1
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Molway MJ, Bales-Shaffer L, Ranta K, Ball J, Sparling E, Prince M, Cocking D, Basler D, Murphy M, Kidd BE, Gafar AT, Porter J, Albin K, Rosen MS, Chekmenev EY, Michael Snow W, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM. Dramatic improvement in the "Bulk" hyperpolarization of 131Xe via spin exchange optical pumping probed using in situ low-field NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 354:107521. [PMID: 37487304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on hyperpolarization of quadrupolar (I=3/2) 131Xe via spin-exchange optical pumping. Observations of the 131Xe polarization dynamics via in situ low-field NMR show that the estimated alkali-metal/131Xe spin-exchange rates can be large enough to compete with 131Xe spin relaxation. 131Xe polarization up to 7.6±1.5% was achieved in ∼8.5×1020 spins-a ∼100-fold improvement in the total spin angular momentum-potentially enabling various applications, including: measurement of spin-dependent neutron-131Xe s-wave scattering; sensitive searches for time-reversal violation in neutron-131Xe interactions beyond the Standard Model; and surface-sensitive pulmonary MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Molway
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Liana Bales-Shaffer
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Kaili Ranta
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - James Ball
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eleanor Sparling
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mia Prince
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel Cocking
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dustin Basler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Megan Murphy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Bryce E Kidd
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Abdulbasit Tobi Gafar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Justin Porter
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Kierstyn Albin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit 48202, MI, USA; Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - W Michael Snow
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 62901, IL, USA.
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2
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Peters JP, Brahms A, Janicaud V, Anikeeva M, Peschke E, Ellermann F, Ferrari A, Hellmold D, Held-Feindt J, Kim NM, Meiser J, Aden K, Herges R, Hövener JB, Pravdivtsev AN. Nitrogen-15 dynamic nuclear polarization of nicotinamide derivatives in biocompatible solutions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3643. [PMID: 37611105 PMCID: PMC10446501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) increases the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging by more than 10,000 times, enabling in vivo metabolic imaging to be performed noninvasively in real time. Here, we are developing a group of dDNP polarized tracers based on nicotinamide (NAM). We synthesized 1-15N-NAM and 1-15N nicotinic acid and hyperpolarized them with dDNP, reaching (13.0 ± 1.9)% 15N polarization. We found that the lifetime of hyperpolarized 1-15N-NAM is strongly field- and pH-dependent, with T1 being as long as 41 s at a pH of 12 and 1 T while as short as a few seconds at neutral pH and fields below 1 T. The remarkably short 1-15N lifetime at low magnetic fields and neutral pH drove us to establish a unique pH neutralization procedure. Using 15N dDNP and an inexpensive rodent imaging probe designed in-house, we acquired a 15N MRI of 1-15N-NAM (previously hyperpolarized for more than an hour) in less than 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh P. Peters
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Brahms
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivian Janicaud
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Anikeeva
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frowin Ellermann
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arianna Ferrari
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dana Hellmold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Na-mi Kim
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Cancer Metabolism Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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4
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Investigating Rubidium Density and Temperature Distributions in a High-Throughput 129Xe-Rb Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping Polarizer. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010011. [PMID: 36615208 PMCID: PMC9822042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the rubidium (Rb) vapor density, [Rb], is necessary to correctly model the spin dynamics of 129Xe-Rb spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). Here we present a systematic evaluation of [Rb] within a high-throughput 129Xe-Rb hyperpolarizer during continuous-flow SEOP. Near-infrared (52S1/2→52P1/2 (D1)/52P3/2 (D2)) and violet (52S1/2→62P1/2/62P3/2) atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to measure [Rb] within 3.5 L cylindrical SEOP cells containing different spatial distributions and amounts of Rb metal. We were able to quantify deviation from the Beer-Lambert law at high optical depth for D2 and 62P3/2 absorption by comparison with measurements of the D1 and 62P1/2 absorption lines, respectively. D2 absorption deviates from the Beer-Lambert law at [Rb]D2>4×1017 m−3 whilst 52S1/2→62P3/2 absorption deviates from the Beer-Lambert law at [Rb]6P3/2>(4.16±0.01)×1019 m−3. The measured [Rb] was used to estimate a 129Xe-Rb spin exchange cross section of γ′=(1.2±0.1)×10−21 m3 s−1, consistent with spin-exchange cross sections from the literature. Significant [Rb] heterogeneity was observed in a SEOP cell containing 1 g of Rb localized at the back of the cell. While [Rb] homogeneity was improved for a greater surface area of the Rb source distribution in the cell, or by using a Rb presaturator, the measured [Rb] was consistently lower than that predicted by saturation Rb vapor density curves. Efforts to optimize [Rb] and thermal management within spin polarizer systems are necessary to maximize potential future enhancements of this technology.
