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Sengupta S, Pabbaraja S, Mehta G. Natural products from the human microbiome: an emergent frontier in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4006-4030. [PMID: 38669195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Often referred to as the "second genome", the human microbiome is at the epicenter of complex inter-habitat biochemical networks like the "gut-brain axis", which has emerged as a significant determinant of cognition, overall health and well-being, as well as resistance to antibiotics and susceptibility to diseases. As part of a broader understanding of the nexus between the human microbiome, diseases and microbial interactions, whether encoded secondary metabolites (natural products) play crucial signalling roles has been the subject of intense scrutiny in the recent past. A major focus of these activities involves harvesting the genomic potential of the human microbiome via bioinformatics guided genome mining and culturomics. Through these efforts, an impressive number of structurally intriguing antibiotics, with enhanced chemical diversity vis-à-vis conventional antibiotics have been isolated from human commensal bacteria, thereby generating considerable interest in their total synthesis and expanding their therapeutic space for drug discovery. These developments augur well for the discovery of new drugs and antibiotics, particularly in the context of challenges posed by mycobacterial resistance and emerging new diseases. The current landscape of various synthetic campaigns and drug discovery initiatives on antibacterial natural products from the human microbiome is captured in this review with an intent to stimulate further activities in this interdisciplinary arena among the new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Goverdhan Mehta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Wang H, Yang Y, Wang S, Badawy S, Ares I, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Antimicrobial sensitisers: Gatekeepers to avoid the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria. J Control Release 2024; 369:25-38. [PMID: 38508527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The resistance of multidrug-resistant bacteria to existing antibiotics forces the continued development of new antibiotics and antibacterial agents, but the high costs and long timeframe involved in the development of new agents renders the hope that existing antibiotics may again play a part. The "antibiotic adjuvant" is an indirect antibacterial strategy, but its vague concept has, in the past, limited the development speed of related drugs. In this review article, we put forward an accurate concept of a "non-self-antimicrobial sensitisers (NSAS)", to distinguish it from an "antibiotic adjuvant", and then discuss several scientific methods to restore bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics, and the sources and action mechanism of existing NSAS, in order to guide the development and further research of NSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Simeng Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sara Badawy
- MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Pathology Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital, 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Liu F, Kou Q, Li H, Cao Y, Chen M, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Wang H, Zhang D, Yang Y. Discovery of YFJ-36: Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activities of Catechol-Conjugated β-Lactams against Gram-Negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6705-6725. [PMID: 38596897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cefiderocol is the first approved catechol-conjugated cephalosporin against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, while its application was limited by poor chemical stability associated with the pyrrolidinium linker, moderate potency against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, intricate procedures for salt preparation, and potential hypersensitivity. To address these issues, a series of novel catechol-conjugated derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Extensive structure-activity relationships and structure-metabolism relationships (SMR) were conducted, leading to the discovery of a promising compound 86b (Code no. YFJ-36) with a new thioether linker. 86b exhibited superior and broad-spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity, especially against A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, compared with cefiderocol. Potent in vivo efficacy was observed in a murine systemic infection model. Furthermore, the physicochemical stability of 86b in fluid medium at pH 6-8 was enhanced. 86b also reduced potential the risk of allergy owing to the quaternary ammonium linker. The improved properties of 86b supported its further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qunhuan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangzhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Sichuan Primed Bio-Tech Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yushe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Yang T, Zou Y, Ng HL, Kumar A, Newton SM, Klebba PE. Specificity and mechanism of TonB-dependent ferric catecholate uptake by Fiu. