1
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Kinlein Z, Clowers BH. Altering Conformational States of Dynamic Ion Populations using Traveling Wave Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6450-6458. [PMID: 38603648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
With its capacity to store and translate ions across considerable distances and times, traveling wave structures for lossless ion manipulations (TW-SLIM) provide the foundation to expand the scope of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) experiments. While promising, the dynamic electric fields and consequential ion-neutral collisions used to realize extensive degrees of separation have a considerable impact on the empirical results and the fundamental interpretation of observed arrival time distributions. Using a custom-designed set of TW-SLIM boards (∼9 m) coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SLIM-ToF), we detail the capacity to systematically alter the gas-phase distribution of select peptide conformers. In addition to discussing the role charge-transfer may play in TW-SLIM experiments that occur at extended time scales, the ability of the SLIM-ToF to perform tandem IMS was leveraged to confirm that both the compact and elongated conformers of bradykinin2+ undergo interconversion within the SLIM. Storage experiments in which ions are confined within SLIM using static potential wells suggest that factors aside from TW-induced ion motion contribute to interconversion. Further investigation into this matter suggests that the use of radio frequency (RF) fields to confine ions within SLIM may play a role in ion heating. Aside from interconversion, storage experiments also provide insight into charge transfer behavior over the course of extended periods. The results of the presented experiments suggest that considerations should be taken when analyzing labile species and inform strategies for the TW-SLIM design and method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackary Kinlein
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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2
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Qiu C, Li X, Li Z, Yang L, Wang W, Xu F, Ding CF. Simulation study of three new quadrupole ion funnels to improve low-mass ion transmission. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9648. [PMID: 37953544 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE By applying radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) voltages to corresponding ring electrodes, ion funnel (IF) can efficiently focus and transmit ions. However, IF has an inherent mass discrimination problem that will greatly limit low mass-to-charge (m/z) ion focusing and transmission. To improve the transmission efficiency (TE) of the IF, this paper explores three new profile quadrupole ion funnels (QIF). METHODS Computer simulations of the potential field distributions of QIFs and conventional IFs were performed to assess their focusing characteristics. To compare the TE, ion optics simulation programs SIMION and AXSIM were used to perform a series of simulations. Three QIF types (toroidal, cylindrical, and hyperbolic configurations) were used to improve ion TE, and their transmission and focus performance were also compared with conventional IF. RESULTS By simulating the trajectories of ions in the IF, the optimum electrical parameters for three new QIFs were obtained and compared with conventional IFs, with TE improvements recorded for m/z < 100 of 16%, 20%, and 13%. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that studying these three new IF configurations has great research significance for improving sensitivity to low m/z ions in mass spectrometer instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Qiu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Wang W, Qiu C, Xu F, Ding L, Ding CF. Genetic Algorithm Optimized Printed Circuit Board Ion Funnel Tandem Subambient Pressure Ionization with Nanoelectrospray (SPIN) for High Sensitivity Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37463266 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The SPIN tandem ion funnel (IF) structure allows for highly sensitive mass spectrometry due to reduced ion losses in the interface region and during transmission; however, IF has an inherent mass discrimination problem, which can greatly restrain the ion transmission efficiency (TE) and therefore requires certain optimization methods. Conventional optimization methods ignore the combined effects of multiple IF characteristic parameters (electrical and dimensional parameters) and are unable to achieve efficient ion transmission over a wide mass range, thus requiring significant tuning time. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized printed circuit board ion funnel (PCBIF) was designed, fabricated, preliminarily evaluated, and integrated into the SPIN interface to address the ion loss that can occur when mass spectrometers transfer ions at subambient pressure. Simulation studies have showed clearly that the effective automated GA can increase the PCBIF optimization, design, and the ion TE (finding the optimal characteristic parameters within 4 h and achieving 96% ion TE for ions with m/z between 50 and 700). Preliminary tests on built SPIN-PCBIF-MS can lead to an LOD of 0.01 nM and also indirectly suggest the effectiveness of the GA-optimized PCBIF. The proposed GA method helps to guide the design of IF and can also be used for other multivariate mass analyzers or ion transmission devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chaohui Qiu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Ding