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5
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Stäglich R, Kemnitzer TW, Harder MC, Schmutzler A, Meinhart M, Keenan CD, Rössler EA, Senker J. Portable Hyperpolarized Xe-129 Apparatus with Long-Time Stable Polarization Mediated by Adaptable Rb Vapor Density. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2578-2589. [PMID: 35420816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary sensitivity of 129Xe, hyperpolarized by spin-exchange optical pumping, is essential for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in life and materials sciences. However, fluctuations of the polarization over time still limit the reproducibility and quantification with which the interconnectivity of pore spaces can be analyzed. Here, we present a polarizer that not only produces a continuous stream of hyperpolarized 129Xe but also maintains stable polarization levels on the order of hours, independent of gas flow rates. The polarizer features excellent magnetization production rates of about 70 mL/h and 129Xe polarization values on the order of 40% at moderate system pressures. Key design features include a vertically oriented, large-capacity two-bodied pumping cell and a separate Rb presaturation chamber having its own temperature control, independent of the main pumping cell oven. The separate presaturation chamber allows for precise control of the Rb vapor density by restricting the Rb load and varying the temperature. The polarizer is both compact and transportable─making it easily storable─and adaptable for use in various sample environments. Time-evolved two-dimensional (2D) exchange spectra of 129Xe absorbed in the microporous metal-organic framework CAU-1-AmMe are presented to highlight the quantitative nature of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stäglich
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias W Kemnitzer
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marie C Harder
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Adrian Schmutzler
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcel Meinhart
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Caroline D Keenan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Carson-Newman University, 1645 Russel Avenue, Jefferson City, Tennessee 37760, United States
| | - Ernst A Rössler
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Norquay G, Collier GJ, Rodgers OI, Gill AB, Screaton NJ, Wild J. Standalone portable xenon-129 hyperpolariser for multicentre clinical magnetic resonance imaging of the lungs. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20210872. [PMID: 35100003 PMCID: PMC9153725 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Design and build a portable xenon-129 (129Xe) hyperpolariser for clinically accessible 129Xe lung MRI. METHODS The polariser system consists of six main functional components: (i) a laser diode array and optics; (ii) a B0 coil assembly; (iii) an oven containing an optical cell; (iv) NMR and optical spectrometers; (v) a gas-handling manifold; and (vi) a cryostat within a permanent magnet. All components run without external utilities such as compressed air or three-phase electricity, and require just three mains sockets for operation. The system can be manually transported in a lightweight van and rapidly installed on a small estates footprint in a hospital setting. RESULTS The polariser routinely provides polarised 129Xe for routine clinical lung MRI. To test the concept of portability and rapid deployment, it was transported 200 km, installed at a hospital with no previous experience with the technology and 129Xe MR images of a diagnostic quality were acquired the day after system transport and installation. CONCLUSION This portable 129Xe hyperpolariser system could form the basis of a cost-effective platform for wider clinical dissemination and multicentre evaluation of 129Xe lung MR imaging. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Our work successfully demonstrates the feasibility of multicentre clinical 129Xe MRI with a portable hyperpolariser system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guilhem J Collier