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1355253. [PMID: 38601941 PMCID: PMC11005823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1355253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We studied the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein Fiu, a presumed transporter of monomeric ferric catecholates, by introducing Cys residues in its surface loops and modifying them with fluorescein maleimide (FM). Fiu-FM bound iron complexes of the tricatecholate siderophore enterobactin (FeEnt) and glucosylated enterobactin (FeGEnt), their dicatecholate degradation product Fe(DHBS)2 (FeEnt*), the monocatecholates dihydroxybenzoic acid (FeDHBA) and dihydroxybenzoyl serine (FeDHBS), and the siderophore antibiotics cefiderocol (FDC) and MB-1. Unlike high-affinity ligand-gated porins (LGPs), Fiu-FM had only micromolar affinity for iron complexes. Its apparent KD values for FeDHBS, FeDHBA, FeEnt*, FeEnt, FeGEnt, FeFDC, and FeMB-1 were 0.1, 0.7, 0.7, 1.0, 0.3, 0.4, and 4 μM, respectively. Despite its broad binding abilities, the transport repertoires of E. coli Fiu, as well as those of Cir and FepA, were less broad. Fiu only transported FeEnt*. Cir transported FeEnt* and FeDHBS (weakly); FepA transported FeEnt, FeEnt*, and FeDHBA. Both Cir and FepA bound FeGEnt, albeit with lower affinity. Related transporters of Acinetobacter baumannii (PiuA, PirA, BauA) had similarly moderate affinity and broad specificity for di- or monomeric ferric catecholates. Both microbiological and radioisotopic experiments showed Fiu's exclusive transport of FeEnt*, rather than ferric monocatecholate compounds. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations predicted three binding sites for FeEnt*in the external vestibule of Fiu, and a fourth site deeper in its interior. Alanine scanning mutagenesis in the outermost sites (1a, 1b, and 2) decreased FeEnt* binding affinity as much as 20-fold and reduced or eliminated FeEnt* uptake. Finally, the molecular dynamics simulations suggested a pathway of FeEnt* movement through Fiu that may generally describe the process of metal transport by TonB-dependent receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Phillip E. Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Garg D, Patel N, Rawat A, Rosado AS. Cutting edge tools in the field of soil microbiology. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100226. [PMID: 38425506 PMCID: PMC10904168 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of the whole of the genetic material contained within the microbial populations found in a certain environment is made possible by metagenomics. This technique enables a thorough knowledge of the variety, function, and interactions of microbial communities that are notoriously difficult to research. Due to the limitations of conventional techniques such as culturing and PCR-based methodologies, soil microbiology is a particularly challenging field. Metagenomics has emerged as an effective technique for overcoming these obstacles and shedding light on the dynamic nature of the microbial communities in soil. This review focuses on the principle of metagenomics techniques, their potential applications and limitations in soil microbial diversity analysis. The effectiveness of target-based metagenomics in determining the function of individual genes and microorganisms in soil ecosystems is also highlighted. Targeted metagenomics, including high-throughput sequencing and stable-isotope probing, is essential for studying microbial taxa and genes in complex ecosystems. Shotgun metagenomics may reveal the diversity of soil bacteria, composition, and function impacted by land use and soil management. Sanger, Next Generation Sequencing, Illumina, and Ion Torrent sequencing revolutionise soil microbiome research. Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio)'s third and fourth generation sequencing systems revolutionise long-read technology. GeoChip, clone libraries, metagenomics, and metabarcoding help comprehend soil microbial communities. The article indicates that metagenomics may improve environmental management and agriculture despite existing limitations.Metagenomics has revolutionised soil microbiology research by revealing the complete diversity, function, and interactions of microorganisms in soil. Metagenomics is anticipated to continue defining the future of soil microbiology research despite some limitations, such as the difficulty of locating the appropriate sequencing method for specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Niketan Patel
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anamika Rawat
- Center of Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Liu K, Wang C, Zhou X, Guo X, Yang Y, Liu W, Zhao R, Song H. Bacteriophage therapy for drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336821. [PMID: 38357445 PMCID: PMC10864608 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus stands as a prominent pathogen in nosocomial and community-acquired infections, capable of inciting various infections at different sites in patients. This includes Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SaB), which exhibits a severe infection frequently associated with significant mortality rate of approximately 25%. In the absence of better alternative therapies, antibiotics is still the main approach for treating infections. However, excessive use of antibiotics has, in turn, led to an increase in antimicrobial resistance. Hence, it is imperative that new strategies are developed to control drug-resistant S. aureus infections. Bacteriophages are viruses with the ability to infect bacteria. Bacteriophages, were used to treat bacterial infections before the advent of antibiotics, but were subsequently replaced by antibiotics due to limited theoretical understanding and inefficient preparation processes at the time. Recently, phages have attracted the attention of many researchers again because of the serious problem of antibiotic resistance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of phage biology, animal models, diverse clinical case treatments, and clinical trials in the context of drug-resistant S. aureus phage therapy. It also assesses the strengths and limitations of phage therapy and outlines the future prospects and research directions. This review is expected to offer valuable insights for researchers engaged in phage-based treatments for drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhou
