associated hereditary amyloidosis (ATTR) is an inherited disease in which variants in the primary structure of transthyretin (TTR; prealbumin) lead to the extracellular polymerization of insoluble protein fibrils, causing organ failure and ultimately death when major organs are involved. We have developed an integrated approach to molecular diagnosis with initial analysis of intact plasma TTR by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and referral of positive samples for DNA sequence analysis and real-time PCR to confirm the common Gly6Ser polymorphism.
Methods: Samples from 6 patients previously diagnosed with ATTR and from 25 controls with (n = 15) or without (n = 10) polyneuropathy were analyzed in a blinded fashion for the presence of variant TTR. TTR protein was extracted with an immunoaffinity resin from 20 μL of archived plasma samples. The purified TTR was reduced with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine and analyzed by MS. The appearance of two peaks (or a single peak shifted in mass indicative of a homozygous variant), including the wild-type mass of 13 761 Da, was indicative of the presence of a variant, and the individual was referred for DNA sequence analysis.
Results: MS analysis of intact reduced TTR correctly identified each of six samples known to contain variant TTR. These results were corroborated by subsequent DNA sequence analysis. Additionally, all Gly6Ser polymorphisms were correctly called based on the +30 mass shift and an equal relative abundance of the +30 polymorphism relative to wild-type TTR. No false-positive results were seen.
Conclusions: This referral method eliminates the necessity of sequencing most samples and allows screening for the familial forms of amyloidosis in a broad patient population in a timely fashion. This method correctly identified all previously known variants and also identified a novel variant, Val94Ala.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Robert Bergen
- WM Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Mayo Proteomics Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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36
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Nepomuceno AI, Mason CJ, Muddiman DC, Bergen HR, Zeldenrust SR. Detection of Genetic Variants of Transthyretin by Liquid Chromatography–Dual Electrospray Ionization Fourier-Transform Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1535-43. [PMID: 15205369 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.033274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: One of the numerous proteins causing amyloidosis is transthyretin (TTR), a protein usually responsible for the transport of thyroxine and retinol-binding protein. Variants within TTR cause it to aggregate and form insoluble fibers that accumulate in tissue, leading to organ dysfunction.Methods: TTR was immunoprecipitated from serum by use of a polyclonal antibody and subsequently reduced with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. The purified TTR was then analyzed by fast-gradient liquid chromatography–dual-electrospray ionization Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. DNA sequencing was performed on all samples used in this study.Results: Because of the inherent limitations in achieving high mass measurement accuracy based on the most abundant isotopic mass, we applied a fitting procedure that allowed determination of monoisotopic mass. Wild-type TTR (mean molecular mass, 13 761 Da) and its associated variant forms could be distinguished because of the high molecular mass accuracy afforded by FT-ICR (≤3 ppm) except for instances involving isobaric species or when isotopic distributions overlapped significantly. The [M + 11 H+]11+ charge state for all samples was used to determine the mass accuracies for both wild-type and variant forms of the protein. We correctly assigned seven of seven TTR variants. Moreover, using a combination of proteomic and genomic technologies, we discovered and characterized a previously unreported cis double mutation with a mass only 2 Da different from wild-type TTR. Furthermore, DNA sequencing of the TTR gene for all individuals in this study completely agreed with the intact protein measurements.Conclusions: FT-ICR mass spectrometry has sufficient mass accuracy to identify genetic variants of immunoaffinity-purified TTR. We believe that 91% of known TTR variants could be detected by this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelito I Nepomuceno
- WM Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Mayo Proteomics Research Center, Rochester, MN, USA
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37
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Nakanishi T, Sato T, Sakoda S, Yoshioka M, Shimizu A. Modification of cysteine residue in transthyretin and a synthetic peptide: analyses by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1698:45-53. [PMID: 15063314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine and cystine in protein are modified to various derivatives in vitro and in vivo. By electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), we previously found derivatives of serum transthyretin (TTR) in which cysteine residue at position 10 was changed to glycine residue and sulfocysteine residue. The change, cysteine to glycine, was unique and the origin of the sulfonic acid group was controversial. In the present paper, we show the molecular masses of various TTR derivatives including these two, and the modification process was studied using a synthetic peptide with the same sequence as cysteine containing part of TTR, i.e., SKCPLMVK. After incubation of the peptide at pH 8.3, various derivatives were generated, which showed changes of cysteine residue to glycine, dehydroalanine, S-thiocysteine, and S-sulfocysteine residues, which were confirmed by molecular mass and collision-induced dissociation spectra. Dehydroalanine may react with other amino acids and contribute to form cross-linking fibril, causing amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyofumi Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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38
