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Zhao Z, Chua HM, Lai HY, Ng KW. A facile method to fabricate versatile keratin cryogels for tissue engineering applications. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025048. [PMID: 38364277 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad2a3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Human hair keratin (HHK) has been extensively explored as a biomaterial for soft tissue regeneration due to their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. The possibility to fabricate HHK into three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels with physical properties resembling soft tissues has been well demonstrated. However, conventional keratin hydrogels often exhibit a dense architecture that could hinder cell filtration. In the present study, HHK-based cryogels were fabricated using a freeze-thaw (FT) method, where oxidized dopamine (ODA) was employed to covalently crosslink thiol/amine rich-keratin molecules at sub-zero temperatures. The obtained HHK-ODA cryogels have micron-sized pores ranging between 100 and 200 μm and mechanical properties that can be tuned by varying the crosslinking density between ODA and HHK. Through optimization of the weight content of ODA and the number of FT cycles, the compressive strengths and stiffnesses of these cryogels achieved 15-fold increments from ∼1.5 kPa to ∼22 kPa and ∼300 Pa to ∼5000 Pa, respectively. The HHK-ODA cryogels competently supported human dermal fibroblast spreading and proliferation. Overall, this study exhibited a facile method to fabricate mechanically superior keratin-based cryogels with cell compatible microarchitecture, circumventing the need for complicated chemical modifications and the use of cytotoxic crosslinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Min Chua
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Ke Y, Wu J, Ye Y, Zhang X, Gu T, Wang Y, Jiang F, Yu J. Feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel promotes bone regeneration by stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125330. [PMID: 37307978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects caused by bone trauma, infection, surgery, or other systemic diseases remain a severe challenge for the medical field. To address this clinical problem, different hydrogels were exploited to promote bone tissue regrowth and regeneration. Keratins are natural fibrous proteins found in wool, hair, horns, nails, and feather. Due to their unique characteristics of outstanding biocompatibility, great biodegradability, and hydrophilic, keratins have been widely applicated in different fields. In our study, the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels that consist of keratin hydrogels serving as the scaffold support to accommodate endogenous stem cells and montmorillonite is synthesized. The introduction of montmorillonite greatly improves the osteogenic effect of the keratin hydrogels via bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1/5/8 (p-SMAD 1/5/8)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression. Moreover, the incorporation of montmorillonite into hydrogels can improve the mechanical properties and bioactivity of the hydrogels. The morphology of feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to have an interconnected porous structure. The incorporation of montmorillonite into the keratin hydrogels was confirmed by the energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). We prove that the feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels enhance the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, micro-CT and histological analysis of rat cranial bone defect demonstrated that feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels dramatically stimulated bone regeneration in vivo. Collectively, feather keratin-montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogels can regulate BMP/SMAD signaling pathway to stimulate osteogenic differentiation of endogenous stem cells and promote bone defect healing, indicating their promising candidate in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Stomatology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Institute of Periodontology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingjie Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of General Dentistry, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Duan C, Yu M, Hu C, Xia H, Kankala RK. Polymeric microcarriers for minimally-invasive cell delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1076179. [PMID: 36777246 PMCID: PMC9908582 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1076179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims at restoring tissue defects by applying the three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic pre-formed scaffolds to restore, maintain, and enhance tissue growth. Broadly speaking, this approach has created a potential impact in anticipating organ-building, which could reduce the need for organ replacement therapy. However, the implantation of such cell-laden biomimetic constructs based on substantial open surgeries often results in severe inflammatory reactions at the incision site, leading to the generation of a harsh adverse environment where cell survival is low. To overcome such limitations, micro-sized injectable modularized units based on various biofabrication approaches as ideal delivery vehicles for cells and various growth factors have garnered compelling interest owing to their minimally-invasive nature, ease of packing cells, and improved cell retention efficacy. Several advancements have been made in fabricating various 3D biomimetic microscale carriers for cell delivery applications. In this review, we explicitly discuss the progress of the microscale cell carriers that potentially pushed the borders of TE, highlighting their design, ability to deliver cells and substantial tissue growth in situ and in vivo from different viewpoints of materials chemistry and biology. Finally, we summarize the perspectives highlighting current challenges and expanding opportunities of these innovative carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Duan