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rongtao Zhao
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Caradec T, Anoz-Carbonell E, Petrov R, Billamboz M, Antraygues K, Cantrelle FX, Boll E, Beury D, Hot D, Drobecq H, Trivelli X, Hartkoorn RC. A Novel Natural Siderophore Antibiotic Conjugate Reveals a Chemical Approach to Macromolecule Coupling. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2138-2149. [PMID: 38033789 PMCID: PMC10683483 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural sideromycins, the conjugation of antibiotics to siderophores is an attractive strategy to facilitate "Trojan horse" delivery of antibiotics into bacteria. Genome analysis of a soil bacterium, Dactylosporangium fulvum, found a "hybrid" biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of both an antibiotic, pyridomycin, and a novel chlorocatechol-containing siderophore named chlorodactyloferrin. While both of these natural products were synthesized independently, analysis of the culture supernatant also identified a conjugate of both molecules. We then found that the addition of ferric iron to purified chlorodactyloferrin and pyridomycin instigated their conjugation, leading to the formation of a covalent bond between the siderophore-catechol and the pyridomycin-pyridine groups. Using model reactants, this iron-based reaction was found to proceed through a Michael-type addition reaction, where ferric iron oxidizes the siderophore-catechol group into its quinone form, which is then attacked by the antibiotic pyridyl-nitrogen to form the catechol-pyridinium linkage. These findings prompted us to explore if other "cargo" molecules could be attached to chlorodactyloferrin in a similar manner, and this was indeed confirmed with a pyridine-substituted TAMRA fluorophore as well as with pyridine-substituted penicillin, rifampicin, and norfloxacin antibiotic analogues. The resultant biomimetic conjugates were demonstrated to effectively enter a number of bacteria, with TAMRA-chlorodactyloferrin conjugates causing fluorescent labeling of the bacteria, and with penicillin and rifampicin conjugates eliciting antibiotic activity. These findings open up new opportunities for the design and facile synthesis of a novel class of biomimetic siderophore conjugates with antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Caradec
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ravil Petrov
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- JUNIA,
Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable
Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kevin Antraygues
- Université
Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Cantrelle
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, EMR9002
BSI Integrative Structural Biology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Boll
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, EMR9002
BSI Integrative Structural Biology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Beury
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie
& Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie
& Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Herve Drobecq
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruben C. Hartkoorn
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Krajnc A, Gobec S. Conjugates of monocyclic β-lactams and siderophore mimetics: a patent evaluation (WO2023023393). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:471-476. [PMID: 37902072 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2262135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION β-Lactams, which include monobactams, remain the most important class of antibiotics worldwide. Aztreonam, the only monobactam in clinical use, has remarkable activity against many Gram-negative bacteria, but limited activity against some of the most problematic multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii co-expressing extended-spectrum- and metallo-β-lactamases, which can inactivate aztreonam by hydrolysis. AREAS COVERED Structurally novel siderophore-conjugated aztreonam derivatives with improved antibacterial properties against several high-priority pathogens are claimed. This invention reports that sidechain extension of aztreonam is tolerated; the coupling of its aminothiazoloxime carboxylic acid part with a siderophore mimetic significantly improved the antibacterial activity against several problematic strains, including MDR A. baumannii isolates with carbapenemase/cephalosporinase activity. EXPERT OPINION Finding new strategies to tackle bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics is critical. Considering that β lactams are validated and safe drugs, this research may stimulate the field to develop new ideas in the arena of antimicrobial drug discovery, particularly with respect to siderophore mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Krajnc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cui F, Fan R, Wang D, Li J, Li T. Research progress on iron uptake pathways and mechanisms of foodborne microorganisms and their application in the food sector. