1
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Reddy CR, Kolgave DH, Fatima S, Ramesh R. Carbonylative cyclization of biaryl enones with aldehydes and oxamic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38832447 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
An oxidative radical-promoted carbonylative cyclization strategy for the synthesis of phenanthren-9-(10H)-one frameworks from biaryl enones using aldehydes as the carbonyl radical sources is disclosed. The reaction proceeds through a sequential addition of a carbonyl radical to the olefin followed by cyclization with an aryl ring. The method is further extended to carbamoyl radicals generated from oxamic acids to access the corresponding phenanthrenones with amide functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Dattahari H Kolgave
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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2
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Kim J, Ling J, Lai Y, Milner PJ. Redox-Active Organic Materials: From Energy Storage to Redox Catalysis. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:258-273. [PMID: 38737116 PMCID: PMC11083122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive materials are central to myriad applications, including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. Compared to traditional inorganic electrode materials, redox-active organic materials such as porous organic polymers (POPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising alternatives due to their structural tunability, flexibility, sustainability, and compatibility with a range of electrolytes. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities available for the use of redox-active organic materials in organoelectrochemistry, an emerging area in fine chemical synthesis. In particular, we highlight the utility of organic electrode materials in photoredox catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and electrocatalysis and point to new directions needed to unlock their potential utility for organic synthesis. This Perspective aims to bring together the organic, electrochemistry, and polymer communities to design new heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianheng Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Cai Q, McWhinnie IM, Dow NW, Chan AY, MacMillan DWC. Engaging Alkenes in Metallaphotoredox: A Triple Catalytic, Radical Sorting Approach to Olefin-Alcohol Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12300-12309. [PMID: 38657210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox cross-coupling is a well-established strategy for generating clinically privileged aliphatic scaffolds via single-electron reactivity. Correspondingly, expanding metallaphotoredox to encompass new C(sp3)-coupling partners could provide entry to a novel, medicinally relevant chemical space. In particular, alkenes are abundant, bench-stable, and capable of versatile C(sp3)-radical reactivity via metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), although metallaphotoredox methodologies invoking this strategy remain underdeveloped. Importantly, merging MHAT activation with metallaphotoredox could enable the cross-coupling of olefins with feedstock partners such as alcohols, which undergo facile open-shell activation via photocatalysis. Herein, we report the first C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling of MHAT-activated alkenes with alcohols by performing deoxygenative hydroalkylation via triple cocatalysis. Through synergistic Ir photoredox, Mn MHAT, and Ni radical sorting pathways, this branch-selective protocol pairs diverse olefins and methanol or primary alcohols with remarkable functional group tolerance to enable the rapid construction of complex aliphatic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Cai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Iona M McWhinnie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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4
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Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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5
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Pijper B, Martín R, Huertas-Alonso AJ, Linares ML, López E, Llaveria J, Díaz-Ortiz Á, Dixon DJ, de la Hoz A, Alcázar J. Fully Automated Flow Protocol for C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Bond Formation from Tertiary Amides and Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2024; 26:2724-2728. [PMID: 37219892 PMCID: PMC11020161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming protocol via the reductive coupling of abundant tertiary amides with organozinc reagents prepared in situ from their corresponding alkyl halides. Using a multistep fully automated flow protocol, this reaction could be used for both library synthesis and target molecule synthesis on the gram-scale starting from bench-stable reagents. Additionally, excellent chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance make it ideal for late-stage diversification of druglike molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Pijper
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S. A., Jarama 75 A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Raúl Martín
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Huertas-Alonso
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Maria Lourdes Linares
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S. A., Jarama 75 A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Enol López
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S. A., Jarama 75 A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Díaz-Ortiz
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford. Oxford OX1 3TA, United
Kingdom
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S. A., Jarama 75 A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
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6
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Gan XC, Zhang B, Dao N, Bi C, Pokle M, Kan L, Collins MR, Tyrol CC, Bolduc PN, Nicastri M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS, Shenvi R. Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling. Science 2024; 384:113-118. [PMID: 38574151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon---containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maithili Pokle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liyan Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Tiwari S, Kumari M, Rawat DS. Air Induced Phosphoryl Radical Mediated Stereoselective Hydrosulfonylation of Alkynes via Halogen Atom Transfer: Ingress of Z-Vinyl Sulfones. Org Lett 2024; 26:2303-2308. [PMID: 38457440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The phosphoryl radical is well-known to participate in addition reactions with alkenes/alkynes. Here, we report a novel reaction mode of the phosphoryl radical where it participates in halogen atom transfer (XAT) with electron deficient vinyl halides instead of a facile addition reaction. Nevertheless, in comparison with aryl and alkyl halides, the exploitation of vinyl halides into a carbon radical via XAT is quite rare. This protocol provides an opportunity for direct hydrosulfonylation of numerous internal as well as terminal alkynes to get various Z-vinyl sulfones under environmentally benign conditions. Generation of the phosphoryl radical in the open air, water as a solvent, excellent functional group compatibility, and exceptional chemoselectivity are the attractive features of the present methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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8