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Connors LH, Yamashita T, Yazaki M, Skinner M, Benson MD. A rare transthyretin mutation (Asp18Glu) associated with cardiomyopathy. Amyloid 2004; 11:61-6. [PMID: 15185501 DOI: 10.1080/13506120410001682569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a rare transthyretin (TTR) gene mutation (Asp18Glu) in a middle-aged male with biopsy proven amyloid disease featuring cardiomyopathy is described. The more commonly occurring light chain amyloidosis (AL) was initially considered, but negative hematologic testing prompted screening for a pathologic TTR mutation. A differential diagnosis of familial transthyretin type amyloidosis (ATTR) was established using a combination of molecular genetic and biochemical techniques. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) screening of exons 2, 3 and 4 of the TTR gene indicated the presence of atypical DNA. SSCP testing was performed using a new non-radioactive, silver stained minigel technique. The genetic abnormality was identified by direct DNA sequence analysis as a T to A transversion at the third base position in codon 18. This result was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) testing. The presence of the variant protein, TTR Asp18Glu, in serum from the proband was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawreen Heller Connors
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Amyloid Treatment and Research Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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39
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Lim A, Sengupta S, McComb ME, Théberge R, Wilson WG, Costello CE, Jacobsen DW. In Vitro and in Vivo Interactions of Homocysteine with Human Plasma Transthyretin. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49707-13. [PMID: 14507924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and an emerging risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Greater than 70% of the homocysteine in plasma is disulfide-bonded to protein cysteine residues. The identity and functional consequences of protein homocysteinylation are just now emerging. The amyloidogenic protein transthyretin (prealbumin), as we now report, undergoes homocysteinylation at its single cysteine residue (Cys10) both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, when human plasma or highly purified transthyretin was incubated with 35S-L-homocysteine followed by SDS-PAGE and PhosphorImaging, two bands corresponding to transthyretin dimer and tetramer were observed. Treatment of the labeled samples with beta-mercaptoethanol prior to SDS-PAGE removed the disulfide-bound homocysteine. Transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine was then identified in vivo in plasma from normal donors, patients with end-stage renal disease, and homocystinurics by immunoprecipitation and high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. The ratios of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine and transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-sulfonate to that of unmodified transthyretin increased with increasing homocysteine plasma concentrations, whereas the ratio of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-cysteine to that of unmodified transthyretin decreased. The hyperhomocysteinemic burden is thus reflected in the plasma levels of transthyretin-Cys10-S-S-homocysteine, which in turn may contribute to the pathological consequences of amyloid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amareth Lim
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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40
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Bergen HR, Zeldenrust SR, Naylor S. An on-line assay for clinical detection of amyloidogenic transthyretin variants directly from serum. Amyloid 2003; 10:190-7. [PMID: 14640032 DOI: 10.3109/13506120308999000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here for the first time the on-line analysis of transthyretin genetic variants by mass spectral analysis. The use of mass spectrometry to analyze immunoprecipitated transthyretin has been previously described. However, the on-line analysis of TTR directly from serum reported here will allow for a fully automated high throughput analysis. Mutations in the plasma transport protein TTR are readily observed and distinguished from normal TTR. Free TTR as well as TTR-cysteine and TTR-cysteinylglycine adducts are clearly evident. The resulting assay from serum to final interpretation requires less than twenty minutes. The assay should be an effective first line discriminator of patients who are being considered to have Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy (FAP) and an adjunct to definitive diagnosis by sequencing of the TTR gene or protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Robert Bergen
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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41