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37099732 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2204491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the essential nutrients for almost all microorganisms. Under iron-limited conditions, bacteria can secrete siderophores to the outside world to absorb iron for survival. This process requires the coordinated action of energy-transducing proteins, transporters, and receptors. The spoilage factors of some spoilage bacteria and the pathogenic mechanism of pathogenic bacteria are also closely related to siderophores. Meanwhile, some siderophores have also gradually evolved toward beneficial aspects. First, a variety of siderophores are classified into three aspects. In addition, representative iron uptake systems of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria are described in detail to understand the common and specific pathways of iron uptake by various bacteria. In particular, the causes of siderophore-induced bacterial pathogenicity and the methods and mechanisms of inhibiting bacterial iron absorption under the involvement of siderophores are presented. Then, the application of siderophores in the food sector is mainly discussed, such as improving the food quality of dairy products and meat, inhibiting the attack of pathogenic bacteria on food, improving the plant growth environment, and promoting plant growth. Finally, this review highlights the unresolved fate of siderophores in the iron uptake system and emphasizes further development of siderophore-based substitutes for traditional drugs, new antibiotic-resistance drugs, and vaccines in the food and health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Rongsen Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dangfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Storage, Processing and Safety Control Technology for Fresh Agricultural and Aquatic Products, Jinzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization (Dalian Minzu University), Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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10
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Rodríguez D, González-Bello C. Siderophores: Chemical Tools for Precise Antibiotic Delivery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 87:129282. [PMID: 37031730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The success of precision medicine coupled with the disappointing impact of broad-spectrum antibiotic use on microbiome stability and bacterial resistance, has triggered a shift in antibiotic design strategies toward precision antibiotics. This also includes the implementation of novel vectorization approaches directed to improve the internalization of antibacterial agents into deadly gram-negative pathogens through precise and well-defined mechanisms. The conjugation of antibiotics to siderophores (iron scavengers), which are compounds that are able to afford stable iron-complexes that facilitate the internalization into the cell by using bacterial iron uptake pathways as gateways, is a strategy that has begun to show excellent results with the commercialization of the first antibiotic based on this principle, cefiderocol. This digests review provides an overview of the molecular basis for this antibiotic-siderophore conjugation approach, along with recent successful examples and highlights future challenges facing this booming research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodríguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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11
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Stelitano G, Cocorullo M, Mori M, Villa S, Meneghetti F, Chiarelli LR. Iron Acquisition and Metabolism as a Promising Target for Antimicrobials (Bottlenecks and Opportunities): Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076181. [PMID: 37047161 PMCID: PMC10094389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) infections is one of the most crucial challenges currently faced by the scientific community. Developments in the fundamental understanding of their underlying mechanisms may open new perspectives in drug discovery. In this review, we conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, to collect information on innovative strategies to hinder iron acquisition in bacteria. In detail, we discussed the most interesting targets from iron uptake and metabolism pathways, and examined the main chemical entities that exhibit anti-infective activities by interfering with their function. The mechanism of action of each drug candidate was also reviewed, together with its pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research will hopefully reflect in the discovery of newer antibiotics able to effectively tackle the antimicrobial resistance issue.
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12
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Sharma VK, Wang J, Feng M, Huang CH. Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals by Ferrate(VI)-Amino Acid Systems: Enhancement by Proline. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2314-2321. [PMID: 36862970 PMCID: PMC10848263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of micropollutants in water threatens public health and ecology. Removal of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals by a green oxidant, ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) can be accomplished. However, electron-deficient pharmaceuticals, such as carbamazepine (CBZ) showed a low removal rate by Fe(VI). This work investigates the activation of Fe(VI) by adding nine amino acids (AA) of different functionalities to accelerate the removal of CBZ in water under mild alkaline conditions. Among the studied amino acids, proline, a cyclic AA, had the highest removal of CBZ. The accelerated effect of proline was ascribed by demonstrating the involvement of highly reactive intermediate Fe(V) species, generated by one-electron transfer by the reaction of Fe(VI) with proline (i.e., Fe(VI) + proline → Fe(V) + proline•). The degradation kinetics of CBZ by a Fe(VI)-proline system was interpreted by kinetic modeling of the reactions involved that estimated the rate of the reaction of Fe(V) with CBZ as (1.03 ± 0.21) × 106 M-1 s-1, which was several orders of magnitude greater than that of Fe(VI) of 2.25 M-1 s-1. Overall, natural compounds such as amino acids may be applied to increase the removal efficiency of recalcitrant micropollutants by Fe(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K. Sharma