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Yin Y, Wang J, Li J. A concise and scalable chemoenzymatic synthesis of prostaglandins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2523. [PMID: 38514642 PMCID: PMC10957970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins have garnered significant attention from synthetic chemists due to their exceptional biological activities. In this report, we present a concise chemoenzymatic synthesis method for several representative prostaglandins, achieved in 5 to 7 steps. Notably, the common intermediate bromohydrin, a radical equivalent of Corey lactone, is chemoenzymatically synthesized in only two steps, which allows us to complete the synthesis of prostaglandin F2α in five steps on a 10-gram scale. The chiral cyclopentane core is introduced with high enantioselectivity, while the lipid chains are sequentially incorporated through a cost-effective process involving bromohydrin formation, nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, and Wittig reactions. This cost-efficient synthesis route for prostaglandins holds the potential to make prostaglandin-related drugs more affordable and facilitate easier access to their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yin
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Sun J, Endo H, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Simplified Modular Access to Enantiopure 1,2-Aminoalcohols via Ni-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6209-6216. [PMID: 38387466 PMCID: PMC10962872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Chiral aminoalcohols are omnipresent in bioactive compounds. Conventional strategies to access this motif involve multiple-step reactions to install the requisite functionalities stereoselectively using conventional polar bond analysis. This study reveals that a simple chiral oxazolidine-based carboxylic acid can be readily transformed to substituted chiral aminoalcohols with high stereochemical control by Ni-electrocatalytic decarboxylative arylation. This general, robust, and scalable coupling can be used to synthesize a variety of medicinally important compounds, avoiding protecting and functional group manipulations, thereby dramatically simplifying their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hirofumi Endo
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Megan A. Emmanuel
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Martins S. Oderinde
- Small
Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb
Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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10
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Azpilcueta-Nicolas CR, Lumb JP. Mechanisms for radical reactions initiating from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:346-378. [PMID: 38410775 PMCID: PMC10896223 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their ease of preparation, stability, and diverse reactivity, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters have found many applications as radical precursors. Mechanistically, NHPI esters undergo a reductive decarboxylative fragmentation to provide a substrate radical capable of engaging in diverse transformations. Their reduction via single-electron transfer (SET) can occur under thermal, photochemical, or electrochemical conditions and can be influenced by a number of factors, including the nature of the electron donor, the use of Brønsted and Lewis acids, and the possibility of forming charge-transfer complexes. Such versatility creates many opportunities to influence the reaction conditions, providing a number of parameters with which to control reactivity. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the different mechanisms for radical reactions involving NHPI esters, with an emphasis on recent applications in radical additions, cyclizations and decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions. Within these reaction classes, we discuss the utility of the NHPI esters, with an eye towards their continued development in complexity-generating transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Petchey MR, Ye Y, Spelling V, Finnigan JD, Gittings S, Johansson MJ, Hayes MA, Hyster TK. Regiodivergent Radical Termination for Intermolecular Biocatalytic C-C Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5005-5010. [PMID: 38329236 PMCID: PMC10885151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Radical hydrofunctionalizations of electronically unbiased dienes are challenging to render regioselective, because the products are nearly identical in energy. Here, we report two engineered FMN-dependent "ene"-reductases (EREDs) that catalyze regiodivergent hydroalkylations of cyclic and linear dienes. While previous studies focused exclusively on the stereoselectivity of alkene hydroalkylation, this work highlights that EREDs can control the regioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer, providing a method for selectively preparing constitutional isomers that would be challenging to prepare using traditional synthetic methods. Engineering the ERED from Gluconabacter sp. (GluER) furnished a variant that favors the γ,δ-unsaturated ketone, while an engineered variant from a commercial ERED panel favors the δ,ε-unsaturated ketone. The effect of beneficial mutations has been investigated using substrate docking studies and the mechanism probed by isotope labeling experiments. A variety of α-bromo ketones can be coupled with cyclic and linear dienes. These interesting building blocks can also be further modified to generate difficult-to-access heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Petchey
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca 14850, New York, United States
| | - Victor Spelling
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - James D Finnigan
- Prozomix Ltd., Building 4, West End Industrial Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, U.K
| | - Samantha Gittings
- Prozomix Ltd., Building 4, West End Industrial Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, U.K
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca 14850, New York, United States
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12
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Gao Y, Jiang B, Friede NC, Hunter AC, Boucher DG, Minteer SD, Sigman MS, Reisman SE, Baran PS. Electrocatalytic Asymmetric Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi Decarboxylative Coupling: Scope, Applications, and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4872-4882. [PMID: 38324710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The first general enantioselective alkyl-Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) coupling reactions are disclosed herein by employing a Cr-electrocatalytic decarboxylative approach. Using easily accessible aliphatic carboxylic acids (via redox-active esters) as alkyl nucleophile synthons, in combination with aldehydes and enabling additives, chiral secondary alcohols are produced in a good yield with high enantioselectivity under mild reductive electrolysis. This reaction, which cannot be mimicked using stoichiometric metal or organic reductants, tolerates a broad range of functional groups and is successfully applied to dramatically simplify the synthesis of multiple medicinally relevant structures and natural products. Mechanistic studies revealed that this asymmetric alkyl e-NHK reaction was enabled by using catalytic tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene, which acts as a key reductive mediator to mediate the electroreduction of the CrIII/chiral ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Baiyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nathan C Friede
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Arianne C Hunter
