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Faggio N, Olivieri F, Bonadies I, Gentile G, Ambrogi V, Cerruti P. Bio-based epoxy resin/carbon nanotube coatings applied on cotton fabrics for smart wearable systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:337-347. [PMID: 38763029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive coatings for smart wearable textiles based on a furan bio-epoxy monomer (BOMF) crosslinked with isophorone diamine (IPD) and additivated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reported herein. The effect of BOMF/IPD molar ratio on the curing reaction, as well as on the properties of the crosslinked resins was first assessed, and it was found that 1.5:1 BOMF/IPD molar ratio provided higher heat of reaction, glass transition temperature, and mechanical performance. The resin was then modified with CNT to prepare electrically conductive nanocomposite films, which exhibited conductivity values increased by eight orders of magnitude upon addition of 5 phr of CNTs. The epoxy/CNT nanocomposites were finally applied as coatings onto a cotton fabric to develop electrically conductive, hydrophobic and breathable textiles. Notably, the integration of CNTs imparted efficient and reversible electrothermal behavior to the cotton fabric, showcasing its potential application in smart and comfortable wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Irene Bonadies
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy.
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Piazzale Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Council of Research of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
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2
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Capretti M, Giammaria V, Santulli C, Boria S, Del Bianco G. Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4733. [PMID: 38139984 PMCID: PMC10747679 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study comprehensively examines recent developments in bio-epoxy resins and their applications in composites. Despite the reliability of traditional epoxy systems, the increasing demand for sustainability has driven researchers and industries to explore new bio-based alternatives. Additionally, natural fibers have the potential to serve as environmentally friendly substitutes for synthetic ones, contributing to the production of lightweight and biodegradable composites. Enhancing the mechanical properties of these bio-composites also involves improving the compatibility between the matrix and fibers. The use of bio-epoxy resins facilitates better adhesion of natural composite constituents, addressing sustainability and environmental concerns. The principles and methods proposed for both available commercial and especially non-commercial bio-epoxy solutions are investigated, with a focus on promising renewable sources like wood, food waste, and vegetable oils. Bio-epoxy systems with a minimum bio-content of 20% are analyzed from a thermomechanical perspective. This review also discusses the effect of incorporating synthetic and natural fibers into bio-epoxy resins both on their own and in hybrid form. A comparative analysis is conducted against traditional epoxy-based references, with the aim of emphasizing viable alternatives. The focus is on addressing their benefits and challenges in applications fields such as aviation and the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Capretti
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Valentina Giammaria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Santulli
- School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano 7, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Boria
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Giulia Del Bianco
- School of Science and Technology, Mathematics Division, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.C.); (V.G.); (S.B.); (G.D.B.)
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3
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Romberg SK, Kotula AP. Simultaneous rheology and cure kinetics dictate thermal post-curing of thermoset composite resins for material extrusion. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 71:10.1016/j.addma.2023.103589. [PMID: 37427308 PMCID: PMC10327424 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoset composites are excellent candidates for material extrusion because they shear thin during extrusion but retain their shape once deposited via a yield stress. However, thermal post-curing is often required to solidify these materials, which can destabilize printed parts. Elevated temperatures can decrease the rheological properties responsible for stabilizing the printed structure before crosslinking solidifies the material. These properties, namely the storage modulus and yield stress, must therefore be characterized as a function of temperature and extent of reaction for various filler loadings. This work utilizes rheo-Raman spectroscopy to measure the storage modulus and dynamic yield stress as a function of temperature and conversion in epoxy-amine resins with fumed silica mass fractions up to 10 %. Both rheological properties are sensitive to conversion and particle loading, but only the dynamic yield stress is reduced by elevated temperatures early in the cure. Notably, the dynamic yield stress increases with conversion well before the chemical gel point. These findings motivate a two-step cure protocol that starts at a low temperature to mitigate the drop in dynamic yield stress, then ramps up to a high temperature when the dynamic yield stress is no longer at risk of decreasing to rapidly drive conversion to near completion. The results suggests that structural stability can be improved without resorting to increasing filler content, which limits control over the final properties, laying the groundwork for future studies to evaluate the stability improvements provided by the multi-step curing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian K Romberg
