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Grasselli G, Arigò A, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. Latest Developments in Direct and Non-Direct LC-MS Methods Based on Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39046707 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2381543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genny Grasselli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Adriana Arigò
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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2
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Jai JK, Tomlin H, Atkinson J, Brown TM, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Automated, High-Throughput Analysis of Tire-Derived p-Phenylenediamine Quinones (PPDQs) in Water by Online Membrane Sampling Coupled to MS/MS. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:3293-3304. [PMID: 38455156 PMCID: PMC10916759 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The tire-derived contaminant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) was recently identified as a potent toxin to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Studies investigating 6-PPDQ have employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing excellent sensitivity and selectivity. However, cleanup and pre-enrichment steps (SPE/LLE) followed by chromatographic separation can be time- and cost-intensive, limiting sample throughput. The ubiquitous distribution of 6-PPDQ necessitates numerous measurements to identify hotspots for targeted mitigation. We recently developed condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) for rapid 6-PPDQ analysis (2.5 min/sample), with a simple workflow and low limit of detection (8 ng/L). Here, we describe improved quantitation using isotopically labeled internal standards and inclusion of a suite of PPDQ analogues. A low-cost autosampler and data processing software were developed from a three-dimensional (3D) printer and Matlab to fully realize the high-throughput capabilities of CP-MIMS. Cross-validation with a commercial LC-MS method for 10 surface waters provides excellent agreement (slope: 1.01; R2 = 0.992). We employ this analytical approach to probe fundamental questions regarding sample stability and sorption of 6-PPDQ under lab-controlled conditions. Further, the results for 192 surface water samples provide the first spatiotemporal characterization of PPDQs on Vancouver Island and the lower mainland of British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Joshua K. Jai
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Haley Tomlin
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Jamieson Atkinson
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Tanya M. Brown
- Pacific
Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7V 1H2
- School
of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive West, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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3
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Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry: A Direct Alternative to Fully Exploit the Mass Spectrometry Potential in Environmental Sample Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique used to monitor online chemical systems or quickly quantify trace levels of different groups of compounds in complex matrices without extensive sample preparation steps and chromatographic separation. MIMS utilizes a thin, semi-permeable, and selective membrane that directly connects the sample and the mass spectrometer. The analytes in the sample are pre-concentrated by the membrane depending on their physicochemical properties and directly transferred, using different acceptor phases (gas, liquid or vacuum) to the mass spectrometer. Condensed phase (CP) MIMS use a liquid as a medium, extending the range to new applications to less-volatile compounds that are challenging or unsuitable to gas-phase MIMS. It directly allows the rapid quantification of selected compounds in complex matrices, the online monitoring of chemical reactions (in real-time), as well as in situ measurements. CP-MIMS has expanded beyond the measurement of several organic compounds because of the use of different types of liquid acceptor phases, geometries, dimensions, and mass spectrometers. This review surveys advancements of CP-MIMS and its applications to several molecules and matrices over the past 15 years.