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dylan G Boucher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Kummer Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Laudadio G, Neigenfind P, Péter Á, Rubel CZ, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Palkowitz MD, Sloane JL, Gillman KW, Ridge D, Mandler MD, Bolduc PN, Nicastri MC, Zhang B, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Martín-Gago P, Mykhailiuk P, Engle KM, Baran PS. Nickel-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation to Access Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314617. [PMID: 38181042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing need, particularly in the field of drug discovery, for general methods that will enable direct coupling of tertiary alkyl fragments to (hetero)aryl halides. Herein a uniquely powerful and simple set of conditions for achieving this transformation with unparalleled generality and chemoselectivity is disclosed. This new protocol is placed in context with other recently reported methods, applied to simplify the routes of known bioactive building blocks molecules, and scaled up in both batch and flow. The role of pyridine additive as well as the mechanism of this reaction are interrogated through Cyclic Voltammetry studies, titration experiments, control reactions with Ni(0) and Ni(II)-complexes, and ligand optimization data. Those studies indicate that the formation of a BINAPNi(0) is minimized and the formation of an active pyridine-stabilized Ni(I) species is sustained during the reaction. Our preliminary mechanistic studies ruled out the involvement of Ni(0) species in this electrochemical cross-coupling, which is mediated by Ni(I) species via a Ni(I)-Ni(II)-Ni(III)-Ni(I) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Kevin W Gillman
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Daniel Ridge
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Pablo Martín-Gago
- Research and Early Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Wu BL, Yao JN, Long XX, Tan ZQ, Liang X, Feng L, Wei K, Yang YR. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Daphenylline. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1262-1268. [PMID: 38180776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A concise enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-daphenylline, a hexacyclic Daphniphyllum alkaloid with a unique benzene ring, was achieved in 14 steps. The synthesis commences with two chiral stereocenters, C2 and C18, readily installed via Carreira's Ir/amine dual-catalyzed allylation. The allylic bridgehead amine 6 was rapidly prepared through Wickens' photoredox-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefin and CuBr2-catalyzed α-amination of ketone. The tetracycle 4 was formed via Pd-catalyzed reductive Heck reaction or, more concisely, by Krische's Rh-catalyzed reductive 1,6-enyne cyclization. In this synthesis, newly reported Wickens' photoredox-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation was used twice, and Friedel-Crafts acylation thrice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Neng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiang-Xi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zong-Qin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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15
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Kubota K, Jiang J, Kamakura Y, Hisazumi R, Endo T, Miura D, Kubo S, Maeda S, Ito H. Using Mechanochemistry to Activate Commodity Plastics as Initiators for Radical Chain Reactions of Small Organic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1062-1070. [PMID: 38134051 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Radical initiators such as azo compounds and organic peroxides have been widely used to facilitate numerous transformations of free radicals, which enable the efficient synthesis of structurally complex molecules, natural products, polymers, and functional materials. However, these high-energy reagents are potentially explosive and thus often require special precautions or delicate operating conditions. We postulated that a more convenient and safer alternative for radical chain initiation could be developed by mechanical activation of thermodynamically stable covalent bonds. Here, we show that commodity plastics such as polyethylene and poly(vinyl acetate) are capable of acting as efficient initiators for radical chain reactions under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions. In this approach, polymeric mechanoradicals, which are generated by homolytic cleavage of the polymer chains in response to the applied mechanical energy provided by ball milling, react with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane to initiate radical chain dehalogenation of organic halides. Preliminary calculations support our proposed force-induced radical chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Julong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamakura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Reon Hisazumi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daiyo Miura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Gao Y, Baran PS. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Acylation: Rapid, Modular Access to α-Amino Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315203. [PMID: 37939247 PMCID: PMC10842042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A new approach to the enantiocontrolled synthesis of α-amino ketone derivatives is disclosed by employing a decarboxylative acylation strategy. Thus, when an acyl chloride and an α-amido-containing redox-active ester are exposed to a nickel catalyst, chiral ligand, and metal reductant, α-amido ketones are produced in good yield and high ee. The reaction exhibits broad substrate scope, can be easily scaled up, and is applied to dramatically simplify the synthesis of several known structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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17
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Tolchin ZA, Dukes DM, Gharbaoui LM, Smith JM. Dearomative Access to (-)-Thebaine and Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8424-8428. [PMID: 37976554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of the natural product thebaine is reported in eight steps from commercially available starting materials, hinging on the dearomatization and coupling of simple aromatic starting materials. This provides divergent access to two unnatural opioid derivatives and is aimed at the long-term development of synthetic opioid analogs of the "wonderdrug" Naloxone. Additionally, a formal enantioselective synthesis of all reported targets is disclosed that leverages a catalytic asymmetric dearomatization via anion-pairing catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Tolchin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Dallas M Dukes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Leanna M Gharbaoui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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18
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III R, Lujan B, Martinez A, Manasi R, DeBow JD, Kou KGM. A Fenton Approach to Aromatic Radical Cations and Diarylmethane Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15060-15066. [PMID: 37847050 PMCID: PMC10629232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating carbon-centered radicals to add to electron-deficient systems is a well-precedented process. By coupling the Fe(II)-mediated Fenton reaction with the Fe(III)-mediated single-electron oxidation of anisolic compounds, we demonstrate how electron-rich carbon-centered radicals can react with electron-rich arenes through a radical-polar cascade pathway. This bioinspired approach produces diarylmethane derivatives from simple unfunctionalized precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