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Lim A, Prokaeva T, McComb ME, Connors LH, Skinner M, Costello CE. Identification of S-sulfonation and S-thiolation of a novel transthyretin Phe33Cys variant from a patient diagnosed with familial transthyretin amyloidosis. Protein Sci 2003; 12:1775-85. [PMID: 12876326 PMCID: PMC2323963 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0349703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Familial transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with a variant form of the plasma carrier protein transthyretin (TTR). Amyloid fibrils consisting of variant TTR, wild-type TTR, and TTR fragments deposit in tissues and organs. The diagnosis of ATTR relies on the identification of pathologic TTR variants in plasma of symptomatic individuals who have biopsy proven amyloid disease. Previously, we have developed a mass spectrometry-based approach, in combination with direct DNA sequence analysis, to fully identify TTR variants. Our methodology uses immunoprecipitation to isolate TTR from serum, and electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MS) peptide mapping to identify TTR variants and posttranslational modifications. Unambiguous identification of the amino acid substitution is performed using tandem MS (MS/MS) analysis and confirmed by direct DNA sequence analysis. The MS and MS/MS analyses also yield information about posttranslational modifications. Using this approach, we have recently identified a novel pathologic TTR variant. This variant has an amino acid substitution (Phe --> Cys) at position 33. In addition, like the Cys10 present in the wild type and in this variant, the Cys33 residue was both S-sulfonated and S-thiolated (conjugated to cysteine, cysteinylglycine, and glutathione). These adducts may play a role in the TTR fibrillogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amyloidosis, Familial/blood
- Amyloidosis, Familial/diagnosis
- Amyloidosis, Familial/genetics
- Amyloidosis, Familial/metabolism
- Cysteine/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Oxidative Stress
- Peptide Mapping
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Prealbumin/chemistry
- Prealbumin/genetics
- Prealbumin/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Amareth Lim
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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42
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Balcerzak M. An overview of analytical applications of time of flight-mass spectrometric (TOF-MS) analyzers and an inductively coupled plasma-TOF-MS technique. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:979-89. [PMID: 12880079 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of the applications of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) for analytical purposes is presented. The performance of TOF-MS combined with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ion source is discussed in detail. The advantages of TOF-MS detectors over the quadrupole mass filters for multi-elemental analysis of fast transient signals are discussed. The applications of ICP-TOF-MS for the detection of signals from laser ablation, electrothermal vaporization, gas and liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and flow-injection analysis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balcerzak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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43
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Gales L, Cardoso I, Fayard B, Quintanilha A, Saraiva MJ, Damas AM. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals a substantial increase of sulfur oxidation in transthyretin (TTR) upon fibrillization. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:11654-60. [PMID: 12538647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210798200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils are the main component of the amyloid deposits occurring in Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy patients. This is 1 of 20 human proteins leading to protein aggregation disorders such as Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases. The structural details concerning the association of the protein molecules are essential for a better understanding of the disease and consequently the design of new strategies for diagnosis and therapeutics. Disulfide bonds are frequently considered essential for the stability of protein aggregates and since in the TTR monomers there is one cysteine residue, it is important to determine unambiguously the redox state of sulfur present in the fibrils. In this work we used x-ray spectroscopy to further characterize TTR amyloid fibrils. The sulfur K-edge absorption spectra for the wild type and some amyloidogenic TTR variants in the soluble and fibrillar forms were analyzed. Whereas in the soluble proteins the thiol group from cysteine (R-SH) and the thioether group from methionine (R-S-CH(3)) are the most abundant forms, in the TTR fibrils there is a significant oxidation of sulfur to the sulfonate form in the cysteine residue and a partial oxidation of sulfur to sulfoxide in the methionine residues. Further interpretation of the data reveals that there are no disulfide bridges in the fibrillar samples and suggest conformational changes in the TTR molecule, namely in strand A and/or in its vicinity, upon fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gales
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar n 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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FURUMOTO T, FUKUMOTO T, WATARAI H. Capillary electrophoresis of nucleobases and nucleosides detected by TOF/MS. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2003. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadao FURUMOTO