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass spectrometry, Ningbo 315211, China
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4
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Paglia G, Smith AJ, Astarita G. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:722-765. [PMID: 33522625 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Andrew J Smith
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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5
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Gass DT, Quintero AV, Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Metal adduction in mass spectrometric analyses of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21801. [PMID: 36005212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrates, and glycoconjugates are involved in many crucial biological processes, such as disease development, immune responses, and cell-cell recognition. Glycans and carbohydrates are known for the large number of isomeric features associated with their structures, making analysis challenging compared with other biomolecules. Mass spectrometry has become the primary method of structural characterization for carbohydrates, glycans, and glycoconjugates. Metal adduction is especially important for the mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates and glycans. Metal-ion adduction to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates affects ion formation and the three-dimensional, gas-phase structures. Herein, we discuss how metal-ion adduction impacts ionization, ion mobility, ion activation and dissociation, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. We also compare the use of different metals for these various techniques and highlight the value in using metals as charge carriers for these analyses. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting a metal for analysis of carbohydrate adducts and describe areas for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ana V Quintero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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6
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te Brinke E, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland MH. Insights of ion mobility spectrometry and its application on food safety and authenticity: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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7
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Hollerbach AL, Conant CR, Nagy G, Ibrahim YM. Implementation of Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Based Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:453-469. [PMID: 35094340 PMCID: PMC9526429 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) is a powerful variant of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TW-IMS) that uses a serpentine pattern of microelectrodes deposited onto printed circuit boards to achieve ultralong ion path lengths (13.5 m). Ions are propelled through SLIM platforms via arrays of TW electrodes while RF and DC electrodes provide radial confinement, establishing near lossless transmission. The recent ability to cycle ions multiple times through a SLIM has allowed ion path lengths to exceed 1000 m, providing unprecedented separation power and the ability to observe ion structural conformations unobtainable with other IMS technologies. The combination of high separation power, high signal intensity, and the ability to couple with mass spectrometry places SLIM in the unique position of being able to address longstanding proteomics and metabolomics challenges by allowing the characterization of isomeric mixtures containing low abundance analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabe Nagy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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8
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Hollerbach AL, Norheim RV, Kwantwi-Barima P, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM. A Miniature Multilevel Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations Ion Mobility Spectrometer with Wide Mobility Range Separation Capabilities. Anal Chem 2021; 94:2180-2188. [PMID: 34939415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry employing structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM-IMS) is an attractive gas-phase separation technique due to its ability to achieve unprecedented effective ion path lengths (>1 km) and IMS resolving powers in a small footprint. The emergence of multilevel SLIM technology, where ions are transferred between vertically stacked SLIM electrode surfaces, has subsequently allowed for ultralong single-pass path lengths (>40 m) to be achieved, enabling ultrahigh resolution IMS measurements to be performed over the entire mobility range in a single experiment. Here, we report on the development of a 1 m path length miniature SLIM module (miniSLIM) based on multilevel SLIM technology. Ion trajectory simulations were used to optimize SLIM board spacings and SLIM board thicknesses, and a new method of efficiently transferring ions between SLIM levels using asymmetric traveling waves (TWs) was demonstrated. We experimentally characterized the performance of the miniSLIM IMS-MS relative to a drift tube IMS-MS using Agilent tuning mixture cations and tetraalkylammonium cations. The miniSLIM achieved a resolving power of up to 131 (CCS/ΔCCS), which is ∼1.5× higher than achievable with a 78 cm path length drift tube IMS. Additionally, the entire ion mobility range was successfully transmitted in a single separation. We also demonstrated the miniSLIM's performance as a standalone IMS system (i.e., without MS), which showed baseline separation between all AgTM cations and a clear differentiation between different charge states of a standard peptide mixture. Overall, the miniSLIM provides a compact alternative to high performance IMS instruments possessing similar path lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Hollerbach