Crowley III
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | | | - Roni Manasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Justin D. DeBow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin G. M. Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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19
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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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20
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Zhang B, He J, Gao Y, Levy L, Oderinde MS, Palkowitz MD, Dhar TGM, Mandler MD, Collins MR, Schmitt DC, Bolduc PN, Chen T, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Laudadio G, Bi C, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Complex molecule synthesis by electrocatalytic decarboxylative cross-coupling. Nature 2023; 623:745-751. [PMID: 37788684 PMCID: PMC10754231 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern retrosynthetic analysis in organic chemistry is based on the principle of polar relationships between functional groups to guide the design of synthetic routes1. This method, termed polar retrosynthetic analysis, assigns partial positive (electrophilic) or negative (nucleophilic) charges to constituent functional groups in complex molecules followed by disconnecting bonds between opposing charges2-4. Although this approach forms the basis of undergraduate curriculum in organic chemistry5 and strategic applications of most synthetic methods6, the implementation often requires a long list of ancillary considerations to mitigate chemoselectivity and oxidation state issues involving protecting groups and precise reaction choreography3,4,7. Here we report a radical-based Ni/Ag-electrocatalytic cross-coupling of substituted carboxylic acids, thereby enabling an intuitive and modular approach to accessing complex molecular architectures. This new method relies on a key silver additive that forms an active Ag nanoparticle-coated electrode surface8,9 in situ along with carefully chosen ligands that modulate the reactivity of Ni. Through judicious choice of conditions and ligands, the cross-couplings can be rendered highly diastereoselective. To demonstrate the simplifying power of these reactions, concise syntheses of 14 natural products and two medicinally relevant molecules were completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiayan He
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Schmitt
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Liu Q, Ni Q, Zhou Y, Chen L, Xiang S, Zheng L, Liu Y. P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizer-catalyzed domino radical relay annulation of 1,6-enynes with aryldiazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7960-7967. [PMID: 37750337 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01177a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light driven photocatalytic construction of benzo[b]fluorenones from 1,6-enynes and aryldiazonium salts has been achieved via a P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizer-catalyzed domino radical relay annulation process. Preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that the aryl radicals in situ generated from aryldiazonium salts with the excited state of the Cu(I)-photosensitizer played a dual role of a radical initiator and a radical terminator in the concise construction of the highly fused benzo[b]fluorenone scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Qibo Ni
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Siwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Limeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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22
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Lai Y, Halder A, Kim J, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. Electroreductive Radical Borylation of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides Without Light by Using Cumulene-Based Redox Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310246. [PMID: 37559156 PMCID: PMC10529720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) plays a critical role in many chemical processes, from organic synthesis to environmental remediation. However, the selective reduction of inert substrates (Ep/2 <-2 V vs Fc/Fc+ ), such as ubiquitous electron-neutral and electron-rich (hetero)aryl chlorides, remains a major challenge. Current approaches largely rely on catalyst photoexcitation to reach the necessary deeply reducing potentials or suffer from limited substrate scopes. Herein, we demonstrate that cumulenes-organic molecules with multiple consecutive double bonds-can function as catalytic redox mediators for the electroreductive radical borylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides at relatively mild cathodic potentials (approximately -1.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl) without the need for photoirradiation. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies support that step-wise electron transfer from reduced cumulenes to electron-neutral chloroarenes is followed by thermodynamically favorable mesolytic cleavage of the aryl radical anion to generate the desired aryl radical intermediate. Our findings will guide the development of other sustainable, purely electroreductive radical transformations of inert molecules using organic redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas J Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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23
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Mato M, Spinnato D, Leutzsch M, Moon HW, Reijerse EJ, Cornella J. Bismuth radical catalysis in the activation and coupling of redox-active electrophiles. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7. [PMID: 37264103 PMCID: PMC10396954 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radical cross-coupling reactions represent a revolutionary tool to make C(sp3)-C and C(sp3)-heteroatom bonds by means of transition metals and photoredox or electrochemical approaches. However, the use of main-group elements to harness this type of reactivity has been little explored. Here we show how a low-valency bismuth complex is able to undergo one-electron oxidative addition with redox-active alkyl-radical precursors, mimicking the behaviour of first-row transition metals. This reactivity paradigm for bismuth gives rise to well-defined oxidative addition complexes, which could be fully characterized in solution and in the solid state. The resulting Bi(III)-C(sp3) intermediates display divergent reactivity patterns depending on the α-substituents of the alkyl fragment. Mechanistic investigations of this reactivity led to the development of a bismuth-catalysed C(sp3)-N cross-coupling reaction that operates under mild conditions and accommodates synthetically relevant NH-heterocycles as coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Davide Spinnato
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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24
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Gao Y, Zhang B, He J, Baran PS. Ni-Electrocatalytic Enantioselective Doubly Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11518-11523. [PMID: 37192404 PMCID: PMC10685996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of enantioselective doubly decarboxylative cross coupling are disclosed. Malonate half amides are smoothly coupled to a variety of primary carboxylic acids after formation of the corresponding redox-active esters under Ni-electrocatalytic conditions using a new chiral ligand based on PyBox, resulting in amides with α-alkylated stereocenters. The scope of the reaction is broad, tolerating numerous functional groups, and uniformly proceeds with high ee. Finally, the potential utility of this enantioselective radical-radical reductive cross coupling to simplify synthesis is demonstrated with numerous case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jiayan He