- School of New Energy and Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China,*Correspondence: Ranjith Kumar Kankala, ; Chunyan Duan,
| | - Mingjia Yu
- School of New Energy and Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | - Changji Hu
- School of New Energy and Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan Polytechnic, Foshan, China
| | - Hongying Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China,*Correspondence: Ranjith Kumar Kankala, ; Chunyan Duan,
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Chen L, Meng R, Qing R, Li W, Wang Z, Hou Y, Deng J, Pu W, Gao Z, Wang B, Hao S. Bioinspired Robust Keratin Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8835-8844. [PMID: 36375092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although keratins are robust in nature, hydrogels producing their extracts exhibit poor mechanical properties due to the complicated composition and ineffective self-assembly. Here we report a bioinspired strategy to fabricate robust keratin hydrogels based on mechanism study through recombinant proteins. Homotypic and heterotypic self-assembly of selected type I and type II keratins in different combinations was conducted to identify crucial domain structures for the process, their kinetics, and relationship with the mechanical strength of hydrogels. Segments with best performance were isolated and used to construct novel assembling units. The new design outperformed combinations of native proteins in mechanical properties and in biomedical applications such as controlled drug release and skin regeneration. Our approach not only elucidated the critical structural domains and underlying mechanisms for keratin self-assembly but also opens an avenue toward the rational design of robust keratin hydrogels for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Run Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rui Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jia Deng
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Wei Pu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base─Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Material Properties and Cell Compatibility of Photo-Crosslinked Sericin Urethane Methacryloyl Hydrogel. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090543. [PMID: 36135255 PMCID: PMC9498915 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop novel cytocompatible hydrogels for cell encapsulation and delivery in regenerative medicine. The objective of this work was to synthesize isocyanato ethyl methacryloyl-functionalized sericin and determine its material properties as a natural hydrogel for the encapsulation and delivery of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine. Sericin extracted from silk cocoons was reacted with 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) or methacrylic anhydride (MA) to produce sericin urethane methacryloyl (SerAte-UM) or sericin methacryloyl (SerAte-M, control) biopolymers, respectively. The hydrogels produced by photo-crosslinking of the biopolymers in an aqueous solution were characterized with respect to gelation kinetics, microstructure, compressive modulus, water content, degradation, permeability, and viability of encapsulated cells. The secondary structure of citric acid-extracted sericin was not affected by functionalization with IEM or MA. SerAte-UM hydrogel was slightly more hydrophilic than SerAte-M. The gelation time of SerAte-UM hydrogel decreased with an increasing degree of modification. The photo-polymerized SerAte-UM hydrogel had a highly porous, fibrous, honeycomb microstructure with an average pore size in the 40−50 µm range. The compressive modulus, swelling ratio, and permeability of SerAte-UM hydrogel depended on the degree of modification of sericin, and the mass loss after 21 days of incubation in aqueous solution was <25%. Both SerAte-UM and SerAte-M hydrogels supported viability and growth in encapsulated MSCs. The SerAte-UM hydrogel, with its higher hydrophilicity compared to SerAte-M, is promising as a matrix for encapsulation and delivery of stem cells in tissue engineering.
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Yan RR, Xue D, Su C, Xu Y, Gong JS, Liu YL, Jiang M, Geng Y, Lv GZ, Xu ZH, Shi JS. A keratin/chitosan sponge with excellent hemostatic performance for uncontrolled bleeding. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112770. [PMID: 35988313 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled bleeding leads to a higher fatality rate in the situation of surgery, traffic accidents and warfare. Traditional hemostatic materials such as bandages are not ideal for uncontrolled or incompressible bleeding. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a new medical biomaterial with excellent rapid hemostatic effect. Keratin is a natural, biocompatible and biodegradable protein which contains amino acid sequences that induce cell adhesion. As a potential biomedical material, keratin has been developed and paid attention in tissue engineering fields such as promoting wound healing and nerve repair. Herein, a keratin/chitosan (K/C) sponge was prepared to achieve rapid hemostasis. The characterizations of K/C sponge were investigated, including SEM, TGA, liquid absorption and porosity, showing that the high porosity up to 90.12 ± 2.17 % resulted in an excellent blood absorption. The cytotoxicity test and implantation experiment proved that the K/C sponge was biocompatible and biodegradable. Moreover, the prepared K/C sponge showed better hemostatic performance than chitosan sponge (CS) and the commercially available gelatin sponge in both rat tail amputation and liver trauma bleeding models. Further experiments showed that K/C sponge plays a hemostatic role through the endogenous coagulation pathway, thus shortening the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) effectively. Therefore, this study provided a K/C sponge which can be served as a promising biomedical hemostatic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Rong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Dai Xue