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Oliver I Rodgers
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew B Gill
- Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas J Screaton
- Department of Radiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jim Wild
- POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Joalland B, Chekmenev EY. Scanning Nuclear Spin Level Anticrossings by Constant-Adiabaticity Magnetic Field Sweeping of Parahydrogen-Induced 13C Polarization. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1925-1930. [PMID: 35180341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The polarization transfer between 1H protons and 13C heteronuclei is of central importance in the development of parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization techniques dedicated to the production of 13C-hyperpolarized molecular probes. Here we unveil the spin conversion efficiency in the polarization transfer between parahydrogen-derived protons and 13C nuclei of an ethyl acetate biomolecule, formed by the homogeneous hydrogenation of vinyl acetate with parahydrogen, obtained by applying constant-adiabaticity sweep profiles at ultralow magnetic fields. The experiments employed natural C-13 abundance. Spin level anticrossings can be detected experimentally using a scanning approach and are selected to improve the polarization transfer efficiency. 13C polarization of up to 12% is readily achieved on the carbonyl center. The results demonstrate the simplicity, reproducibility, and high conversion efficiency of the technique, opening the door for a refined manipulation of hyperpolarized spins in both basic science experiments (e.g., state-selected spectroscopy in the strong-coupling regime) and biomedical nuclear magnetic resonance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia
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8
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Pilot Quality-Assurance Study of a Third-Generation Batch-Mode Clinical-Scale Automated Xenon-129 Hyperpolarizer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041327. [PMID: 35209116 PMCID: PMC8879294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a pilot quality assurance (QA) study of a clinical-scale, automated, third-generation (GEN-3) 129Xe hyperpolarizer employing batch-mode spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) with high-Xe densities (50% natural abundance Xe and 50% N2 in ~2.6 atm total pressure sourced from Nova Gas Technologies) and rapid temperature ramping enabled by an aluminum heating jacket surrounding the 0.5 L SEOP cell. 129Xe hyperpolarization was performed over the course of 700 gas loading cycles of the SEOP cell, simulating long-term hyperpolarized contrast agent production in a clinical lung imaging setting. High levels of 129Xe polarization (avg. %PXe = 51.0% with standard deviation σPXe = 3.0%) were recorded with fast 129Xe polarization build-up time constants (avg. Tb = 25.1 min with standard deviation σTb = 3.1 min) across the first 500 SEOP cell refills, using moderate temperatures of 75 °C. These results demonstrate a more than 2-fold increase in build-up rate relative to previously demonstrated results in a comparable QA study on a second-generation (GEN-2) 129Xe hyperpolarizer device, with only a minor reduction in maximum achievable %PXe and with greater consistency over a larger number of SEOP cell refill processes at a similar polarization lifetime duration (avg. T1 = 82.4 min, standard deviation σT1 = 10.8 min). Additionally, the effects of varying SEOP jacket temperatures, distribution of Rb metal, and preparation and operation of the fluid path are quantified in the context of device installation, performance optimization and maintenance to consistently produce high 129Xe polarization values, build-up rates (Tb as low as 6 min) and lifetimes over the course of a typical high-throughput 129Xe polarization SEOP cell life cycle. The results presented further demonstrate the significant potential for hyperpolarized 129Xe contrast agent in imaging and bio-sensing applications on a clinical scale.