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Randolph V Norheim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Pearl Kwantwi-Barima
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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9
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Arndt JR, Wormwood Moser KL, Van Aken G, Doyle RM, Talamantes T, DeBord D, Maxon L, Stafford G, Fjeldsted J, Miller B, Sherman M. High-Resolution Ion-Mobility-Enabled Peptide Mapping for High-Throughput Critical Quality Attribute Monitoring. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2019-2032. [PMID: 33835810 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterization and monitoring of post-translational modifications (PTMs) by peptide mapping is a ubiquitous assay in biopharmaceutical characterization. Often, this assay is coupled to reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) separations that require long gradients to identify all components of the protein digest and resolve critical modifications for relative quantitation. Incorporating ion mobility (IM) as an orthogonal separation that relies on peptide structure can supplement the LC separation by providing an additional differentiation filter to resolve isobaric peptides, potentially reducing ambiguity in identification through mobility-aligned fragmentation and helping to reduce the run time of peptide mapping assays. A next-generation high-resolution ion mobility (HRIM) technique, based on structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) technology with a 13 m ion path, provides peak capacities and higher resolving power that rivals traditional chromatographic separations and, owing to its ability to resolve isobaric peptides that coelute in faster chromatographic methods, allows for up to 3× shorter run times than conventional peptide mapping methods. In this study, the NIST monoclonal antibody IgG1κ (NIST RM 8671, NISTmAb) was characterized by LC-HRIM-MS and LC-HRIM-MS with collision-induced dissociation (HRIM-CID-MS) using a 20 min analytical method. This approach delivered a sequence coverage of 96.5%. LC-HRIM-CID-MS experiments provided additional confidence in sequence determination. HRIM-MS resolved critical oxidations, deamidations, and isomerizations that coelute with their native counterparts in the chromatographic dimension. Finally, quantitative measurements of % modification were made using only the m/z-extracted HRIM arrival time distributions, showing good agreement with the reference liquid-phase separation. This study shows, for the first time, the analytical capability of HRIM using SLIM technology for enhancing peptide mapping workflows relevant to biopharmaceutical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Arndt
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Kelly L Wormwood Moser
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Gregory Van Aken
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Rory M Doyle
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Tatjana Talamantes
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Daniel DeBord
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Laura Maxon
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - George Stafford
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Bouelvard, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - John Fjeldsted
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Bouelvard, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Bryan Miller
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Bouelvard, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Melissa Sherman
- MOBILion Systems, Inc., 4 Hillman Drive, Suite 130, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
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10
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May JC, Leaptrot KL, Rose BS, Moser KLW, Deng L, Maxon L, DeBord D, McLean JA. Resolving Power and Collision Cross Section Measurement Accuracy of a Prototype High-Resolution Ion Mobility Platform Incorporating Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1126-1137. [PMID: 33734709 PMCID: PMC9296130 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A production prototype structures for lossless ion manipulation ion mobility (SLIM IM) platform interfaced to a commercial high-resolution mass spectrometer (MS) is described. The SLIM IM implements the traveling wave ion mobility technique across a ∼13m path length for high-resolution IM (HRIM) separations. The resolving power (CCS/ΔCCS) of the SLIM IM stage was benchmarked across various parameters (traveling wave speeds, amplitudes, and waveforms), and results indicated that resolving powers in excess of 200 can be accessed for a broad range of masses. For several cases, resolving powers greater than 300 were achieved, notably under wave conditions where ions transition from a nonselective "surfing" motion to a mobility-selective ion drift, that corresponded to ion speeds approximately 30-70% of the traveling wave speed. The separation capabilities were evaluated on a series of isomeric and isobaric compounds that cannot be resolved by MS alone, including