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-8371, United States
| | - Junyue Wang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-8371, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Frei A, Verderosa AD, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT. Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:202-224. [PMID: 37117903 PMCID: PMC9907218 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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14
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Rohrbacher C, Zscherp R, Weck SC, Klahn P, Ducho C. Synthesis of an Antimicrobial Enterobactin-Muraymycin Conjugate for Improved Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202408. [PMID: 36222466 PMCID: PMC10107792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming increasing antibiotic resistance requires the development of novel antibacterial agents that address new targets in bacterial cells. Naturally occurring nucleoside antibiotics (such as muraymycins) inhibit the bacterial membrane protein MraY, a clinically unexploited essential enzyme in peptidoglycan (cell wall) biosynthesis. Even though a range of synthetic muraymycin analogues has already been reported, they generally suffer from limited cellular uptake and a lack of activity against Gram-negative bacteria. We herein report an approach to overcome these hurdles: a synthetic muraymycin analogue has been conjugated to a siderophore, i. e. the enterobactin derivative EntKL , to increase the cellular uptake into Gram-negative bacteria. The resultant conjugate showed significantly improved antibacterial activity against an efflux-deficient E. coli strain, thus providing a proof-of-concept of this novel approach and a starting point for the future optimisation of such conjugates towards potent agents against Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rohrbacher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Weck
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Peukert C, Gasser V, Orth T, Fritsch S, Normant V, Cunrath O, Schalk IJ, Brönstrup M. Trojan Horse Siderophore Conjugates Induce Pseudomonas aeruginosa Suicide and Qualify the TonB Protein as a Novel Antibiotic Target. J Med Chem 2023; 66:553-576. [PMID: 36548006 PMCID: PMC9841981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rising infection rates with multidrug-resistant pathogens calls for antibiotics with novel modes of action. Herein, we identify the inner membrane protein TonB, a motor of active uptake in Gram-negative bacteria, as a novel target in antimicrobial therapy. The interaction of the TonB box of outer membrane transporters with TonB is crucial for the internalization of essential metabolites. We designed TonB box peptides and coupled them with synthetic siderophores in order to facilitate their uptake into bacteria in up to 32 synthetic steps. Three conjugates repressed the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells unable to produce their own siderophores, with minimal inhibitory concentrations between 0.1 and 0.5 μM. The transporters mediating uptake of these compounds were identified as PfeA and PirA. The study illustrates a variant of cellular suicide where a transporter imports its own inhibitor and demonstrates that artificial siderophores can import cargo with molecular weights up to 4 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Peukert
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Véronique Gasser
- CNRS, University
of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Till Orth
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sarah Fritsch
- CNRS, University
of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Normant
- CNRS, University
of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Cunrath
- CNRS, University
of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- CNRS, University
of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Center for
Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Sharma K, Aaghaz S, Kumar Maurya I, Sharma KK, Singh S, Rudramurthy SM, Kumar V, Tikoo K, Jain R. Synthetic Amino Acids-Derived Peptides Targets Cryptococcus neoformans by Inducing Cell Membrane Disruption. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Zhu BH, Shen CH, Nie ML, Zheng F, Huang C, Chen F, Li L, Deng C, Ye LW, Qian PC. Highly Site-Selective Oxidative Cyclization of Ene-ynamides via Non-Noble-Metal Catalysis: Access to Functionalized Lactams. Org Lett 2022; 24:7009-7014. [PMID: 36121648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an unprecedented non-noble-metal-catalyzed oxidation/cyclization of ene-ynamides is developed, allowing the synthesis of diversely functionalized lactams in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities without the observation of typical cyclopropanation products. In combination with Ellman's tert-butylsulfinimine chemistry, chiral γ-lactams containing three contiguous stereocenters are obtained with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that this protocol probably undergoes a carbon cation or proton transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Cang-Hai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Min-Ling Nie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fumin Zheng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chengzhe Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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18