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9
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Abstract
The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) in the clinical setting enables the acquisition of valuable anatomical information in a rapid, non-invasive fashion. However, MRI applications for identifying disease-related biomarkers are limited due to low sensitivity at clinical magnetic field strengths. The development of hyperpolarized (hp) 129Xe MRI/MRS techniques as complements to traditional 1H-based imaging has been a burgeoning area of research over the past two decades. Pioneering experiments have shown that hp 129Xe can be encapsulated within host molecules to generate ultrasensitive biosensors. In particular, xenon has high affinity for cryptophanes, which are small organic cages that can be functionalized with affinity tags, fluorophores, solubilizing groups, and other moieties to identify biomedically relevant analytes. Cryptophane sensors designed for proteins, metal ions, nucleic acids, pH, and temperature have achieved nanomolar-to-femtomolar limits of detection via a combination of 129Xe hyperpolarization and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) techniques. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI. This review aims to summarize the development of cryptophane biosensors for 129Xe MRI applications, while highlighting innovative biosensor designs and the consequent enhancements in detection sensitivity, which will be invaluable in expanding the scope of 129Xe MRI.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge D Zemerov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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10
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Khan AS, Harvey RL, Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Nikolaou P, Schrank G, Emami K, Dummer A, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. Enabling Clinical Technologies for Hyperpolarized 129 Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22126-22147. [PMID: 34018297 PMCID: PMC8478785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is a technique that can increase nuclear spin polarization with the corresponding gains in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals by 4-8 orders of magnitude. When this process is applied to biologically relevant samples, the hyperpolarized molecules can be used as exogenous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. A technique called spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) can be applied to hyperpolarize noble gases such as 129 Xe. Techniques based on hyperpolarized 129 Xe are poised to revolutionize clinical lung imaging, offering a non-ionizing, high-contrast alternative to computed tomography (CT) imaging and conventional proton MRI. Moreover, CT and conventional proton MRI report on lung tissue structure but provide little functional information. On the other hand, when a subject breathes hyperpolarized 129 Xe gas, functional lung images reporting on lung ventilation, perfusion and diffusion with 3D readout can be obtained in seconds. In this Review, the physics of SEOP is discussed and the different production modalities are explained in the context of their clinical application. We also briefly compare SEOP to other hyperpolarization methods and conclude this paper with the outlook for biomedical applications of hyperpolarized 129 Xe to lung imaging and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alixander S Khan
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rebecca L Harvey
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Birchall
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Geoffry Schrank
- Northrup Grumman Space Systems, 45101 Warp Drive, Sterling, VA, 20166, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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11
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Khan AS, Harvey RL, Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Nikolaou P, Schrank G, Emami K, Dummer A, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. Enabling Clinical Technologies for Hyperpolarized
129
Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alixander S. Khan
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Rebecca L. Harvey
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jonathan R. Birchall
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio) Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) 5101 Cass Avenue Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Robert K. Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - Geoffry Schrank
- Northrup Grumman Space Systems 45101 Warp Drive Sterling VA 20166 USA
| | | | | | - Michael J. Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Southern Illinois University 1245 Lincoln Drive Carbondale IL 62901 USA
- Materials Technology Center Southern Illinois University 1245 Lincoln Drive Carbondale IL 62901 USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio) Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) 5101 Cass Avenue Detroit MI 48202 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy Prospekt 14 Moscow 119991 Russia
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12