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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25
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Alektiar SN, Han J, Dang Y, Rubel CZ, Wickens ZK. Radical Hydrocarboxylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Photocatalytic Formate Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10991-10997. [PMID: 37186951 PMCID: PMC10636750 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a strategy to promote the hydrocarboxylation of unactivated alkenes using photochemical activation of formate salts. We illustrate that an alternative initiation mechanism circumvents the limitations of prior approaches and enables hydrocarboxylation of this challenging substrate class. Specifically, we found that accessing the requisite thiyl radical initiator without an exogenous chromophore eliminates major byproducts that have plagued attempts to exploit similar reactivity for unactivated alkene substrates. This redox-neutral method is technically simple to execute and effective across a broad range of alkene substrates. Feedstock alkenes, such as ethylene, are hydrocarboxylated at ambient temperature and pressure. A series of radical cyclization experiments indicate how the reactivity described in this report can be diverted by more complex radical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jimin Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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26
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Hioki Y, Costantini M, Griffin J, Harper KC, Merini MP, Nissl B, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Overcoming the limitations of Kolbe coupling with waveform-controlled electrosynthesis. Science 2023; 380:81-87. [PMID: 37023204 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The Kolbe reaction forms carbon-carbon bonds through electrochemical decarboxylative coupling. Despite more than a century of study, the reaction has seen limited applications owing to extremely poor chemoselectivity and reliance on precious metal electrodes. In this work, we present a simple solution to this long-standing challenge: Switching the potential waveform from classical direct current to rapid alternating polarity renders various functional groups compatible and enables the reaction on sustainable carbon-based electrodes (amorphous carbon). This breakthrough enabled access to valuable molecules that range from useful unnatural amino acids to promising polymer building blocks from readily available carboxylic acids, including biomass-derived acids. Preliminary mechanistic studies implicate the role of waveform in modulating the local pH around the electrodes and the crucial role of acetone as an unconventional reaction solvent for Kolbe reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Hioki
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Science and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8502, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Griffin
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Kaid C Harper
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Benedikt Nissl
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Zhou M, Tsien J, Dykstra R, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Merchant RR, Gutierrez O, Qin T. Alkyl sulfinates as cross-coupling partners for programmable and stereospecific installation of C(sp 3) bioisosteres. Nat Chem 2023; 15:550-559. [PMID: 36864142 PMCID: PMC10838399 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of cycloalkyl groups with quaternary carbons, in particular cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl trifluoromethyl groups, have emerged as promising bioisosteres in drug-like molecules. The modular installation of such bioisosteres remains challenging to synthetic chemists. Alkyl sulfinate reagents have been developed as radical precursors to prepare functionalized heterocycles with the desired alkyl bioisosteres. However, the innate (radical) reactivity of this transformation poses reactivity and regioselectivity challenges for the functionalization of any aromatic or heteroaromatic scaffold. Here we showcase the ability of alkyl sulfinates to engage in sulfurane-mediated C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling, thereby allowing for programmable and stereospecific installation of these alkyl bioisosteres. The ability of this method to simplify retrosynthetic analysis is exemplified by the improved synthesis of multiple medicinally relevant scaffolds. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations for the mechanism of this sulfur chemistry reveal a ligand-coupling trend under alkyl Grignard activation via the sulfurane intermediate, stabilized by solvation of tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Byron K Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
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28
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Seong CM, Ansel AQ, Roberts CC. Redox Inversion: A Radical Analogue of Umpolung Reactivity for Base- and Metal-Free Catalytic C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3935-3940. [PMID: 36877204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of alkyl-alkyl bonds is a powerful tool in organic synthesis. Redox inversion, defined as switching the donor/acceptor profile of a functional group to its acceptor/donor profile, is used for C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling. We report a photocatalytic coupling of carboxylic acids to form bibenzyls through a radical-radical coupling. Mechanistic insight is gained through control reactions. This unexplored redox-opposite relationship between a carboxylic acid and its redox-active ester is implemented in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Seong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Annabel Q Ansel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Mondal K, Mallik S, Sardana S, Baidya M. A Visible-Light-Induced α-Aminoalkyl-Radical-Mediated Halogen-Atom Transfer Process: Modular Synthesis of Phenanthridinone Alkaloids. Org Lett 2023; 25:1689-1694. [PMID: 36867403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A halogen-atom transfer (XAT) strategy utilizing α-aminoalkyl radicals allows the generation of aryl radicals at room temperature, which is applied for intramolecular cyclization reactions en route to biologically relevant alkaloids. Starting from simple halogen-substituted benzamides under visible light irradiation in the presence of an organophotocatalyst (4CzIPN) and nBu3N allows the modular construction of the phenanthridinone core, which gives facile access to drug analogs and alkaloids, e.g., from the Amaryllidaceae family. The reaction pathway most likely involves a quantum mechanical tunneling enabled transfer event to achieve aromatization-halogen-atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunamayee Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumitava Mallik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunaina Sardana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
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30