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Wu Z, Shao J, Zheng J, Liu B, Li Z, Shen N. A zero-sum game or an interactive frame? Iron competition between bacteria and humans in infection war. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1917-1926. [PMID: 35830263 PMCID: PMC9746790 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Iron is an essential trace element for both humans and bacteria. It plays a vital role in life, such as in redox reactions and electron transport. Strict regulatory mechanisms are necessary to maintain iron homeostasis because both excess and insufficient iron are harmful to life. Competition for iron is a war between humans and bacteria. To grow, reproduce, colonize, and successfully cause infection, pathogens have evolved various mechanisms for iron uptake from humans, principally Fe 3+ -siderophore and Fe 2+ -heme transport systems. Humans have many innate immune mechanisms that regulate the distribution of iron and inhibit bacterial iron uptake to help resist bacterial invasion and colonization. Meanwhile, researchers have invented detection test strips and coupled antibiotics with siderophores to create tools that take advantage of this battle for iron, to help eliminate pathogens. In this review, we summarize bacterial and human iron metabolism, competition for iron between humans and bacteria, siderophore sensors, antibiotics coupled with siderophores, and related phenomena. We also discuss how competition for iron can be used for diagnosis and treatment of infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiqi Shao
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Abstract
Antibiotics have transformed modern medicine. They are essential for treating infectious diseases and enable vital therapies and procedures. However, despite this success, their continued use in the 21st century is imperiled by two orthogonal challenges. The first is that the microbes targeted by these drugs evolve resistance to them over time. The second is that antibiotic discovery and development are no longer cost-effective using traditional reimbursement models. Consequently, there are a dwindling number of companies and laboratories dedicated to delivering new antibiotics, resulting in an anemic pipeline that threatens our control of infections. The future of antibiotics requires innovation in a field that has relied on highly traditional methods of discovery and development. This will require substantial changes in policy, quantitative understanding of the societal value of these drugs, and investment in alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These include narrow-spectrum drugs, bacteriophage, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, coupled with highly effective diagnostics. Addressing the antibiotic crisis to meet our future needs requires considerable investment in both research and development, along with ensuring a viable marketplace that encourages innovation. This review explores the past, present, and future of antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cook
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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20
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Fritsch S, Gasser V, Peukert C, Pinkert L, Kuhn L, Perraud Q, Normant V, Brönstrup M, Schalk IJ. Uptake Mechanisms and Regulatory Responses to MECAM- and DOTAM-Based Artificial Siderophores and Their Antibiotic Conjugates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1134-1146. [PMID: 35500104 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria has to deal with the low permeability of the outer membrane. This obstacle can be overcome by utilizing siderophore-dependent iron uptake pathways as entrance routes for antibiotic uptake. Iron-chelating siderophores are actively imported by bacteria, and their conjugation to antibiotics allows smuggling the latter into bacterial cells. Synthetic siderophore mimetics based on MECAM (1,3,5-N,N',N″-tris-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-triaminomethylbenzene) and DOTAM (1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) cores, both chelating iron via catechol groups, have been recently applied as versatile carriers of functional cargo. In the present study, we show that MECAM and the MECAM-ampicillin conjugate 3 transport iron into Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells via the catechol-type outer membrane transporters PfeA and PirA and DOTAM solely via PirA. Differential proteomics and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that MECAM import induced the expression of pfeA, whereas 3 led to an increase in the expression of pfeA and ampc, a gene conferring ampicillin resistance. The presence of DOTAM did not induce the expression of pirA but upregulated the expression of two zinc transporters (cntO and PA0781), pointing out that bacteria become zinc starved in the presence of this compound. Iron uptake experiments with radioactive 55Fe demonstrated that import of this nutrient by MECAM and DOTAM was as efficient as with the natural siderophore enterobactin. The study provides a functional validation for DOTAM- and MECAM-based artificial siderophore mimetics as vehicles for the delivery of cargo into Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fritsch
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Carsten Peukert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Lukas Pinkert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Proteomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, FR1589, 15 rue Descartes, Strasbourg Cedex F-67084, France
| | - Quentin Perraud
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Vincent Normant
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
- Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität, Hannover 30159, Germany
| | - Isabelle J. Schalk
- CNRS, University of Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, F-67412 Illkirch, Strasbourg 67070, France
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21