- Department of Stomatology, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi 214023, PR China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062 PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Guo-Zhong Lv
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062 PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Brodin E, Boehmer M, Prentice A, Neff E, McCoy K, Mueller J, Saul J, Sparks JL. Extrusion 3D printing of keratin protein hydrogels free of exogenous chemical agents. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35793683 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac7f15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are a class of intermediate filament proteins that can be obtained from numerous sources including human hair. Materials fabricated from keratins offer desirable characteristics as scaffolds for tissue engineering, including intrinsic cell adhesion sequences and tunable degradation kinetics. The capacity to create 3D printed constructs from keratin-based bio-inks generates unique opportunities for spatial control of scaffold physicochemical properties to direct scaffold functions in ways not readily achieved through other means. The aim of this study was to leverage the controllable rheological properties of keratin hydrogels to create a strategy for extrusion 3D printing of keratin bio-inks without the use of exogenous rheological modifiers, crosslinking agents, or photocurable resins. The rheological properties of keratin hydrogels were tuned by varying two parameters: (a) the ratio of keratose (obtained by oxidative extraction of keratin) to kerateine (obtained by reductive extraction of keratin); and (b) the weight percentage of total keratin protein in the gel. A computational model of the dispensing nozzle for a commercially available extrusion 3D printer was developed to calculate the needed pneumatic printing pressures based on the known rheological properties of the gels. Keratin hydrogel constructs, of varying keratose/kerateine ratios and total keratin weight percentages, were 3D printed in cylindrical geometries via extrusion 3D printing. Rheology and degradation studies showed that gels with greater relative kerateine content exhibited greater flow resistance and slower degradation kinetics when submerged in phosphate buffered saline solution at 37 °C, owing to the presence of cysteine residues in kerateine and the capability of forming disulfide bonds. Total keratin weight percentage was found to influence gel yield stress, with possible implications for tuning filament fidelity. Findings from this work support the use of keratose/kerateine ratio and total keratin weight percentage as handles for modulating rheological characteristics of keratin hydrogels to enhance printability and control scaffold properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Brodin
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Melanie Boehmer
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Prentice
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily Neff
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Kathleen McCoy
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Jens Mueller
- High Performance Computing Services, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Justin Saul
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
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Timorshina S, Popova E, Osmolovskiy A. Sustainable Applications of Animal Waste Proteins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081601. [PMID: 35458349 PMCID: PMC9027211 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the growth of the global population leads to an increase in demand for agricultural products. Expanding the obtaining and consumption of food products results in a scale up in the amount of by-products formed, the development of processing methods for which is becoming an urgent task of modern science. Collagen and keratin make up a significant part of the animal origin protein waste, and the potential for their biotechnological application is almost inexhaustible. The specific fibrillar structure allows collagen and keratin to be in demand in bioengineering in various forms and formats, as a basis for obtaining hydrogels, nanoparticles and scaffolds for regenerative medicine and targeted drug delivery, films for the development of biodegradable packaging materials, etc. This review describes the variety of sustainable sources of collagen and keratin and the beneficial application multiformity of these proteins.
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Jabbari E, Sepahvandi A. Decellularized Articular Cartilage Microgels as Microcarriers for Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030148. [PMID: 35323261 PMCID: PMC8949257 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional microcarriers used for expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) require detachment and separation of the cells from the carrier prior to use in clinical applications for regeneration of articular cartilage, and the carrier can cause undesirable phenotypic changes in the expanded cells. This work describes a novel approach to expand hMSCs on biomimetic carriers based on adult or fetal decellularized bovine articular cartilage that supports tissue regeneration without the need to detach the expanded cells from the carrier. In this approach, the fetal or adult bovine articular cartilage was minced, decellularized, freeze-dried, ground, and sieved to produce articular cartilage microgels (CMGs) in a specified size range. Next, the hMSCs were expanded on CMGs in a bioreactor in basal medium to generate hMSC-loaded CMG microgels (CMG-MSCs). Then, the CMG-MSCs were suspended in sodium alginate, injected in a mold, crosslinked with calcium chloride, and incubated in chondrogenic medium as an injectable cellular construct for regeneration of articular cartilage. The expression of chondrogenic markers and compressive moduli of the injectable CMG-MSCs/alginate hydrogels incubated in chondrogenic medium were higher compared to the hMSCs directly encapsulated in alginate hydrogels.