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Simons RT, Nandakumar M, Kwon K, Ayer SK, Venneti NM, Roizen JL. Directed Photochemically Mediated Nickel-Catalyzed (Hetero)arylation of Aliphatic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10.1021/jacs.2c13409. [PMID: 36780585 PMCID: PMC10423309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp3)-H centers is challenging because of the ubiquity and strength of alkyl C-H bonds. Herein, we disclose a position-selective C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reaction. This process engages C(sp3)-H bonds and aryl bromides, utilizing catalytic quantities of a photoredox-capable molecule and a nickel precatalyst. Using this technology, selective C-H functionalization arises owing to a 1,6-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process that is guided by a pendant alcohol-anchored sulfamate ester. These transformations proceed directly from N-H bonds, in contrast to previous directed, radical-mediated, C-H arylation processes, which have relied on prior oxidation of the reactive nitrogen center in reactions with nucleophilic arenes. Moreover, these conditions promote arylation at secondary centers in good yields with excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thomas Simons
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Meganathan Nandakumar
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Kitae Kwon
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Suraj K. Ayer
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
| | - Naresh M. Venneti
- Wayne State University, Department of Chemistry, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Duke University, Department of Chemistry, Box 90346, Durham, NC 27708, United States (before June 2021)
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31
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Xiang H, He J, Qian W, Qiu M, Xu H, Duan W, Ouyang Y, Wang Y, Zhu C. Electroreductively Induced Radicals for Organic Synthesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020857. [PMID: 36677915 PMCID: PMC9866059 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry has attracted tremendous interest within the novel sustainable methodologies that have not only reduced the undesired byproducts, but also utilized cleaner and renewable energy sources. Particularly, oxidative electrochemistry has gained major attention. On the contrary, reductive electrolysis remains an underexplored research direction. In this context, we discuss advances in transition-metal-free cathodically generated radicals for selective organic transformations since 2016. We highlight the electroreductive reaction of alkyl radicals, aryl radicals, acyl radicals, silyl radicals, fluorosulfonyl radicals and trifluoromethoxyl radicals.
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32
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Gennaiou K, Kelesidis A, Kourgiantaki M, Zografos AL. Combining the best of both worlds: radical-based divergent total synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1-26. [PMID: 36686041 PMCID: PMC9830495 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A mature science, combining the art of the total synthesis of complex natural structures and the practicality of delivering highly diverged lead compounds for biological screening, is the constant aim of the organic chemistry community. Delivering natural lead compounds became easier during the last two decades, with the evolution of green chemistry and the concepts of atom economy and protecting-group-free synthesis dominating the field of total synthesis. In this new era, total synthesis is moving towards natural efficacy by utilizing both the biosynthetic knowledge of divergent synthesis and the latest developments in radical chemistry. This contemporary review highlights recent total syntheses that incorporate the best of both worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Gennaiou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Antonios Kelesidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Maria Kourgiantaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Alexandros L Zografos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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33
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Xu N, Liu X, Feng X. Asymmetric Catalytic Aerobic Oxidative Radical Addition/Hydroxylation/1,4-Aryl Migration Reaction of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Nian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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34
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Grigolo TA, Smith JM. Regiodivergent Asymmetric Pyridinium Additions: Mechanistic Insight and Synthetic Applications. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202813. [PMID: 36098490 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A practical protocol for the first regiodivergent asymmetric addition of aryl and alkenyl organometallic reagents to substituted N-alkyl pyridinium heterocycles is described. The couplings proceed with high regiochemical and stereochemical selectivities, and provide access to chiral 1,2,3- and 1,3,4-trisubstituted dihydropyridine products, controlled by judicious choice of nitrogen activating agent. To this end, a correlation was found between the parameterized size of the activating group and the C2/C4 regioselectivity in the couplings. The utility of the described chemistry was demonstrated in two concise asymmetric syntheses of (+)-N-methylaspidospermidine and (-)-paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Grigolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, 32306 Florida, USA
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, 32306 Florida, USA
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35
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Tan G, Paulus F, Rentería-Gómez Á, Lalisse RF, Daniliuc CG, Gutierrez O, Glorius F. Highly Selective Radical Relay 1,4-Oxyimination of Two Electronically Differentiated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21664-21673. [PMID: 36383483 PMCID: PMC10242452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Radical addition reactions of olefins have emerged as an attractive tool for the rapid assembly of complex structures, and have plentiful applications in organic synthesis, however, such reactions are often limited to polymerization or 1,2-difunctionalization. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented radical relay 1,4-oxyimination of two electronically differentiated olefins with a class of bifunctional oxime carbonate reagents via an energy transfer strategy. The protocol is highly chemo- and regioselective, and three different chemical bonds (C-O, C-C, and C-N bonds) were formed in a single operation in an orchestrated manner. Notably, this reaction provides rapid access to a large variety of structurally diverse 1,4-oxyimination products, and the obtained products could be easily converted into valuable biologically relevant δ-hydroxyl-α-amino acids. With a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, the mechanism for this 1,4-oxyimination reaction has been investigated. Theoretical calculations reveal that a radical chain mechanism might operate in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Tan
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Fritz Paulus
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Myrmenaphthol A is a structurally unique phenolic steroid with a naphthyl AB-ring system and an unusual C2 hydroxy group. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of this natural product in 10 steps from inexpensive, commercially available sitolactone. Key features of the synthesis include a Baran decarboxylative coupling and a Friedel-Crafts cyclization/olefin isomerization/aromatization cascade that rapidly assembled the tetracyclic core framework. This synthetic strategy is expected to be readily amenable to the synthesis of other phenolic steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huafang Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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37