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Black CM, Chu AJ, Thomas GH, Routledge A, Duhme-Klair AK. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of an SO2-releasing siderophore conjugate. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Dharuman S, Wallace MJ, Reeve SM, Bulitta JB, Lee RE. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship of Thioacetamide-Triazoles against Escherichia coli. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051518. [PMID: 35268619 PMCID: PMC8911640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to Gram-negative bacteria are increasingly dangerous due to the spread of multi-drug resistant strains, emphasizing the urgent need for new antibiotics with alternative modes of action. We have previously identified a novel class of antibacterial agents, thioacetamide-triazoles, using an antifolate targeted screen and determined their mode of action which is dependent on activation by cysteine synthase A. Herein, we report a detailed examination of the anti-E. coli structure–activity relationship of the thioacetamide-triazoles. Analogs of the initial hit compounds were synthesized to study the contribution of the aryl, thioacetamide, and triazole sections. A clear structure–activity relationship was observed generating compounds with excellent inhibition values. Substitutions to the aryl ring were generally best tolerated, including the introduction of thiazole and pyridine heteroaryl systems. Substitutions to the central thioacetamide linker section were more nuanced; the introduction of a methyl branch to the thioacetamide linker substantially decreased antibacterial activity, but the isomeric propionamide and N-benzamide systems retained activity. Changes to the triazole portion of the molecule dramatically decreased the antibacterial activity, further indicating that 1,2,3-triazole is critical for potency. From these studies, we have identified new lead compounds with desirable in-vitro ADME properties and in-vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Dharuman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.D.); (M.J.W.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Miranda J. Wallace
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.D.); (M.J.W.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Reeve
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.D.); (M.J.W.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Jürgen B. Bulitta
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 31836, USA;
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (S.D.); (M.J.W.); (S.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Selective detection of Aeromonas spp. by a fluorescent probe based on the siderophore amonabactin. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 230:111743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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McQueen CF, Groves JT. Toxicity of the iron siderophore mycobactin J in mouse macrophages: Evidence for a hypoxia response. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111669. [PMID: 34864292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an obligate intracellular pathogen that lives within the phagosome of macrophages. Here we demonstrate that the siderophore mycobactin J, produced by the closely related intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, is toxic to murine macrophage cells. Its median lethal dose, 10 μM, is lower than that of the iron chelators desferrioxamine B and TrenCAM, an enterobactin analog. To determine the source of this toxicity, we conducted microarray, ELISA, and metabolite profiling experiments. The primary response is hypoxia-like, which implies iron starvation as the underlying cause of the toxicity. This observation is consistent with our recent finding that mycobactin J is a stronger iron chelator than had been inferred from previous studies. Mycobactin J is known to partition into cell membranes and hydrophobic organelles indicating that enhanced membrane penetration is also a likely factor. Thus, mycobactin J is shown to be toxic, eliciting a hypoxia-like response under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Liu R, Miller PA, Miller MJ. Conjugation of Aztreonam, a Synthetic Monocyclic β-Lactam Antibiotic, to a Siderophore Mimetic Significantly Expands Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2979-2986. [PMID: 34668698 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocyclic β-lactams with antibiotic activity were first synthesized more than 40 years ago. Extensive early structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, especially in the 1980s, emphasized the need for heteroatom activation of monocyclic β-lactams and led to studies of oxamazins, monobactams, monosulfactams, and monocarbams with various side chains and peripheral substitution that revealed potent activity against select strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Aztreonam, still the only clinically used monobactam, has notable activity against many Gram-negative bacteria but limited activity against some of the most problematic multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Herein, we report that extension of the side chain of aztreonam is tolerated and especially that coupling of the side chain free acid with a bis-catechol siderophore mimetic significantly improves activity against the MDR strains of Gram-negative bacteria that are of most significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Patricia A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marvin J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Chan KH, Groves JT. Concise Modular Synthesis and NMR Structural Determination of Gallium Mycobactin T. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15453-15468. [PMID: 34699221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthesis of mycobactin T and its N-acetyl analogue is reported in a route that facilitates permutation of the lipid tails. A key feature is the generation of N(α)-Cbz-N(ε)-benzyloxy-N(ε)-Boc-lysine (A4) with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane in 59% yield. Selective hydroxamate N-acylation was achieved with acyl fluorides, enabling installation of lipids tails in the final step. O-Benzyl-dehydrocobactin T (B4) was prepared by modifying a known five-step sequence with an overall yield of 49%. 