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Takao FUKUMOTO
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
| | - Hitoshi WATARAI
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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45
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O'Connor PB, Costello CE, Earle WE. A high voltage RF oscillator for driving multipole ion guides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:1370-1375. [PMID: 12484456 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A high voltage RF oscillator circuit has been designed and constructed for driving multipole ion guides. The circuit is tunable from 500 kHz to 1.5 MHz by changing a capacitor and provides 0-1000 V(p-p) that is controlled by a 0-10 V input using a negative feedback circuit. This inexpensive circuit uses a set of high voltage transistors oscillating in tandem and does not require tuning of the resonance drive frequency as the oscillator automatically resonates at the (LC)(-1/2) frequency. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) mass spectra were acquired using this tunable RF oscillator circuit to allow transmission of protein ions in the 8.5-39 kDa range through the quadrupole ion guide from the ion source to the mass analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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46
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Kishikawa M, Sass JO, Sakura N, Nakanishi T, Shimizu A, Yoshioka M. The peak height ratio of S-sulfonated transthyretin and other oxidized isoforms as a marker for molybdenum cofactor deficiency, measured by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1588:135-8. [PMID: 12385777 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(02)00156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is a fatal neurological disorder, which follows an autosomal-recessive trait and is characterized by combined deficiency of the enzyme, sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase. Early detection of molybdenum cofactor-deficient patients is essential for their proper care and genetic counseling of families at risk. We demonstrate the use of S-sulfonated transthyretin (TTR) as a marker for molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Plasma or sera obtained from 4 patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency and 57 controls were studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) following selective enrichment of TTR by immunoprecipitation using protein G/A agarose. The data obtained from molybdenum cofactor deficiency samples indicated a strong increase in the peak height of S-sulfonated TTR. A more significant difference was revealed if the peak height ratio of S-sulfonated TTR and the sum of the other oxidized TTR were determined. By accurate determination of the ratio, the samples of molybdenum cofactor deficiency patients could clearly be distinguished from controls without molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kishikawa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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47
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Shimizu A, Nakanishi T, Kishikawa M, Miyazaki A. Detection and identification of protein variants and adducts in blood and tissues: an application of soft ionization mass spectrometry to clinical diagnosis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 776:15-30. [PMID: 12127321 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The detection and identification of protein variants and abnormally increased modified proteins are important for clinical diagnosis. We applied soft ionization mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze proteins in blood and tissues from various patients. Over the past 8 years, we diagnosed 132 cases (55 kinds) of variant proteins including hemoglobin (Hb), transthyretin (TTR), and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), using MS as the leading technology. Of these variants, eight were new, and nine were the first cases in Japan. Some abnormal Hb cause diseases, and most of them cause erroneous levels of glycated Hb, HbA1c, i.e., a popular index of diabetes. Most of the variant TTR causes amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Variant SOD-1 causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We first showed that immunoprecipitation by a specific antiserum is a reliable and simple method to prepare protein from sera and tissues for analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight MS, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS (LC-ESI-MS). The use of this technology has become widespread. Using an immunoprecipitated target protein and LC-ESI-MS, we showed that the ratios of tetra-, di- and a-sialo-transferrin from two cases of congenital glycoprotein deficient syndrome were clearly distinguishable from those of control samples. We first reported a unique modified form of TTR, that is, S-sulfonated TTR, which increased markedly and specifically in three cases with molibdenum cofactor deficiency. We proposed that S-sulfonated TTR is a useful marker for screening this disease. ESI-MS was successfully used for the accurate determination of HbA1c, and we clarified the extent of discrepancies between the HbA1c value measured by conventional methods and the accurate values for samples containing various Hb variants determined by the MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigakucho, Takatsuki City, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