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4
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Monaghan J, Xin Q, Aplin R, Jaeger A, Heshka NE, Hounjet LJ, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Aqueous naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a meso-scale spill tank affected by diluted bitumen analyzed directly by membrane introduction mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129798. [PMID: 36027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of unconventional, heavy crude oils there is growing interest in potential impacts of a diluted bitumen (DB) spill in marine and freshwater environments. DB has the potential to release several toxic, trace organic contaminants to the water column. Here, the aqueous concentrations and compositions of two classes of organic contaminants, naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are followed over 8 weeks after a simulated spill of DB (10 L) into a freshwater mesocosm (1200 L) with river sediment (2.4 kg). These complex samples contain biogenic dissolved organic matter, inorganic ions, petroleum contaminants, suspended sediments, and oil droplets. We report the first use of condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling platform in a complex multi-phase mesocosm spill tank study to measure trace aqueous phase contaminants with little to no sample preparation (dilution and/or pH adjustment). CP-MIMS provides complementary strengths to conventional analytical approaches (e.g., gas- or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) by allowing the entire sample series to be screened quickly. Trace NAs are measured as carboxylates ([M-H]-) using electrospray ionization and PAHs are detected as radical cations (M+•) using liquid electron ionization coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The DB-affected mesocosm exhibits NA concentrations from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/L, which rise quickly over the first 2 - 5 days , then decrease slowly over the remainder of the study period. The NA profile (measured as the full scan in negative-electrospray ionization at nominal mass resolution) shifts to lower m/z with weathering, a process followed by principal component analysis of the normalized mass spectra. We couple CP-MIMS with high-resolution mass spectrometry to follow changes in molecular speciation over time, which reveals a concomitant shift from classical 'O2' naphthenic acids to more oxidized analogues. Concentrations of PAHs and alkylated analogues (C1 - C4) in the DB-affected water range from 0 to 5 μg/L. Changes in PAH concentrations depend on ring number and degree of alkylation, with small and/or lightly alkylated (C0 - C2) PAH concentrations rising to a maximum in the first 4 - 8 days (100 - 200 h) before slowly decaying over the remainder of the study period. Larger and heavily alkylated (C3 - C4) PAH concentrations generally rise slower, with some species remaining below the detection limit throughout the study period (e.g., C20H12 class including benzo[a]pyrene). In contrast, a control mesocosm (without oil) exhibited NA concentrations below 0.05 mg/L and PAHs were below detection limit. Capitalizing on the rapid analytical workflow of CP-MIMS, we also investigate the impacts of sample filtration at the time of sampling (on NA and PAH data) and sample storage time (on NA data only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Qin Xin
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rebekah Aplin
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Nicole E Heshka
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1618, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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5
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Deiana AM, Tran N, Agar J, Blott M, Di Guglielmo G, Duarte J, Harris P, Hauck S, Liu M, Neubauer MS, Ngadiuba J, Ogrenci-Memik S, Pierini M, Aarrestad T, Bähr S, Becker J, Berthold AS, Bonventre RJ, Müller Bravo TE, Diefenthaler M, Dong Z, Fritzsche N, Gholami A, Govorkova E, Guo D, Hazelwood KJ, Herwig C, Khan B, Kim S, Klijnsma T, Liu Y, Lo KH, Nguyen T, Pezzullo G, Rasoulinezhad S, Rivera RA, Scholberg K, Selig J, Sen S, Strukov D, Tang W, Thais S, Unger KL, Vilalta R, von Krosigk B, Wang S, Warburton TK. Applications and Techniques for Fast Machine Learning in Science. Front Big Data 2022; 5:787421. [PMID: 35496379 PMCID: PMC9041419 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2022.787421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this community review report, we discuss applications and techniques for fast machine learning (ML) in science-the concept of integrating powerful ML methods into the real-time experimental data processing loop to accelerate scientific discovery. The material for the report builds on two workshops held by the Fast ML for Science community and covers three main areas: applications for fast ML across a number of scientific domains; techniques for training and implementing performant and resource-efficient ML algorithms; and computing architectures, platforms, and technologies for deploying these algorithms. We also present overlapping challenges across the multiple scientific domains where common solutions can be found. This community report is intended to give plenty of examples and inspiration for scientific discovery through integrated and accelerated ML solutions. This is followed by a high-level overview and organization of technical advances, including an abundance of pointers to source material, which can enable these breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhan Tran
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Joshua Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Javier Duarte
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Philip Harris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Scott Hauck
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mia Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mark S. Neubauer
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Seda Ogrenci-Memik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Maurizio Pierini
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Thea Aarrestad
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Bähr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Berthold
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Tomás E. Müller Bravo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Diefenthaler
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA, United States
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nick Fritzsche