2-Hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxyloxazoline (C3) was prepared from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and l-serine methyl ester in three steps with an overall yield of 55%. Ester coupling of A4 and B4 with EDCI afforded MbI-1 in 73% yield. Catalytic hydrogenation with Pd/BaSO4 and 50 psi of H2 simultaneously effected alkene reduction and debenzylation to afford MbI-2 in 96% yield. Fragment C3 was converted into acyl fluoride C4, which coupled with MbI-2 to afford MbI-3 in 51% yield. Finally, Boc-removal with HCl/EtOAc and treatment of the resultant hydroxylamine with stearyl fluoride furnished mycobactin T in 65% yield. Overall, the yield is 4% over 14 steps. The gallium mycobactin T-N-acetyl derivative (GaMbT-NAc) structure was determined by 1H NMR. The structure shows an octahedral Ga and two internal hydrogen bonds between peptidic N-Hs and two of the oxygen atoms coordinating Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiat Hwa Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Mora-Ochomogo M, Lohans CT. β-Lactam antibiotic targets and resistance mechanisms: from covalent inhibitors to substrates. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1623-1639. [PMID: 34778765 PMCID: PMC8528271 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-lactams are the most widely used antibacterial agents worldwide. These antibiotics, a group that includes the penicillins and cephalosporins, are covalent inhibitors that target bacterial penicillin-binding proteins and disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis. Bacteria can achieve resistance to β-lactams in several ways, including the production of serine β-lactamase enzymes. While β-lactams also covalently interact with serine β-lactamases, these enzymes are capable of deacylating this complex, treating the antibiotic as a substrate. In this tutorial-style review, we provide an overview of the β-lactam antibiotics, focusing on their covalent interactions with their target proteins and resistance mechanisms. We begin by describing the structurally diverse range of β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors that are currently used as therapeutics. Then, we introduce the penicillin-binding proteins, describing their functions and structures, and highlighting their interactions with β-lactam antibiotics. We next describe the classes of serine β-lactamases, exploring some of the mechanisms by which they achieve the ability to degrade β-lactams. Finally, we introduce the l,d-transpeptidases, a group of bacterial enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis which are also targeted by β-lactam antibiotics. Although resistance mechanisms are now prevalent for all antibiotics in this class, past successes in antibiotic development have at least delayed this onset of resistance. The β-lactams continue to be an essential tool for the treatment of infectious disease, and recent advances (e.g., β-lactamase inhibitor development) will continue to support their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher T Lohans
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University Kingston ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Zscherp R, Coetzee J, Vornweg J, Grunenberg J, Herrmann J, Müller R, Klahn P. Biomimetic enterobactin analogue mediates iron-uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10179-10190. [PMID: 34377407 PMCID: PMC8336463 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the artificial enterobactin analogue EntKL and several fluorophore-conjugates thereof are described. EntKL provides an attachment point for cargos such as fluorophores or antimicrobial payloads. Corresponding conjugates are recognized by outer membrane siderophore receptors of Gram-negative pathogens and retain the natural hydrolyzability of the tris-lactone backbone. Initial density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the free energies of solvation (ΔG(sol)) and relaxed Fe–O force constants of the corresponding [Fe-EntKL]3− complexes indicated a similar iron binding constant compared to natural enterobactin (Ent). The synthesis of EntKL was achieved via an iterative assembly based on a 3-hydroxylysine building block over 14 steps with an overall yield of 3%. A series of growth recovery assays under iron-limiting conditions with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strains that are defective in natural siderophore synthesis revealed a potent concentration-dependent growth promoting effect of EntKL similar to natural Ent. Additionally, four cargo-conjugates differing in molecular size were able to restore growth of E. coli indicating an uptake into the cytosol. P. aeruginosa displayed a stronger uptake promiscuity as six different cargo-conjugates were found to restore growth under iron-limiting conditions. Imaging studies utilizing BODIPYFL-conjugates, demonstrated the ability of EntKL to overcome the Gram-negative outer membrane permeability barrier and thus deliver molecular cargos via the bacterial iron transport machinery of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The design, synthesis and evaluation of the enterobactin derivative (AcO)EntKL is reported, which mediates iron uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa and was able to compete with human enterobactin and iron binding proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Janetta Coetzee
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Johannes Vornweg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
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