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48
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Lim A, Prokaeva T, McComb ME, O'Connor PB, Théberge R, Connors LH, Skinner M, Costello CE. Characterization of transthyretin variants in familial transthyretin amyloidosis by mass spectrometric peptide mapping and DNA sequence analysis. Anal Chem 2002; 74:741-51. [PMID: 11866053 DOI: 10.1021/ac010780+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a 127-amino acid residue transport protein. In plasma, TTR exists as a tetramer and binds the hormone thyroxine and the retinol-binding protein-vitamin A complex. Amino acid substitutions in TTR are hypothesized to destabilize the tetramer and cause the protein to form intermediates that self-associate into amyloid fibrils. Familial transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is associated with extracellular deposition of wild-type TTR, its variants or fragments as amyloid fibrils in various tissues and organs. A definitive diagnosis of ATTR depends on the detection and identification of TTR variants. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), in combination with trypsin digestion, have been shown to be powerful tools in characterizing TTR variants. Typically, TTR or its tryptic digest is analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS, liquid chromatography ESI MS, or both. Analysis of tryptic digests by MALDI-TOF MS does not provide enough sequence coverage in TTR to identify all possible modifications. To improve sequence coverage, aliquots of immunoprecipitated TTR samples were digested with trypsin, lysyl endopeptidase Lys-C, or endoproteinase Asp-N. Identification of the peptides from each digest by MALDI-TOF MS provided preliminary information about the sites and mass shifts due to amino acid substitutions from genetic mutations and to posttranslational modifications. The location and identity of the modifications in the variant proteins were then confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry, accurate mass measurements, and direct DNA sequence analysis. Using these methodologies, we achieved 100% sequence coverage. The detection of two nonpathologic variants (Thr119Met and Gly6Ser) and four pathologic variants (Phe64Leu, Asp38Ala, Phe44Ser, and previously unreported Trp41Leu) are described as illustrations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amareth Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Westman-Brinkmalm A, Davidsson P. Comparison of preparative and analytical two-dimensional electrophoresis for isolation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis of transthyretin in cerebrospinal fluid. Anal Biochem 2002; 301:161-7. [PMID: 11814286 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The variety of posttranslational modifications and the relative abundance of transthyretin (TTR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) make TTR a suitable model molecule when comparing the performance of different combinations of methods for characterization of CSF proteins. We have compared three different electrophoretic methods: conventional two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), liquid-phase isoelectric focusing (IEF) as a prefractionation step in combination with analytical 2-DE, and preparative 2-DE for isolation and mass spectrometric analysis of TTR in CSF. Using liquid-phase IEF in combination with 2-DE compared with conventional 2-DE improved the sequence coverage of TTR. Only the mass spectrum from the preparative 2-DE fraction contained a tryptic peptide from the first nine amino acids, thereby yielding 100% sequence coverage. Our results show that the use of a prefractionation step before 2-DE or the use of preparative 2-DE increases the sequence coverage and provide low abundant proteins in complex biological systems in sufficient quantities for protein characterization with mass spectrometry.
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Kiernan UA, Tubbs KA, Gruber K, Nedelkov D, Niederkofler EE, Williams P, Nelson RW. High-throughput protein characterization using mass spectrometric immunoassay. Anal Biochem 2002; 301:49-56. [PMID: 11811966 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput mass spectrometric immunoassay system for the analysis of proteins directly from plasma is reported. A 96-well format robotic workstation was used to prepare antibody-derivatized affinity pipette tips for subsequent use in the extraction of specific proteins from plasma and deposition onto 96-well format matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) targets. Samples from multiple individuals were screened with regard to the plasma protein transthyretin (TTR), followed by analysis of the same plasma samples for the transthyretin-associated transport protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). Analyses were able to detect the presence of posttranslationally modified TTR and RBP, as well as a mutation present in the TTR of one individual. Subsequent analyses of wild-type and mutated TTR using enzymatically active MALDI-TOF MS targets were able to identify the site and nature of the point mutation. The approach represents a rapid (approximately 100 samples/2 h, reagent preparation-to-data) and accurate means of characterizing specific proteins present in large numbers of individuals for proteomic and clinical/diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban A Kiernan
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, Inc., 625 S. Smith Road Suite, 22, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
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