reversed-sequence peptides (SDGRG and GRGDS), triglyceride double-bond positional isomers (TG 3, 6, 9 and TG 6, 9, 12), trisaccharides (melezitose, raffinose, isomaltotriose, and maltotriose), and ganglioside lipids (GD1b and GD1a). The SLIM IM platform resolved the corresponding isomeric mixtures, which were unresolvable using the standard resolution of a drift-tube instrument (∼50). In general, the SLIM IM-MS platform is capable of resolving peaks separated by as little as ∼0.6% without the need to target a specific separation window or drift time. Low CCS measurement biases <0.5% were obtained under high resolving power conditions. Importantly, all the analytes surveyed are able to access high-resolution conditions (>200), demonstrating that this instrument is well-suited for broadband HRIM separations important in global untargeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C. May
- Center
for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems
Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L. Leaptrot
- Center
for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems
Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenessee 37235, United States
| | - Bailey S. Rose
- Center
for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems
Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenessee 37235, United States
| | | | - Liulin Deng
- MOBILion
Systems, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Laura Maxon
- MOBILion
Systems, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - Daniel DeBord
- MOBILion
Systems, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 19317, United States
| | - John A. McLean
- Center
for Innovative Technology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems
Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenessee 37235, United States
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11
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Hollerbach AL, Li A, Prabhakaran A, Nagy G, Harrilal CP, Conant CR, Norheim RV, Schimelfenig CE, Anderson GA, Garimella SVB, Smith RD, Ibrahim YM. Ultra-High-Resolution Ion Mobility Separations Over Extended Path Lengths and Mobility Ranges Achieved using a Multilevel Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations Module. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7972-7979. [PMID: 32383592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) have used traveling waves (TWs) to move ions over long serpentine paths that can be further lengthened by routing the ions through multiple passages of the same path. Such SLIM "multipass" separations provide unprecedentedly high ion mobility resolving powers but are ultimately limited in their ion mobility range because of the range of mobilities spanned in a single pass; that is, higher mobility ions ultimately "overtake" and "lap" lower mobility ions that have experienced fewer passes, convoluting their arrival time distribution at the detector. To achieve ultrahigh resolution separations over broader mobility ranges, we have developed a new multilevel SLIM possessing multiple stacked serpentine paths. Ions are transferred between SLIM levels through apertures (or ion escalators) in the SLIM surfaces. The initial multilevel SLIM module incorporates four levels and three interlevel ion escalator passages, providing a total path length of 43.2 m. Using the full path length and helium buffer gas, high resolution separations were achieved for Agilent tuning mixture phosphazene ions over a broad mobility range (K0 ≈ 3.0 to 1.2 cm2/(V*s)). High sensitivity was achieved using "in-SLIM" ion accumulation over an extended trapping region of the first SLIM level. High transmission efficiency of ions over a broad mobility range (e.g., K0 ≈ 3.0 to 1.67 cm2/(V*s)) was achieved, with transmission efficiency rolling off for the lower mobility ions (e.g., K0 ≈ 1.2 cm2/(V*s)). Resolving powers of up to ∼560 were achieved using all four ion levels to separate reverse peptides (SDGRG1+ and GRGDS1+). A complex mixture of phosphopeptides showed similar coverage could be achieved using one or all four SLIM levels, and doubly charged phosphosite isomers not significantly separated using one SLIM level were well resolved when four levels were used. The new multilevel SLIM technology thus enables wider mobility range ultrahigh-resolution ion mobility separations and expands on the ability of SLIM to obtain improved separations of complex mixtures with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Hollerbach
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ailin Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Aneesh Prabhakaran
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher P Harrilal
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Christopher R Conant
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Randolph V Norheim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Colby E Schimelfenig
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Gordon A Anderson
- GAA Custom Engineering, LLC, P.O. Box 335, Benton City, Washington 99320, United States
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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12