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Systematic comparisons of dissolving and swelling hyaluronic acid microneedles in transdermal drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:783-791. [PMID: 34597691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery efficacy of hyaluronic acid dissolving microneedles (HA DMNs) is limited by low loading dose and poor drug condensation in needles. HA swelling MNs (HA SMNs) could improve the efficacy, but comparisons between the formulations is missing. In this work, DMNs and SMNs were fabricated of HA and methacrylated HA, respectively. Their properties of transdermal drug delivery were systematically compared. HA SMNs exhibited enhanced mechanical strength, fast swelling performance, and extended duration of microchannels in skin. The doxorubicin (DOX) loaded by one-step loading protocol in needles and baseplate of SMNs could be transdermally delivered through the diffusing path mediated by swollen needles, conquering the limit of poor drug condensation in DMNs needles and generated a longer Tmax but higher Cmax. The relative bioavailability of DOX/SMNs towards DOX/DMNs was 200% within 12 h. The results provide theoretical references for the application of HA MNs mediated transdermal drug delivery.
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Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric networks highly swollen with water. Because of their versatility and properties mimicking biological tissues, they are very interesting for biomedical applications. In this aim, the control of porosity is of crucial importance since it governs the transport properties and influences the fate of cells cultured onto or into the hydrogels. Among the techniques allowing for the elaboration of hydrogels, photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking are probably the most powerful and versatile synthetic routes. This Review aims at giving an overview of the literature dealing with photopolymerized hydrogels for which the generation or characterization of porosity is studied. First, the materials (polymers and photoinitiating systems) used for synthesizing hydrogels are presented. The different ways for generating porosity in the photopolymerized hydrogels are explained, and the characterization techniques allowing adequate study of the porosity are presented. Finally, some applications in the field of controlled release and tissue engineering are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a novel scientific field that employs the use of stem cells as cell-based therapy for the regeneration and functional restoration of damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells bear characteristics such as the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation towards specific lineages and, therefore, serve as a backup reservoir in case of tissue injuries. Therapeutically, they can be autologously or allogeneically transplanted for tissue regeneration; however, allogeneic stem cell transplantation can provoke host immune responses leading to a host-versus-transplant reaction. A probable solution to this problem is stem cell encapsulation, a technique that utilizes various biomaterials for the creation of a semi-permeable membrane that encases the stem cells. Stem cell encapsulation can be accomplished by employing a great variety of natural and/or synthetic hydrogels and offers many benefits in regenerative medicine, including protection from the host’s immune system and mechanical stress, improved cell viability, proliferation and differentiation, cryopreservation and controlled and continuous delivery of the stem-cell-secreted therapeutic agents. Here, in this review, we report and discuss almost all natural and synthetic hydrogels used in stem cell encapsulation, along with the benefits that these materials, alone or in combination, could offer to cell therapy through functional cell encapsulation.
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Mondal S, Das S, Nandi AK. A review on recent advances in polymer and peptide hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1404-1454. [PMID: 31984400 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the very recent developments on the use of the stimuli responsive properties of polymer hydrogels for targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing utilizing their different optoelectronic properties. Besides, the stimuli-responsive hydrogels, the conducting polymer hydrogels are discussed, with specific attention to the energy generation and storage behavior of the xerogel derived from the hydrogel. The electronic and ionic conducting gels have been discussed that have applications in various electronic devices, e.g., organic field effect transistors, soft robotics, ionic skins, and sensors. The properties of polymer hybrid gels containing carbon nanomaterials have been exemplified here giving attention to applications in supercapacitors, dye sensitized solar cells, photocurrent switching, etc. Recent trends in the properties and applications of some natural polymer gels to produce thermal and acoustic insulating materials, drug delivery vehicles, self-healing material, tissue engineering, etc., are discussed. Besides the polymer gels, peptide gels of different dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, cyclic peptides, etc., are discussed, giving attention mainly to biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery applications. The properties of peptide-based hybrid hydrogels with polymers, nanoparticles, nucleotides, fullerene, etc., are discussed, giving specific attention to drug delivery, cell culture, bio-sensing, and bioimaging properties. Thus, the present review delineates, in short, the preparation, properties, and applications of different polymer and peptide hydrogels prepared in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Mondal
- Polymer Science Unit, School of Materials Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Keratinous materials: Structures and functions in biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110612. [PMID: 32204061 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins anticipated to possess wide-ranging biomedical applications due to their abundance, physicochemical properties and intrinsic biological activity. This review mainly focuses on the biomaterials derived from three major sources of keratins; namely human hair, wool and feather, that have effective applications in tissue engineering, wound healing and drug delivery. This article offers five viewpoints regarding keratin i) an introduction to keratin protein extraction and keratin-based scaffold fabrication methods ii) applications in nerve and bone tissue engineering iii) a review on the keratin dressings applied to different types of wounds to facilitate wound healing and thereby repair the skin iv) the utilization of keratinous materials as a carrier system for therapeutics with a controlled manner v) a discussion regarding the main challenges for using keratin in biomedical applications as well as its future prospects.