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amir Gholami
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Dongning Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | | | - Christian Herwig
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United States
| | - Babar Khan
- Department of Computer Science, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Thomas Klijnsma
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United States
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Kin Ho Lo
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tri Nguyen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Ryan A. Rivera
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, United States
| | - Kate Scholberg
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Sougata Sen
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
| | - Dmitri Strukov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - William Tang
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Savannah Thais
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Vilalta
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Belina von Krosigk
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shen Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas K. Warburton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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6
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Agua AR, Stanton RS, Pirrung M, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A Direct Mass Spectrometry Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ubiquitous Tire-Derived Toxin N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine Quinone (6-PPDQ). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:1051-1056. [PMID: 38433861 PMCID: PMC10906944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative transformation product of a common tire preservative, identified as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ), has recently been found to contribute to "urban runoff mortality syndrome" in Coho salmon at nanogram per liter levels. Given the number of fish-bearing streams with multiple stormwater inputs, large-scale campaigns to identify 6-PPDQ sources and evaluate mitigation strategies will require sensitive, high-throughput analytical methods. We report the development and optimization of a direct sampling tandem mass spectrometry method for semiquantitative 6-PPDQ determinations using a thin polydimethylsiloxane membrane immersion probe. The method requires no sample cleanup steps or chromatographic separations, even in complex, heterogeneous samples. Quantitation is achieved by the method of standard additions, with a detection limit of 8 ng/L and a duty cycle of 15 min/sample. High-throughput screening provides semiquantitative concentrations with similar sensitivity and a full analytical duty cycle of 2.5 min/sample. Preliminary data and performance metrics are reported for 6-PPDQ present in representative environmental and stormwater samples. The method is readily adapted for real-time process monitoring, demonstrated by following the dissolution of 6-PPDQ from tire fragments and subsequent removal in response to added sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Alon R. Agua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan S. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Pirrung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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8
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Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The history of electron ionization in LC-MS, from the early days to modern technologies: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1167:338350. [PMID: 34049632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review article traces the history of the use of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) from the first attempts up to the present day. At the time of the first efforts to couple LC to MS, 70 eV EI was the most common ionization technique, typically used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and providing highly reproducible mass spectra that could be collated in libraries. Therefore, it was obvious to transport this dominant approach to the early LC-MS coupling attempts. The use of LC coupled to EI-MS is challenging mainly due to restrictions related to high-vacuum and high-temperature conditions required for the operation of EI and the need to remove the eluent carrying the analyte before entering the ion source. The authors will take readers through a journey of about 50 years, showing how through the succession of different attempts it has been possible to successfully couple LC with EI-MS, which in principle appear to be incompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Palma
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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9
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Monaghan J, Richards LC, Vandergrift GW, Hounjet LJ, Stoyanov SR, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144206. [PMID: 33418326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil spills have well-documented, deleterious impacts on the hydrosphere. In addition to macroscopic effects on wildlife and waterscapes, several classes of petroleum derived compounds, such as naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be released into the water and present aquatic contamination hazards. The concentrations of these contaminants may be affected by both oil type and water chemistry. We characterize the concentrations of NAs and PAHs in natural and constructed waters, spanning a range of pH and salinity, and directly compare the influence of diluted bitumen (DB) and conventional crude (CC) oil, using condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling, on-line technique. The concentration and isomer class profiles of classical NAs in the aqueous phase were assessed using electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode as [M-H]- whereas PAH concentrations were monitored using liquid electron ionization (LEI) in positive-ion mode as [M+•]. NA concentrations (0.03-25 ppm) were highly pH-dependent, and an order of magnitude greater in water samples contaminated with DB than CC. Conversely, concentrations of naphthalene (10-130 ppb) and alkyl-naphthalenes (10-90 ppb) were three to four-fold higher in water samples exposed to CC. We demonstrate that naturally occurring dissolved organic matter does not bias results from the membrane sampling approach employed, and that DB and CC contaminated waters can be differentiated using principal component analysis of the NA isomer class distribution in both constructed and natural waters. Finally, we describe the first demonstration of the concurrent analysis of trace NAs and PAHs in the same water sample by controlling perm-selectivity at the membrane and the ionization mode of the mass spectrometer. The techniques employed here for trace analysis of petroleum derived compounds in water can be applied to rapid screening and real-time monitoring of contamination and remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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10