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Li A, Garimella SVB, Ibrahim YM. A simulation study of the influence of the traveling wave patterns on ion mobility separations in structures for lossless ion manipulations. Analyst 2019; 145:240-248. [PMID: 31746829 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01509d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Probing molecular properties in the gas phase requires the integration of complementary ion manipulation approaches such as ion mobility spectrometry. Structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) have recently been developed to perform ultra-high resolution ion mobility separations using traveling waves as well as providing other advanced capabilities. Despite its success, the design aspects of SLIM have not been fully explored and remained largely unchanged. Here, we report on a computational study using SIMION simulations of a number of traveling wave (TW) patterns that can be used in SLIM. The TW pattern used in the current SLIM device is a set of 8 electrodes where, at any time, 4 electrodes are held at high voltage (i.e., 1111), while the other 4 electrodes are held at low voltage (i.e., 0000), forming one micro-trapping region of 11110000 pattern. Ion trajectory simulations demonstrated the feasibility to simplify the 8-electrode set to a shorter pattern (e.g., 6-electrode or 4-electrode set) while maintaining or improving the performance. The RF and TW amplitudes, guard voltage, and TW speed were optimized subsequently on the symmetric patterns of the 4-, 6-, and 8-electrode sets to further improve the performance. The resolution, peak broadening, peak capacity, and peak generation rate of each pattern were evaluated, showing that the 111000 pattern of the 6-electrode set has comparable performance to the current 11110000 pattern and is always better than the 1100 pattern. This work provides insight into the feasibility for simplification and modification of the TW configuration in SLIM and other traveling wave devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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13
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Miggiels P, Wouters B, van Westen GJ, Dubbelman AC, Hankemeier T. Novel technologies for metabolomics: More for less. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Colby SM, Nuñez JR, Hodas NO, Corley CD, Renslow RR. Deep Learning to Generate in Silico Chemical Property Libraries and Candidate Molecules for Small Molecule Identification in Complex Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1720-1729. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Colby
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie R. Nuñez
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nathan O. Hodas
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Courtney D. Corley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ryan R. Renslow
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Garimella SVB, Nagy G, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD. Opening new paths for biological applications of ion mobility - mass spectrometry using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2019; 116:300-307. [PMID: 32831434 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility separations coupled to mass spectrometry (IM-MS) have received much attention for their ability to provide complementary structural information to solution-phase-based separations, as well as to aid in the identification of unknown compounds. While IM-MS is an increasingly powerful analytical technique, significant bottlenecks related to the resolution of measurements have kept it from becoming broadly applied for biological analyses. Presently, IM-MS-based measurements also remain limited in terms of their sensitivity as compared to state of the art MS-based approaches alone. Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM)-based IM separations provide a basis for overcoming these bottlenecks, addressing issues associated with resolution and sensitivity in the omics, and potentially opening the door to much broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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16
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Kirk AT, Bohnhorst A, Raddatz CR, Allers M, Zimmermann S. Ultra-high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry-current instrumentation, limitations, and future developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6229-6246. [PMID: 30957205 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in ionization sources and instrumentation, ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) have transformed from a detector for chemical warfare agents and explosives to a widely used tool in analytical and bioanalytical applications. This increasing measurement task complexity requires higher and higher analytical performance and especially ultra-high resolution. In this review, we will discuss the currently used ion mobility spectrometers able to reach such ultra-high resolution, defined here as a resolving power greater than 200. These instruments are drift tube IMS, traveling wave IMS, trapped IMS, and field asymmetric or differential IMS. The basic operating principles and the resulting effects of experimental parameters on resolving power are explained and compared between the different instruments. This allows understanding the current limitations of resolving power and how ion mobility spectrometers may progress in the future. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Colby SM, Thomas DG, Nuñez JR, Baxter DJ, Glaesemann KR, Brown JM, Pirrung MA, Govind N, Teeguarden JG, Metz TO, Renslow RS. ISiCLE: A Quantum Chemistry Pipeline for Establishing in Silico Collision Cross Section Libraries. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4346-4356. [PMID: 30741529 PMCID: PMC6526953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput, comprehensive, and confident identifications of metabolites and other chemicals in biological and environmental samples will revolutionize our understanding of the role these chemically diverse molecules play in biological systems. Despite recent technological advances, metabolomics studies still result in the detection of a disproportionate number of features that cannot be confidently assigned to a chemical structure. This inadequacy is driven by the single most significant limitation in metabolomics, the reliance on reference libraries constructed by analysis of authentic reference materials with limited commercial availability. To this end, we have developed the in silico chemical library engine (ISiCLE), a high-performance computing-friendly cheminformatics workflow for generating libraries of chemical properties. In the instantiation described here, we predict probable three-dimensional molecular conformers (i.e., conformational isomers) using chemical identifiers as input, from which collision cross sections (CCS) are derived. The approach employs first-principles simulation, distinguished by the use of molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry, and ion mobility calculations, to generate structures and chemical property libraries, all without training data. Importantly, optimization of ISiCLE included a refactoring of the popular MOBCAL code for trajectory-based mobility calculations, improving its computational efficiency by over 2 orders of magnitude. Calculated CCS values were validated against 1983 experimentally measured CCS values and compared to previously reported CCS calculation approaches. Average calculated CCS error for the validation set is 3.2% using standard parameters, outperforming other density functional theory (DFT)-based methods and machine learning methods (e.g., MetCCS). An online database is introduced for sharing both calculated and experimental CCS values ( metabolomics.pnnl.gov ), initially including a CCS library with over 1 million entries. Finally, three successful applications of molecule characterization using calculated CCS are described, including providing evidence for the presence of an environmental degradation product, the separation of molecular isomers, and an initial characterization of complex blinded mixtures of exposure chemicals. This work represents a method to address the limitations of small molecule identification and offers an alternative to generating chemical identification libraries experimentally by analyzing authentic reference materials. All code is available at github.com/pnnl .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Colby
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dennis G. Thomas
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie R. Nuñez
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Douglas J. Baxter
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kurt R. Glaesemann
- Communications and Information Technology Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joseph M. Brown
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Meg A. Pirrung
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Justin G. Teeguarden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ryan S. Renslow
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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18
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Dou M, Chouinard CD, Zhu Y, Nagy G, Liyu AV, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD, Kelly RT. Nanowell-mediated multidimensional separations combining nanoLC with SLIM IM-MS for rapid, high-peak-capacity proteomic analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:5363-5372. [PMID: 30397757 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of complex biological samples is essential for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. The separation prior to MS plays a key role in the overall analysis, with separations having larger peak capacities often leading to more identified species and improved confidence in those identifications. High-resolution ion mobility (IM) separations enabled by Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation (SLIM) can provide extremely rapid, high-resolution separations and are well suited as a second dimension of separation following nanoscale liquid chromatography (nanoLC). However, existing sample handling approaches for offline coupling of separation modes require microliter-fraction volumes and are thus not well suited for analysis of trace biological samples. We have developed a novel nanowell-mediated fractionation system that enables nanoLC-separated samples to be efficiently preconcentrated and directly infused at nanoelectrospray flow rates for downstream analysis. When coupled with SLIM IM-MS, the platform enables rapid and high-peak-capacity multidimensional separations of small biological samples. In this study, peptides eluting from a 100 nL/min nanoLC separation were fractionated into ~ 60 nanowells on a microfluidic glass chip using an in-house-developed robotic system. The dried samples on the chip were individually reconstituted and ionized by nanoelectrospray for SLIM IM-MS analysis. Using model peptides for characterization of the nanowell platform, we found that at least 80% of the peptide components of the fractionated samples were recovered from the nanowells, providing up to ~tenfold preconcentration for SLIM IM-MS analysis. The combined LC-SLIM IM separation peak capacities exceeded 3600 with a measurement throughput that is similar to current one-dimensional (1D) LC-MS proteomic analyses. Graphical abstract A nanowell-mediated multidimensional separation platform that combines nanoLC with SLIM IM-MS enables rapid, high-peak-capacity proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maowei Dou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Christopher D Chouinard