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Anthony P Kotula
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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4
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Karlinskii BY, Ananikov VP. Recent advances in the development of green furan ring-containing polymeric materials based on renewable plant biomass. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:836-862. [PMID: 36562482 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fossil resources are rapidly depleting, forcing researchers in various fields of chemistry and materials science to switch to the use of renewable sources and the development of corresponding technologies. In this regard, the field of sustainable materials science is experiencing an extraordinary surge of interest in recent times due to the significant advances made in the development of new polymers with desired and controllable properties. This review summarizes important scientific reports in recent times dedicated to the synthesis, construction and computational studies of novel sustainable polymeric materials containing unchanged (pseudo)aromatic furan cores in their structure. Linear polymers for thermoplastics, branched polymers for thermosets and other crosslinked materials are emerging materials to highlight. Various polymer blends and composites based on sustainable polyfurans are also considered as pathways to achieve high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Ya Karlinskii
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, Tula, 300012, Russia.,Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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5
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Dominguez‐Candela I, Perez‐Nakai A, Torres‐Roca E, Lora‐Garcia J, Fombuena V. Development of a novel epoxy resin based on epoxidized chia oil as matrix and maleinized chia oil as bio‐renewable crosslinker. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dominguez‐Candela
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Aina Perez‐Nakai
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | | | - Jaime Lora‐Garcia
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
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6
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Curing Kinetics of Bioderived Furan-Based Epoxy Resins: Study on the Effect of the Epoxy Monomer/Hardener Ratio. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235322. [PMID: 36501714 PMCID: PMC9740668 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of furan-based epoxy thermosets as a greener alternative to diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA)-based resins has been demonstrated in recent literature. Therefore, a deep investigation of the curing behaviour of these systems may allow their use for industrial applications. In this work, the curing mechanism of 2,5-bis[(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA) in the presence of 2-methylimidazole as a catalyst is analyzed. In particular, three systems characterized by different epoxy/anhydride molar ratios are investigated. The curing kinetics are studied through differential scanning calorimetry, both in isothermal and non-isothermal modes. The total heat of reaction of the epoxy resin as well as its activation energy are estimated by the non-isothermal measurements, while the fitting of isothermal data with Kamal's autocatalytic model provides the kinetic parameters. The results are discussed as a function of the resin composition. The global activation energy for the curing process of BOMF/MNA resins is in the range 72-79 kJ/mol, depending on both the model used and the sample composition; higher values are experienced by the system with balanced stoichiometry. By the fitting of the isothermal analysis, it emerged that the order of reaction is not only dependent on the temperature, but also on the composition, even though the values range between 0.31 and 1.24.
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7
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Gaglieri C, Alarcon RT, Magri R, North M, Bannach G. Development of renewable thermosetting polymers based on grape seed oil derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gaglieri
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Rafael Turra Alarcon
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Raquel Magri
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
| | - Michael North
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry The University of York York UK
| | - Gilbert Bannach
- School of Sciences, Chemistry Department UNESP ‐ São Paulo State University Bauru Brazil
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8
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Aricò F. Synthetic approaches to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF): a stable bio-based diol. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biorefinery is defined as a sustainable process where biomass is converted in a spectrum of marketable products and fuels. In this view, C6 furan-based compounds, usually referred as furanics, have been extensively investigated as aromatic promising building blocks from renewables. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) are well known examples of furanics whose syntheses and applications have been extensively reviewed in the literature. Herein for the first time it is reported a comprehensive overview on the synthetic procedures to another bio-derived furan compounds, i.e. 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), a stable bio-based diol with numerous applications as monomer for bio-materials and fuels. Advantages and limitations of the different synthetic approaches are addressed, as well as possible future developments to render this compound part of the biorefinery market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics , Ca’ Foscari University of Venice , Venice , Veneto , Italy