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Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Chowdhury MRH, Nikolaou P, Goodson BM, Barlow MJ, Shcherbakov A, Chekmenev EY. Automated Low-Cost In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy Characterization of Clinical-Scale 129Xe Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3883-3888. [PMID: 33591160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present on the utility of in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic techniques for automated advanced analysis of the 129Xe hyperpolarization process during spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). The developed software protocol, written in the MATLAB programming language, facilitates detailed characterization of hyperpolarized contrast agent production efficiency based on determination of key performance indicators, including the maximum achievable 129Xe polarization, steady-state Rb-129Xe spin-exchange and 129Xe polarization build-up rates, 129Xe spin-relaxation rates, and estimates of steady-state Rb electron polarization. Mapping the dynamics of 129Xe polarization and relaxation as a function of SEOP temperature enables systematic optimization of the batch-mode SEOP process. The automated analysis of a typical experimental data set, encompassing ∼300 raw NMR and NIR spectra combined across six different SEOP temperatures, can be performed in under 5 min on a laptop computer. The protocol is designed to be robust in operation on any batch-mode SEOP hyperpolarizer device. In particular, we demonstrate the implementation of a combination of low-cost NIR and low-frequency NMR spectrometers (∼$1,100 and ∼$300 respectively, ca. 2020) for use in the described protocols. The demonstrated methodology will aid in the characterization of NMR hyperpolarization hardware in the context of SEOP and other hyperpolarization techniques for more robust and less expensive clinical production of HP 129Xe and other contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Md Raduanul H Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | | | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Shcherbakov
- Smart-A, Perm, Perm Region 614000, Russia.,Custom Medical Systems (CMS) LTD, Nicosia 2312, Cyprus
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia
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13
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Marshall H, Stewart NJ, Chan HF, Rao M, Norquay G, Wild JM. In vivo methods and applications of xenon-129 magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:42-62. [PMID: 33632417 PMCID: PMC7933823 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised gas lung MRI using xenon-129 can provide detailed 3D images of the ventilated lung airspaces, and can be applied to quantify lung microstructure and detailed aspects of lung function such as gas exchange. It is sensitive to functional and structural changes in early lung disease and can be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression and therapy response. The ability of 129Xe to dissolve into the blood stream and its chemical shift sensitivity to its local environment allow monitoring of gas exchange in the lungs, perfusion of the brain and kidneys, and blood oxygenation. This article reviews the methods and applications of in vivo129Xe MR in humans, with a focus on the physics of polarisation by optical pumping, radiofrequency coil and pulse sequence design, and the in vivo applications of 129Xe MRI and MRS to examine lung ventilation, microstructure and gas exchange, blood oxygenation, and perfusion of the brain and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Marshall
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Stewart
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ho-Fung Chan
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Madhwesha Rao
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Norquay
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Imaging Sciences, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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14
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Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Nikolaou P, Coffey AM, Kidd BE, Murphy M, Molway M, Bales LB, Ranta K, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM, Rosen MS, Chekmenev EY. XeUS: A second-generation automated open-source batch-mode clinical-scale hyperpolarizer. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 319:106813. [PMID: 32932118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a second-generation open-source automated batch-mode 129Xe hyperpolarizer (XeUS GEN-2), designed for clinical-scale hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe production via spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) in the regimes of high Xe density (0.66-2.5 atm partial pressure) and resonant photon flux (~170 W, Δλ = 0.154 nm FWHM), without the need for cryo-collection typically employed by continuous-flow hyperpolarizers. An Arduino micro-controller was used for hyperpolarizer operation. Processing open-source software was employed to program a custom graphical user interface (GUI), capable of remote automation. The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) was used to design a variety of customized automation sequences such as temperature ramping, NMR signal acquisition, and SEOP cell refilling for increased reliability. A polycarbonate 3D-printed oven equipped with a thermo-electric cooler/heater provides thermal stability for SEOP for both binary (Xe/N2) and ternary (4He-containing) SEOP cell gas mixtures. Quantitative studies of the 129Xe hyperpolarization process demonstrate that near-unity polarization can be achieved in a 0.5 L SEOP cell. For example, %PXe of 93.2 ± 2.9% is achieved at 0.66 atm Xe pressure with polarization build-up rate constant γSEOP = 0.040 ± 0.005 min-1, giving a max dose equivalent ≈ 0.11 L/h 100% hyperpolarized, 100% enriched 129Xe; %PXe of 72.6 ± 1.4% is achieved at 1.75 atm Xe pressure with γSEOP of 0.041 ± 0.001 min-1, yielding a corresponding max dose equivalent of 0.27 L/h. Quality assurance studies on this device have demonstrated the potential to refill SEOP cells hundreds of times without significant losses in performance, with average %PXe = 71.7%, (standard deviation σP = 1.52%) and mean polarization lifetime T1 = 90.5 min, (standard deviation σT = 10.3 min) over the first ~200 gas mixture refills, with sufficient performance maintained across a further ~700 refills. These findings highlight numerous technological developments and have significant translational relevance for efficient production of gaseous HP 129Xe contrast agents for use in clinical imaging and bio-sensing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Bryce E Kidd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Megan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Michael Molway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Liana B Bales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Kaili Ranta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States; Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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15