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Vendramini PH, Zeoly LA, Cormanich RA, Buehl M, Eberlin MN, Ferreira BRV. Unveiling the mechanism of N-methylation of indole with dimethylcarbonate using either DABCO or DBU as catalyst. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4707. [PMID: 33590578 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the catalyst used, N-methylation of indole with dimethylcarbonate (DMC)-an environmentally friendly alkylation agent-yields different products. With 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), the reaction forms only N-methylated indole, but with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), both N-methylated and N-methoxycarbonylated indole are formed. Using direct ESI(+)-MS monitoring to collect actual snapshots of the changing ionic composition of the reaction solution, we report on the interception and characterization of key intermediates for such reactions. Although a mechanism has been proposed with methoxycarbonylated base as the key intermediate for both DBU and DABCO, the ESI(+)-MS data and B3LYP-D3/6-311+G** calculations suggest that the reaction of DMC with indole under either DABCO or DBU catalysis follows contrasting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Vendramini
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zeoly
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cormanich
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Michael Buehl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
- MackMass Laboratory, School of Engineering-PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Rua da Consolação, 896, São Paulo, São Paulo, 01302-907, Brazil
| | - Bruno R V Ferreira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Northern Minas Gerais-IFNMG, PO Box 71, Salinas, Minas Gerais, 39560-000, Brazil
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11
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Kim RY, Rivera H, Evarts SE, Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Willis RR, Galloway DB, Falih F, McCall MJ, Smith SJ, Perz K, Smotkin ES. A Laser-Activated Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry Study of Proton Spillover Promoted Alkane Dehydrogenation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13462-13469. [PMID: 32907325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Operando high-throughput evaluation of heterogeneous catalysts by laser-activated membrane introduction mass spectrometry (LAMIMS) elucidates the Pt loading dependence of methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation on platinized γ-alumina beads. A CO2 marking laser rapidly and sequentially heats catalyst beads positioned on a heat-dissipating carbon paper support that overlays a silicone membrane, separating the bead library reaction zone from a quadrupole mass analyzer. The toluene m/z peak varies logarithmically with Pt loading, suggesting that reactivity includes factors that are negatively correlated to Pt loading. These factors may include the Pt/γ-Al2O3 surface interfacial region as one component of a heterogeneous catalytically active surface area/mass. This work demonstrates LAMIMS as a broadly applicable high-throughput operando screening method for heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yongtae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Harry Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Sara E Evarts
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - José A Rodríguez-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
| | - Richard R Willis
- UOP LLC, a Honeywell Company, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 United States
| | | | - Falaah Falih
- UOP LLC, a Honeywell Company, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 United States
| | - Michael J McCall
- UOP LLC, a Honeywell Company, Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 United States
| | - S Jackson Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kyra Perz
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eugene S Smotkin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Tsizin S, Fialkov AB, Amirav A. Analysis of impurities in pharmaceuticals by LC-MS with cold electron ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4587. [PMID: 32662574 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals require careful and precise determination of their impurities that might harm the user upon consumption. Although today, the most common technique for impurities identification is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), it has several downsides due to the nature of the ionization method. Also, the analyses in many cases are targeted thus despite being present, some of the compounds will not be revealed. In this paper, we propose and show a new method for untargeted analysis and identification of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The instrument used for these analyses is a novel electron ionization (EI) LC-MS with supersonic molecular beams (SMB). The EI-LC-MS-SMB was implemented for analyses of several drug samples spiked with an impurity. The instrument provides EI mass spectra with enhanced molecular ions, named Cold EI, which increases the identification probabilities when the compound is identified with the aid of an EI library like National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We analyzed ibuprofen and its impurities, and both the API and the expected impurity were identified with names and structures by the NIST library. Moreover, other unexpected impurities were found and identified proving the ability of the EI-LC-MS-SMB system for truly untargeted analysis. The results show a broad dynamic range of four orders of magnitude at the same run with a signal-to-noise ratio of over 10 000 for the API and almost uniform response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tsizin
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | | | - Aviv Amirav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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