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15
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Bajestani MI, Kader S, Monavarian M, Mousavi SM, Jabbari E, Jafari A. Material properties and cell compatibility of poly(γ-glutamic acid)-keratin hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:790-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Chen IC, Yu J. Human Hair: Scaffold Materials for Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1249:223-229. [PMID: 32602100 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3258-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the studies of keratin-based biomaterials in the past and discusses the advancement of it in recent years. Keratin, as a protein-based biopolymer, possesses excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In addition, keratin has abundant disulfide bonds, which result in its unique and tough structure. However, the property also results in dissolubility, which causes difficult process ability. Over the past years, much research utilizes different methodologies to extract keratins. Different kinds of extraction methods affect the characteristics of keratins and give a wide variety of application forms. The features of different methods are discussed and summarized in the following.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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17
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Mohamed MA, Fallahi A, El-Sokkary AM, Salehi S, Akl MA, Jafari A, Tamayol A, Fenniri H, Khademhosseini A, Andreadis ST, Cheng C. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels for manipulation of cell microenvironment: From chemistry to biofabrication technology. Prog Polym Sci 2019; 98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Galaburri G, Peralta Ramos ML, Lázaro-Martínez JM, Fernández de Luis R, Arriortua MI, Villanueva ME, Copello GJ. pH and ion-selective swelling behaviour of keratin and keratose 3D hydrogels. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Kader S, Monavarian M, Barati D, Moeinzadeh S, Makris TM, Jabbari E. Plasmin-Cleavable Nanoparticles for On-Demand Release of Morphogens in Vascularized Osteogenesis. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2973-2988. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Kader
- Department of Pathology, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad 10006, Iraq
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20
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Davis AC, Greenwold MJ, Sawyer RH. Complex Gene Loss and Duplication Events Have Facilitated the Evolution of Multiple Loricrin Genes in Diverse Bird Species. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:984-1001. [PMID: 30863850 PMCID: PMC6447390 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of a mechanically resilient epidermis was a key adaptation in the transition of amniotes to a fully terrestrial lifestyle. Skin appendages usually form via a specialized type of programmed cell death known as cornification which is characterized by the formation of an insoluble cornified envelope (CE). Many of the substrates of cornification are encoded by linked genes located at a conserved genetic locus known as the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Loricrin is the main protein component of the mammalian CE and is encoded for by a gene located within the EDC. Recently, genes resembling mammalian loricrin, along with several other proteins most likely involved in CE formation, have been identified within the EDC of birds and several reptiles. To better understand the evolution and function of loricrin in birds, we screened the genomes of 50 avian species and 3 crocodilians to characterize their EDC regions. We found that loricrin is present within the EDC of all species investigated, and that three loricrin genes were present in birds. Phylogenetic and molecular evolution analyses found evidence that gene deletions and duplications as well as concerted evolution has shaped the evolution of avian loricrins. Our results suggest a complex evolutionary history of avian loricrins which has accompanied the evolution of bird species with diverse morphologies and lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina
| | - Matthew J Greenwold
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina
| | - Roger H Sawyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina
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21
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Challenges for Natural Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering. Gels 2019; 5:gels5020030. [PMID: 31146448 PMCID: PMC6631000 DOI: 10.3390/gels5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based biopolymers derived from natural tissues possess a hierarchical structure in their native state. Strongly solvating, reducing and stabilizing agents, as well as heat, pressure, and enzymes are used to isolate protein-based biopolymers from their natural tissue, solubilize them in aqueous solution and convert them into injectable or preformed hydrogels for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review aims to highlight the need to investigate the nano-/micro-structure of hydrogels derived from the extracellular matrix proteins of natural tissues. Future work should focus on identifying the nature of secondary, tertiary, and higher order structure formation in protein-based hydrogels derived from natural tissues, quantifying their composition, and characterizing their binding pockets with cell surface receptors. These advances promise to lead to wide-spread use of protein-based hydrogels derived from natural tissues as injectable or preformed matrices for cell delivery in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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22
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Moeinzadeh S, Monavarian M, Kader S, Jabbari E. Sequential Zonal Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Matrices. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:234-247. [PMID: 30146939 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The higher regenerative capacity of fetal articular cartilage compared with the adult is rooted in differences in cell density and matrix composition. We hypothesized that the zonal organization of articular cartilage can be engineered by encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells in a single superficial zone-like matrix followed by sequential addition of zone-specific growth factors within the matrix, similar to the process of fetal cartilage development. The results demonstrate that the zonal organization of articular cartilage can potentially be regenerated using an injectable, monolayer cell-laden hydrogel with sequential release of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- 1 Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- 1 Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Safaa Kader