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Birchall JR, Irwin RK, Nikolaou P, Pokochueva EV, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM, Chekmenev EY. Pilot multi-site quality assurance study of batch-mode clinical-scale automated xenon-129 hyperpolarizers. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 316:106755. [PMID: 32512397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a pilot quality assurance (QA) study of spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) performed on two nearly identical second-generation (GEN-2) automated batch-mode clinical-scale 129Xe hyperpolarizers, each utilizing a convective forced air oven, high-power (~170 W) continuous pump laser irradiation, and xenon-rich gas mixtures (~1.30 atm partial pressure). In one study, the repeatability of SEOP in a 1000 Torr Xe/900 Torr N2/100 Torr 4He (2000 Torr total pressure) gas mixture is evaluated over the course of ~700 gas loading cycles, with negligible decrease in performance during the first ~200 cycles, and with high 129Xe polarization levels (avg. %PXe = 71.7% with standard deviation σPXe = 1.5%), build-up rates (avg. γSEOP = 0.019 min-1 with standard deviation σγ = 0.003 min-1) and polarization lifetimes (avg. T1 = 90.5 min with standard deviation σT = 10.3 min) reported at moderate oven temperature of ~70 °C. Although the SEOP cell in this study exhibited a detectable performance decrease after 400 cycles, the cell continued to produce potentially useable HP 129Xe with %PXe = 42.3 ± 0.6% even after nearly 700 refill cycles. The possibility of "regenerating" "dormant" (i.e., not used for an extended period of time) SEOP cells using repeated temperature cycling methods to recover %PXe is also demonstrated. The quality and consistency of results show significant promise for translation to clinical-scale production of hyperpolarized 129Xe contrast agents for imaging and bio-sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ekaterina V Pokochueva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States; Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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16
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Birchall JR, Nikolaou P, Irwin RK, Barlow MJ, Ranta K, Coffey AM, Goodson BM, Pokochueva EV, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Helium-rich mixtures for improved batch-mode clinical-scale spin-exchange optical pumping of Xenon-129. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 315:106739. [PMID: 32408239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present studies of spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) using ternary xenon-nitrogen-helium gas mixtures at high xenon partial pressures (up to 1330 Torr partial pressure at loading, out of 2660 Torr total pressure) in a 500-mL volume SEOP cell, using two automated batch-mode clinical-scale 129Xe hyperpolarizers operating under continuous high-power (~170 W) pump laser irradiation. In this pilot study, we explore SEOP in gas mixtures with up to 45% 4He content under a wide range of experimental conditions. When an aluminum jacket cooling/heating design was employed (GEN-3 hyperpolarizer), 129Xe polarization (%PXe) of 55.9 ± 0.9% was observed with mono-exponential build-up rate γSEOP of 0.049 ± 0.001 min-1 for the 4He-rich mixture (1000 Torr Xe/900 Torr He, 100 Torr N2), compared to %PXe of 49.3 ± 3.3% at γSEOP of 0.035 ± 0.004 min-1 for the N2-rich gas mixture (1000 Torr Xe/100 Torr He, 900 Torr N2). When forced-air cooling/heating was used (GEN-2 hyperpolarizer), %PXe of 83.9 ± 2.7% was observed at γSEOP of 0.045 ± 0.005 min-1 for the 4He-rich mixture (1000 Torr Xe/900 Torr He, 100 Torr N2), compared to %PXe of 73.5 ± 1.3% at γSEOP of 0.028 ± 0.001 min-1 for the N2-rich gas mixture (1000 Torr Xe and 1000 Torr N2). Additionally, %PXe of 72.6 ± 1.4% was observed at a build-up rate γSEOP of 0.041 ± 0.003 min-1 for a super-high-density 4He-rich mixture (1330 Torr Xe/1200 Torr 4He/130 Torr N2), compared to %PXe = 56.6 ± 1.3% at a build-up rate of γSEOP of 0.034 ± 0.002 min-1 for an N2-rich mixture (1330 Torr Xe/1330 Torr N2) using forced air cooling/heating. The observed SEOP hyperpolarization performance under these conditions corresponds to %PXe improvement by a factor of 1.14 ± 0.04 at 1000 Torr Xe density and by up to a factor of 1.28 ± 0.04 at 1330 Torr Xe density at improved SEOP build-up rates by factors of 1.61 ± 0.18 and 1.21 ± 0.11 respectively. Record %PXe levels have been obtained here: 83.9 ± 2.7% at 1000 Torr Xe partial pressure and 72.6 ± 1.4% at 1330 Torr Xe partial pressure. In addition to improved thermal stability for SEOP, the use of 4He-rich gas mixtures also reduces the overall density of produced inhalable HP contrast agents; this property may be desirable for HP 129Xe inhalation by human subjects in clinical settings-especially in populations with heavily impaired lung function. The described approach should enjoy ready application in the production of inhalable 129Xe contrast agent with near-unity 129Xe nuclear spin polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | | | - Robert K Irwin
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kaili Ranta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States; Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Ekaterina V Pokochueva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Street 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, United States; Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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