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9
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Malburet S, Di Mauro C, Noè C, Mija A, Sangermano M, Graillot A. Sustainable access to fully biobased epoxidized vegetable oil thermoset materials prepared by thermal or UV-cationic processes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41954-41966. [PMID: 35516529 PMCID: PMC9057863 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the need to find a non-toxic alternative to DiGlycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), the serious subject of non-epichlorohydrin epoxy resins production remains a crucial challenge that must be solved for the next epoxy resin generations. In this context, this study focuses on the valorization of vegetable oils (VOs) into thermoset materials by using (i) epoxidation of the VOs through the “double bonds to epoxy” synthetic route and (ii) synthesis of crosslinked homopolymers by UV or hardener-free thermal curing processes. A thorough identification, selection and physico-chemical characterization of non-edible or non-valuated natural vegetable oils were performed. Selected VOs, characterized by a large range of double bond contents, were then chemically modified into epoxides thanks to an optimized, robust and sustainable method based on the use of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and Amberlite® IR-120 at 55 °C in toluene or cyclopentyl methyl ether (CMPE) as a non-hazardous and green alternative solvent. The developed environmentally friendly epoxidation process allows reaching almost complete double bond conversion with an epoxy selectivity above 94% for the 12 studied VOs. Finally, obtained epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs), characterized by an epoxy index from 2.77 to 6.77 meq. g−1 were cured using either UV or hardener-free thermal curing. Both methods enable the synthesis of 100% biobased EVO thermoset materials whose thermomechanical performances were proved to linearly increase with the EVOs' epoxy content. This paper highlights that tunable thermomechanical performances (Tα from −19 to 50 °C and Tg from −34 to 36 °C) of EVO based thermoset materials can be reached by well selecting the starting VO raw materials. Beyond the need to find a non-toxic alternative to DiGlycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), the serious subject of non-epichlorohydrin epoxy resins production remains a crucial challenge that must be solved for the next epoxy resin generations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Malburet
- Specific Polymers 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Chiara Di Mauro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 02 France
| | - Camilla Noè
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 02 France
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Alain Graillot
- Specific Polymers 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
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Lu M, Liu Y, Liang L, Lu M. Synthesis and characterization of easily degradable acrylate-epoxy resin with superior dielectric properties and high transmittance. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Bifulco A, Marotta A, Passaro J, Costantini A, Cerruti P, Gentile G, Ambrogi V, Malucelli G, Branda F. Thermal and Fire Behavior of a Bio-Based Epoxy/Silica Hybrid Cured with Methyl Nadic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1661. [PMID: 32722585 PMCID: PMC7466172 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers have been widely used in many industrial applications as adhesives, coatings and laminated materials, among others. Recently, bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned as raw material for polymeric products, due to its harmful impact on human health. On the other hand, the use of aromatic amines as curing agents confers excellent thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties to the final product, although they are toxic and subject to governmental restrictions. In this context, sugar-derived diepoxy monomers and anhydrides represent a sustainable greener alternative to BPA and aromatic amines. Herein, we report an "in-situ" sol-gel synthesis, using as precursors tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) to obtain bio-based epoxy/silica composites; in a first step, the APTS was left to react with 2,5-bis[(oxyran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)monomers, and silica particles were generated in the epoxy in a second step; both systems were cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). Morphological investigation of the composites through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the hybrid strategy allows a very fine distribution of silica nanoparticles (at nanometric level) to be achieved within a hybrid network structure for both the diepoxy monomers. Concerning the fire behavior, as assessed in vertical flame spread tests, the use of anhydride curing agent prevented melt dripping phenomena and provided high char-forming character to the bio-based epoxy systems and their phenyl analog. In addition, forced combustion tests showed that the use of anhydride hardener instead of aliphatic polyamine results in a remarkable decrease of heat release rate. An overall decrease of the smoke parameters, which is highly desirable in a context of greater fire safety was observed in the case of BOMF/MNA system. The experimental results suggest that the effect of silica nanoparticles on fire behavior appears to be related to their dispersion degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
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