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andrey V Liyu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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19
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Hamid AM, Prabhakaran A, Garimella SV, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD. Characterization of applied fields for ion mobility separations in traveling wave based structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 430:8-13. [PMID: 31467482 PMCID: PMC6715138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility (IM) is rapidly gaining attention for the separation and analysis of biomolecules due to the ability to distinguish the shapes of ions. However, conventional constant electric field drift tube IM separations have limited resolving power, constrained by practical limitations on the path length and maximum applied voltage. The implementation of traveling waves (TW) in IM removes the latter limitation, allowing higher resolution to be achieved using extended path lengths. Both of these can be readily obtained in structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM), which are fabricated from arrays of electrodes patterned on two parallel surfaces where potentials are applied to generate appropriate electric fields between the surfaces. Here we have investigated the relationship between the primary SLIM variables, such as electrode dimensions, inter-surface gap, and the applied TW voltages, that directly impact the fields experienced by ions. Ion trajectory simulations and theoretical calculations have been utilized to understand the dependence of SLIM geometry and effective electric fields on IM resolution. The variables explored impact both ion confinement and the observed IM resolution using SLIM modules.
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20
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Blaženović I, Kind T, Ji J, Fiehn O. Software Tools and Approaches for Compound Identification of LC-MS/MS Data in Metabolomics. Metabolites 2018; 8:E31. [PMID: 29748461 PMCID: PMC6027441 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The annotation of small molecules remains a major challenge in untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. We here critically discuss structured elucidation approaches and software that are designed to help during the annotation of unknown compounds. Only by elucidating unknown metabolites first is it possible to biologically interpret complex systems, to map compounds to pathways and to create reliable predictive metabolic models for translational and clinical research. These strategies include the construction and quality of tandem mass spectral databases such as the coalition of MassBank repositories and investigations of MS/MS matching confidence. We present in silico fragmentation tools such as MS-FINDER, CFM-ID, MetFrag, ChemDistiller and CSI:FingerID that can annotate compounds from existing structure databases and that have been used in the CASMI (critical assessment of small molecule identification) contests. Furthermore, the use of retention time models from liquid chromatography and the utility of collision cross-section modelling from ion mobility experiments are covered. Workflows and published examples of successfully annotated unknown compounds are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Blaženović
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Tobias Kind
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science of Jiangnan University, School of Food Science Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Ibrahim YM, Hamid AM, Deng L, Garimella SVB, Webb IK, Baker ES, Smith RD. New frontiers for mass spectrometry based upon structures for lossless ion manipulations. Analyst 2017; 142:1010-1021. [PMID: 28262893 PMCID: PMC5431593 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM) provide a new paradigm for efficient, complex and extended gas phase ion manipulations. SLIM are created from electric fields generated by the application of DC and RF potentials to arrays of electrodes patterned on two parallel surfaces. The electric fields provide lossless ion manipulations, including effective ion transport and storage. SLIM modules have been developed using both constant and oscillatory electric fields (e.g. traveling waves) to affect the ion motion. Ion manipulations demonstrated to date with SLIM include: extended trapping, ion selection, ion dissociation, and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separations achieving unprecedented ultra high resolution. SLIM thus provide the basis for previously impractical manipulations, such as very long path length ion mobility separations where ions traverse a serpentine path multiple times, as well as new capabilities that extend the utility of these developments based on temporal and spatial compression of ion mobility separations and other ion distributions. The evolution of SLIM devices developed over the last three years is reviewed and we provide examples of various ion manipulations performed, and briefly discuss potential applications and new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ahmed M Hamid
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Liulin Deng
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sandilya V B Garimella
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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