- 1 Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- 1 Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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23
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Lee JK, Choi IS, Oh TI, Lee E. Cell-Surface Engineering for Advanced Cell Therapy. Chemistry 2018; 24:15725-15743. [PMID: 29791047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells opened great opportunity to overcome diseases that conventional therapy had only limited success. Use of scaffolds made from biomaterials not only helps handling of stem cells for delivery or transplantation but also supports enhanced cell survival. Likewise, cell encapsulation can provide stability for living animal cells even in a state of separateness. Although various chemical reactions were tried to encapsulate stolid microbial cells such as yeasts, a culture environment for the growth of animal cells allows only highly biocompatible reactions. Therefore, the animal cells were mostly encapsulated in hydrogels, which resulted in enhanced cell survival. Interestingly, major findings of chemistry on biological interfaces demonstrate that cell encapsulation in hydrogels have a further a competence for modulating cell characteristics that can go beyond just enhancing the cell survival. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on the chemical reactions applied to hydrogel-based cell encapsulation and their effects on the characteristics and behavior of living animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu K Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Insung S Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cell-Encapsulation Research, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Tong In Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - EunAh Lee
- Impedance Imaging Research Center (IIRC), Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
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24
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Dadová J, Galan SR, Davis BG. Synthesis of modified proteins via functionalization of dehydroalanine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:71-81. [PMID: 29913421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroalanine has emerged in recent years as a non-proteinogenic residue with strong chemical utility in proteins for the study of biology. In this review we cover the several methods now available for its flexible and site-selective incorporation via a variety of complementary chemical and biological techniques and examine its reactivity, allowing both creation of modified protein side-chains through a variety of bond-forming methods (C-S, C-N, C-Se, C-C) and as an activity-based probe in its own right. We illustrate its utility with selected examples of biological and technological discovery and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Dadová
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Rg Galan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
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25
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López-Cebral R, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Silva TH, Oliveira JM. Peripheral Nerve Injury: Current Challenges, Conventional Treatment Approaches, and New Trends in Biomaterials-Based Regenerative Strategies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3098-3122. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. López-Cebral
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. Silva-Correia
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - T. H. Silva
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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26
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Chang H, Zheng M, Yu X, Than A, Seeni RZ, Kang R, Tian J, Khanh DP, Liu L, Chen P, Xu C. A Swellable Microneedle Patch to Rapidly Extract Skin Interstitial Fluid for Timely Metabolic Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702243. [PMID: 28714117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Skin interstitial fluid (ISF) is an emerging source of biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Microneedle (MN) patch has been identified as an ideal platform to extract ISF from the skin due to its pain-free and easy-to-administrated properties. However, long sampling time is still a serious problem which impedes timely metabolic analysis. In this study, a swellable MN patch that can rapidly extract ISF is developed. The MN patch is made of methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) and further crosslinked through UV irradiation. Owing to the supreme water affinity of MeHA, this MN patch can extract sufficient ISF in a short time without the assistance of extra devices, which remarkably facilitates timely metabolic analysis. Due to covalent crosslinked network, the MN patch maintains the structure integrity in the swelling hydrated state without leaving residues in skin after usage. More importantly, the extracted ISF metabolites can be efficiently recovered from MN patch by centrifugation for the subsequent offline analysis of metabolites such as glucose and cholesterol. Given the recent trend of easy-to-use point-of-care devices for personal healthcare monitoring, this study opens a new avenue for the development of MN-based microdevices for sampling ISF and minimally invasive metabolic detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mengjia Zheng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aung Than
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Razina Z Seeni
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjie Kang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingqi Tian
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duong Phan Khanh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linbo Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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