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Palkowitz MD, Laudadio G, Kolb S, Choi J, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Bolduc PN, Chen T, Zhang H, Cheng PTW, Zhang B, Mandler MD, Blasczak VD, Richter JM, Collins MR, Schioldager RL, Bravo M, Dhar TGM, Vokits B, Zhu Y, Echeverria PG, Poss MA, Shaw SA, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Mykhailiuk PK, Baran PS. Overcoming Limitations in Decarboxylative Arylation via Ag-Ni Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17709-17720. [PMID: 36106767 PMCID: PMC9805175 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A useful protocol for achieving decarboxylative cross-coupling (DCC) of redox-active esters (RAE, isolated or generated in situ) and halo(hetero)arenes is reported. This pragmatically focused study employs a unique Ag-Ni electrocatalytic platform to overcome numerous limitations that have plagued this strategically powerful transformation. In its optimized form, coupling partners can be combined in a surprisingly simple way: open to the air, using technical-grade solvents, an inexpensive ligand and Ni source, and substoichiometric AgNO3, proceeding at room temperature with a simple commercial potentiostat. Most importantly, all of the results are placed into context by benchmarking with state-of-the-art methods. Applications are presented that simplify synthesis and rapidly enable access to challenging chemical space. Finally, adaptation to multiple scale regimes, ranging from parallel milligram-based synthesis to decagram recirculating flow is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Simon Kolb
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philippe N Bolduc
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - TeYu Chen
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Peter T W Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Vanna D Blasczak
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy M Richter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ryan L Schioldager
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martin Bravo
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Benjamin Vokits
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Yeheng Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | - Michael A Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Scott A Shaw
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | | | | | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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38
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Laudadio G, Palkowitz MD, El-Hayek Ewing T, Baran PS. Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: A Radical Tool in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1413-1420. [PMID: 36105339 PMCID: PMC9465705 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids, the most versatile and ubiquitous diversity input used in medicinal chemistry for canonical polar bond constructions such as amide synthesis, can now be employed in a fundamentally different category of reaction to make C-C bonds by harnessing the power of radicals. This outlook serves as a user-guide to aid practitioners in both the design of syntheses that leverage the simplifying power of this disconnection and the precise tactics that can be employed to enable them. Taken together, this emerging area holds the potential to rapidly accelerate access to chemical space of value to modern medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, Calilfornia 92037, United States
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39
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Wang JZ, Sakai HA, MacMillan DWC. Alcohols as Alkylating Agents: Photoredox-Catalyzed Conjugate Alkylation via In Situ Deoxygenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207150. [PMID: 35727296 PMCID: PMC9398968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rapid exploration of sp3 -enriched chemical space is facilitated by fragment-coupling technologies that utilize simple and abundant alkyl precursors, among which alcohols are a highly desirable, commercially accessible, and synthetically versatile class of substrate. Herein, we describe an operationally convenient, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated deoxygenative Giese-type addition of alcohol-derived alkyl radicals to electron-deficient alkenes under mild photocatalytic conditions. The fragment coupling accommodates a broad range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol partners, as well as structurally varied Michael acceptors containing traditionally reactive sites, such as electrophilic or oxidizable moieties. We demonstrate the late-stage diversification of densely functionalized molecular architectures, including drugs and biomolecules, and we further telescope our protocol with metallaphotoredox cross-coupling for step-economic access to sp3 -rich complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Z Wang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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40
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Han J, Yu H, Zi W. Carboxylic Acid-Directed Manganese(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroarylation of Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6154-6158. [PMID: 35952363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A carboxylic acid-directed regioselective hydroarylation reaction of unactivated alkenes with aryl boronic acids was reported. This transformation was enabled by homogeneous manganese catalyst MnBr(CO)5 in the presence of KOH and H2O in the m-xylene reaction medium. Both internal and terminal alkenes worked well in this transformation, and a series of functional groups were tolerated. This reaction not only provided an expeditious method to prepare γ-aryl carboxylic acids from simple starting materials but also would inspire further studies in employing homogeneous manganese catalysis in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Han
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300071, China
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41
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Gharpure S, Chavan R, Ardhapure A. Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of Alkenyl Vinylogous Carbonates for Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans, Tetrahydropyrans and Chromans. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Cao K, Li C, Tian D, Zhao X, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Catalytic Enantioselective Reductive Cross Coupling of Electron-Deficient Olefins. Org Lett 2022; 24:4788-4792. [PMID: 35735267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an enantioselective reductive cross coupling of electron-deficient olefins. Using a visible-light-driven cooperative photoredox and chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed reaction with a Hantzsch ester as the terminal reductant, various cyclic and acyclic enones with 2-vinylpyridines were converted in high yields (up to 93%) to a wide range of enantioenriched pyridine derivatives featuring diverse γ-tertiary carbon stereocenters with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Cao
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China.,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Li
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Dong Tian
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Chiral Chemistry, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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43
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Gao Y, Zhang B, Levy L, Zhang HJ, Chi H, Baran PS. Ni-Catalyzed Enantioselective Dialkyl Carbinol Synthesis via Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling: Development, Scope, and Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10992-11002. [PMID: 35671374 PMCID: PMC9800071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first enantioselective decarboxylative Negishi-type alkylations of α-oxy carboxylic acids are reported via the intermediacy of redox-active esters (RAEs). This transformation enables a radical-based retrosynthesis of seemingly trivial enantiopure dialkyl carbinols. This article includes a discussion of the history of such couplings, the retrosynthetic ramifications of such a coupling, the development of general conditions, and an extensive series of applications that vividly demonstrate how it can simplify synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Corresponding Author: Phil S. Baran − Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States;
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44
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Wang JZ, Sakai HA, MacMillan DWC. Alcohols as Alkylating Agents: Photoredox‐Catalyzed Conjugate Alkylation via In Situ Deoxygenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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A radical way to forge carbon-carbon bonds. Nature 2022:10.1038/d41586-022-00908-8. [PMID: 35650397 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Bajya KR, Sermadurai S. Dual Photoredox and Cobalt Catalysis Enabled Transformations. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvakumar Sermadurai
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore Chemistry Khandwa road Simrol 453552 Indore INDIA
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47
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Convergent total synthesis of (+)-calcipotriol: A scalable, modular approach to vitamin D analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200814119. [PMID: 35476519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200814119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A convergent approach for the total synthesis of calcipotriol (brand name: Dovonex), a proven vitamin D analog used for the treatment of psoriasis, and medicinally relevant synthetic analogs is described. A complete approach, not wedded to semisynthesis, toward both the A-ring and CD-ring is reported. From a retrosynthetic standpoint, hidden symmetry within the decorated A-ring is disclosed, which allowed for scalable quantities of this advanced intermediate. In addition, a radical retrosynthetic approach is described, which highlights an electrochemical reductive coupling as well as an intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer Giese addition to establish the 6,5-transcarbon skeleton found in the vitamin D family. Finally, a late-stage decarboxylative cross-coupling approach allowed for the facile preparation of various C20-arylated derivatives that show promising biological activity in an initial bioassay.
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48
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Ni-electrocatalytic Csp 3-Csp 3 doubly decarboxylative coupling. Nature 2022; 606:313-318. [PMID: 35381598 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cross-coupling between two similar or identical functional groups to form a new C-C bond is a powerful tool to rapidly assemble complex molecules from readily available building units, as seen with olefin cross-metathesis or various types of cross-electrophile coupling1,2. The Kolbe electrolysis involves the oxidative electrochemical decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to their corresponding radical species followed by recombination to generate a new C-C bond3-12. As one of the oldest known Csp3-Csp3 bond-forming reactions, it holds incredible promise for organic synthesis, yet its use has been almost non-existent. From the perspective of synthesis design, this transformation could allow one to agnostically execute syntheses without regard to polarity or neighbouring functionality just by coupling ubiquitous carboxylates13. In practice, this promise is undermined by the strongly oxidative electrolytic protocol used traditionally since the nineteenth century5, thereby severely limiting its scope. Here, we show how a mildly reductive Ni-electrocatalytic system can couple two different carboxylates by means of in situ generated redox-active esters, termed doubly decarboxylative cross-coupling. This operationally simple method can be used to heterocouple primary, secondary and even certain tertiary redox-active esters, thereby opening up a powerful new approach for synthesis. The reaction, which cannot be mimicked using stoichiometric metal reductants or photochemical conditions, tolerates a range of functional groups, is scalable and is used for the synthesis of 32 known compounds, reducing overall step counts by 73%.
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49
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Lv Y, Feng Y, Dai J, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zheng H. Synthesis of the [6.6.7.5] Tetracyclic Core of Calyciphylline N via a Boc-Mediated Oxidative Dearomatization/Diels-Alder Approach. Org Lett 2022; 24:2694-2698. [PMID: 35362979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sequential process involving Boc-mediated oxidative dearomatization and inter/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction was investigated. Based on an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction and subsequently a radical 7-endo-trig type cyclization, the [6.6.7.5] tetracyclic core of Calyciphylline N was assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Lv
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yueshen Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiatong Dai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huaxuan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huaiji Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
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50
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Pratley C, Fenner S, Murphy JA. Nitrogen-Centered Radicals in Functionalization of sp 2 Systems: Generation, Reactivity, and Applications in Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8181-8260. [PMID: 35285636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of nitrogen-centered radicals (NCRs) has plentiful applications in organic synthesis, and they continue to expand as our understanding of these reactive species increases. The utility of these reactive intermediates is demonstrated in the recent advances in C-H amination and the (di)amination of alkenes. Synthesis of previously challenging structures can be achieved by efficient functionalization of sp2 moieties without prefunctionalization, allowing for faster and more streamlined synthesis. This Review addresses the generation, reactivity, and application of NCRs, including, but not limited to, iminyl, aminyl, amidyl, and aminium species. Contributions from early discovery up to the most recent examples have been highlighted, covering radical initiation, thermolysis, photolysis, and, more recently, photoredox catalysis. Radical-mediated intermolecular amination of (hetero)arenes can occur with a variety of complex amine precursors, generating aniline derivatives, an important class of structures for drug discovery and development. Functionalization of olefins is achievable in high anti-Markovnikov regioselectivity and allows access to difunctionalized structures when the intermediate carbon radicals are trapped. Additionally, the reactivity of NCRs can be harnessed for the rapid construction of N-heterocycles such as pyrrolidines, phenanthridines, quinoxalines, and quinazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Pratley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom.,GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Fenner
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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